Inethiwekhi izakhiwo. Isakhiwo inethiwekhi ukuthumela idatha kanye nemishini

Namuhla, umbono uxhumano lenethiwekhi akusona isimanga. Nokho, abaningi bethu ngaso ngisho nokuphathwa kwegama labo ngisho okuningi ngalokho okwenza uxhumano ezifana nebaphakeli betinsita umsebenzi. Ake sizame ukuba sinake lolu daba ku isifinyezo, ngenxa amanethiwekhi kanye amakhono abo ezweni lanamuhla ungase ubhalele i wokulandisa lonke.

Uxhumano izakhiwo: izinhlobo ezinkulu

Ngakho, njengoba kulandela kusukela incazelo eyisisekelo yegama elithi, amanethiwekhi computer kukhona inombolo ethile ezikhumulweni (PC, laptops, kumadivayisi eselula) oxhumene ukuthi, eqinisweni, yakha inethiwekhi.

Kuze kube manje, kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko abaxhumene: olunezintambo futhi wireless usebenzisa uxhumano nge-router efana ne-Wi-Fi router. Kodwa lena kuphela kuwukusika elijikayo. Eqinisweni, izakhiwo inethiwekhi kuhilela ukusetshenziswa izingxenye eziningana, futhi ngenxa yalokho angase abe ngezigaba ezahlukene. Kukholakala ukuthi okwamanje kukhona izinhlobo ezintathu zokuxhumana:

• asinge amanethiwekhi;
• lokunethweka amaseva abazinikele;
• amanethiwekhi hybrid ezifaka zonke izinhlobo ISIZINDA.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, wodwana okuvezwa, emhlabeni wonke, wendawo, kamasipala, amanethiwekhi yangasese, kanye nezinye izinhlobo. Ake abahlala imiqondo eyisisekelo.

Incazelo izinhlobo zokuxhumana

Asiqale ngenethiwekhi ngesisekelo nokubambisana, "umninikhaya kunethiwekhi iklayenti." Njengoba kusobala kukhona isikhundla evelele ihlanganisa esibulalayo emaphakathi, lapho wenza ukuphathwa enethiwekhi zonke izingxenye zalo. Iklayenti ezikhumulweni Ungathumela kuphela izicelo uxhumano esikhathini esizayo - ukuthola ulwazi. Ukuphela main e inethiwekhi ayikwazi ukudlala indima umshini iklayenti.

Peer amanethiwekhi, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi wobungane, sihluke uhlobo kuqala ukuthi izinsiza ngokulinganayo basakaza phakathi kwawo wonke ezikhumulweni axhunyiwe. Isibonelo elula angabhekwa inqubo ukulanda amafayela usebenzisa zezifufula. Isithombe sokugcina ngokugcwele noma ingxenye ukulayishwa njengoba kungenzeka ku ezikhumulweni ezahlukene. uxhumano lomsebenzisi wohlelo lwangaphakathi, it is ukulayishwa kukhompyutha yakho, usebenzisa zonke izinsiza ezikhona njengamanje kunethiwekhi ukulanda ingxenye ifayela. Lapho, ayanda izinga umjovo. Kulesi inethiwekhi ekhuluma akuyona ezibucayi. Isimo eyinhloko ukuthi umshini iklayenti ifakiwe isofthiwe efanele. Kwenzeke intando ukwenza izicelo iklayenti.

Nesimo sesakhiwo esikhulu "amaklayenti-server" iyona elula. Ukuhlobana phakathi terminals ikhompyutha (akunandaba indlela abathanda ngayo ngoba akhiqizwa) ngokuqondisisa lula kungenziwa umelwe lounge umtapo, okuyinto has a esitolo noma ezincwadi (iseva central) namatafula lapho izivakashi kungaba hlola impahla ethathwe emashalofini.

Kusobala ukuthi kukhona ubuhlobo ecacile: isivakashi kuziwa umtapo kulotshwe noma usevele ubhalisele idatha yomuntu siqu (inethiwekhi ukuhlonza ngesisekelo ayabelwe IP amakheli), khona-ke efuna izincwadi ezidingekayo (umbuzo inethiwekhi) ekugcineni kuthatha incwadi futhi siwufunda.

Ngokwemvelo, lesi sifaniso iyona bakudala kakhulu, ngoba amanethiwekhi yesimanje ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Nokho, ngokuqondisisa lula indlela akheke ngayo lesi sibonelo ke kahle.

