Indlela kuwumuthi idokhumenti: luhlolo nezindlela zayo

Examination ukunquma ukulinganiselwa idokhumenti zithandwa ukubukwa ucwaningo. Iqiniso liwukuthi kuze kube manje, izinkantolo uhlinzeke ngenombolo enkulu kokuzihlanganisa izivumelwano, izitifiketi, uyaqinisa izinkontileka. idokhumenti ubudala ubuchwepheshe uyakwazi ukubona ukuthi lingamanga.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo ucabangela usuku ephepheni, kanye kudalwa umbhalo. Ukuze lo msebenzi futhi kuthatha lobuchwepheshe idokhumenti Ubuchwepheshe ubudala isinyathelo umphenyi ehola kunjalo. Sicelosikhalo kungenzeka sifike kanye abantu ukhathazekile.

Ukukhomba izimpawu ezingaguquki

Indlela ukucacisa kadokotela idokhumenti? Ukuhlolwa kule isebenzisa izindlela ezimbili. Owokuqala ukubona izimpawu zihlala zinjalo ngesikhathi. Lezi zihlanganisa okuqukethwe idokhumenti nezisekelo zalo ngenxa ukuqokwa lokubhala okwasetshenziswa, emigqeni isici, izindawo nezinto zokwakha.

Ucwaningo olwenziwe ihlose ukusungula ukuhambisana ukwabela izimfanelo isikhathi sokuphumula ethize. Yini kulokhu kuqhakambisa idokhumenti luhlolo ubudala? Isazi uhlola usuku ukuguquguquka elicacisiwe imininingwane umbhalo, kanye nesikhathi sokuphumula. Le ndlela iphumelela kakhulu uma kwenzeka ezenzeka predetermined kathi of ushintsho olukhulu kule tinhlobo letehlukene tetinsita tekubhala nezimpahla, futhi ngolimi.

Ngakho, luhlolo kwemibhalo kungembula ngemingcele:

- ukunikeza umbhalo, imigomo angahlangabezani nosuku lokushicilelwa kwayo ukulungiselela (isibonelo, amagama ama-ejensi, izinhlangano, njll ...);
- ku-okubhala kanye mbhalo wesigxivizo idatha ziyatholakala kule nhlangano, obadalwa kamuva, uchithwe noma kuze ngesikhathi esithile;
- okuqukethwe idokhumenti has ireferensi zezenzakalo ezenzeka ngesikhathi ezahlukene.

Futhi, ukuhlola ukusungulwa kadokotela idokhumenti iveze morphology imivimbo. Ngokusekelwe kulezi idatha singaziqeda ngokuphelele kungenzeka ukubulawa imininingwane ngesandla kuze forties ngepeni obungangenhloko kakhanjana, kuze yoma - ijeli. Kodwa ukudalwa umbhalo ukusebenzisa imishini yokubhala electronic lenziwa latholakala kuphela ngemva 70s. Iphinde ivumele Ukuhlola womshini kadokotela dokhumenti.

Ucwaningo wadalula kanye nendlela okwakheke ngayo izinto ezisetshenziselwa isethulo umbhalo. Lokhu, ikakhulukazi, udayi futhi bleaches e izinhlamvu ephepheni. Ngakho, ngaphambi kokuba zamashumi amahlanu azenziwanga nokunamathisela i obungangenhloko kakhanjana izibaya okuyindawo ehlanganisa a udayi phthalocyanine. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengengxenye production ezifuywayo lephepha-60-yalolucwaningo kwakungekho brighteners optical.

Lolu cwaningo izimpawu izinguquko yesikhashana

Njengoba okwamanje kunqunywa idokhumenti kadokotela? ingasetshenziswa Ukuhlolwa, futhi indlela ehlukile ukuze izifundo zabo. Kuyinto ukuhlonza lezo zinhlelo evelayo ngenxa yezinguquko nokusebenza ku property lokubhala zomculo ezazisetshenziswa sokusebenzisa imininingwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le ndlela ivumela ukwakheka kanye izakhiwo izinto ephepheni. Kulokhu, usebenzisa ulwazi ngemithetho elawula izinguquko izakhiwo ngokubhala amathuluzi ngokuhamba ukusetshenziswa kwazo.

Futhi, uma lokho