Imibuzo ukuhlonza ezikhumulweni

Manje amagama ambalwa mayelana nendlela ukukhiqiza inethiwekhi ukuqashelwa lwamakhompyutha anoma yiluphi uhlobo. Uma othile akazi yikuphi ukugcina uma uxhuma sabelwe ezimbili Uhlobo IP-ikheli, noma, ngaphezulu nje, isihlonzi esehlukile: zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. ikheli Yangaphakathi asigcini. Kodwa IP yangaphandle - yebo. Ezweni azikho imishini emibili ne-IP efanayo. Yilokhu Kusenza sikwazi ukuzwa ukuthi iyiphi igajethi, noma kungaba nge-computer noma ngomakhalekhukhwini engcono.

Ngenxa yakho konke lokhu kulingana olandelwayo ezifanele. Okwamanje, ezivamile futhi kabanzi kunazo iyona IPv4. Nokho, njengoba umkhuba imibukiso, uye waphila isikhathi eside ukudlula kakade uqobo, njengoba liye laba abakwazi ukunikeza ikheli elihlukile ngokuqondene ngokukhuphuka kwenani amadivayisi amakhasimende. Vele ukubheka imishini ephathekayo, ngoba kule minyaka eyishumi edlule iye yasetshenziswa amagajethi kakhulu kangangokuba cishe wonke umuntu wesibili emhlabeni unazo yayo mobile phone efanayo ngesikhathi.

I-IPv6 protocol

Ngakho, kokubili izakhiwo inethiwekhi, ikakhulukazi i-Inthanethi, sesiqale ukushintsha. Futhi esikhundleni version lesine lavela lesithupha (IPv6). Nakuba-ke namanje ezihlukahlukene kakhulu ezingenzeka ezibhekwa izicelo ayitholakalanga Nokho, kusolakala ukuthi, esikhathini esizayo akakude, futhi ngokushesha cishe bonke abanikezeli besevisi nokunikeza izinsizakalo zokuxhumana ngocingo, ke kuzoya protocol (ekutholakaleni kwe esebenzayo DHCP iseva ye version lesithupha).

Uzenzela, ngoba nalokhu protkola ukuhlinzeka ncwadi ikheli 128-bit ikuvumela amakheli eziningi ukwedlula ukusebenzisa inguqulo lesine.

amaseva abazinikele

Manje cabanga iseva ozinikele. Isikhundla liyazikhulumela: ziklanyelwe kwabanye imisebenzi ethize. ukukhuluma Cishe, lena uhlobo yangempela virtual internet iseva, ephethwe ngokugcwele ngumsebenzisi, othatha it out. Lena okushiwo web ukusingathwa, lapho umnikazi umthombo oyinhloko podcasts zingafakwa isikhala ozinikele nanoma yiluphi ulwazi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphepha iziqashi akuyena obangela, okungukuthi lowo Rents iseva isikhala ukuze iqashwe. Izibonelo amaseva ezinjalo kungabangela impela eningi. Khona-ke wena kanye mail, nemidlalo, lokwabelana, kanye namakhasi siqu (akumelwe kudidaniswe ngama-akhawunti zabo zokuxhumana kanye nezinsizakalo yalolu hlobo), kanye nokunye.

amanethiwekhi Area wendawo

Local endaweni inethiwekhi, noma njengoba uvame ukubizwa kanjalo, "lokalku", wahlela ukuba ngokuhlanganisa kwelinye inani elilinganiselwe ezikhumulweni. LAN Architecture ngokuya zokuxhuma, njengoba kakade waqonda, futhi ingase ibe uxhumo lezintambo, futhi i-VPN yohlobo lokufinyelela. Kulesi futhi kwelinye icala, ke sidinga uxhumano umlawuli iseva enkulu. Amasevisi Network kuleli cala, ongasebenza kwimodi ezimbili: Ukukhonjwa okuzenzakalelayo (isabelo ikheli emshinini ngamunye) noma input manual.

Local endaweni amanethiwekhi, isimiso, ibe isici esasenza esakhiwa kuphela yokuthi yikuphi ukugcina ukubhalisa (okuyinto ayidingekile, isibonelo, asinge nokucindezela amanethiwekhi) , kanye iseva central (plus admin). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufinyelela "rassharennye" ulwazi kungaba ngokugcwele noma ulinganiselwe. Konke kuncike izilungiselelo. Nokho, uma ubheka ngisho ngesikhathi okuthiwa services ifu, bona, eqinisweni, futhi, kuyinto zenethiwekhi, lapho abasebenzisi ugunyazwe futhi wamukele ilungelo lokufinyelela ulwazi, ulande noma hlela amafayela athile, nokunye. D. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngezinye izikhathi ngisho ihlinzeka ushintsho kanyekanye lokuqukethwe ifayela sika ngesikhathi sangempela.

Umklamo we-Inthanethi: kancane umlando

Ekugcineni, siye inethiwekhi, okuyinto namuhla iyona enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Yiqiniso, kungcono kwi-Inthanethi noma World Wide Web. Umhlaba web ububanzi ubhekwa sibonelo we ARPANET - zokuxhumana zenzelwe ngezinjongo ezempi e-United States ngo-1969. Khona-ke, nokho, ihlolwe uxhumano phakathi ISIZINDA ezimbili kuphela, kodwa ngesikhathi ukuxhumeka kunethiwekhi usebenzisa ikhebuli watholakala ngisho nge terminals e-UK.

Kuphela kamuva, lapho kuba ukuhlonza esekelwe TCP / olandelwayo IP kanye isabelo uhlelo lwamagama wesizinda, futhi kwakukhona lokho namuhla esikubiza ngokuthi i-Internet.

Ngokuvamile, kunenkolelo ukuba ku-intanethi akukho iseva eyodwa emaphakathi lapho lonke ulwazi kungenzeka agcinwe. Yebo, namuhla, futhi oshayelayo disk sikhundla alikho. Yonke imininingwane is basakaza phakathi amakhulu ezinkulungwane amaseva ngamanye ezinhlobo ezehlukene. Ngamanye amazwi, i-Internet ingase ngokulinganayo ukuthi lalotshwa kontanga, futhi kunethiwekhi hybrid. Kucatshangwa ngakho konke lokhu emshinini olulodwa, ungakha web server yakho siqu, okuzokwenza hhayi kuphela ukuphatha izilungiselelo zenethiwekhi noma ugcine ulwazi oludingayo, kodwa futhi zangisiza ekwenzeni lokhu olukhona kwabanye abasebenzisi. Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-Wi-Fi - kuka yini isibonelo esilula?

nemingcele eziyisisekelo kanye nezilungiselelo

Njengoba for kwemigomo kanye nezilungiselelo, yonke into ilula. Njengomthetho, ngokungena ngokwenza inethiwekhi IP, DNS noma ummeleli amaseva isikhathi eside alisetshenziswa. Kunalokho, iyiphi i-ISP inikeza ikhompyutha ukuqashelwa okuzenzakalelayo noma idivayisi yeselula e inethiwekhi.

In izinhlelo ukufinyelela lezi izilungiselelo yenziwa nge izakhiwo inethiwekhi ngokukhetha IPv4 ngezimiso (noma, uma egijima, IPv6) lwe-Windows-based. Njengomthetho, e kakhulu izilungiselelo zihlanganisa othomathikhi reception amakheli, okwenza kungabi imanuwali kufakwa. Nokho, kwezinye izimo, ikakhulukazi ngenkathi kusethwa RDP-iklayenti (ukungena kokukude) noma ukunikeza ukufinyelela amasevisi ezithize, manual kufakwa liyadingeka.

isiphetho

Njengoba ubona, wathi akazi ukuthi le izakhiwo inethiwekhi, ngokuvamile, kunzima kakhulu akuyona. Empeleni, lapha sixoxe kuphela izici eyinhloko inhlangano amanethiwekhi ukuchaza kuze anyone fana umsebenzisi ongenalwazi kakhulu lo mbuzo, ngakho ukukhuluma phezu iminwe. Empeleni, yebo, kuba eliyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngoba asizange yayithinta nomqondo amaseva e-DNS ummeleli, DHCP, iwina, nokunye. E., Kanye nezindaba ezihlobene software. Kubonakala sengathi ngisho lokhu kwaziswa sakugcina ngokwanele ukuqonda isakhiwo futhi izimiso eziyisisekelo ukusebenza amanethiwekhi anoma yiluphi uhlobo.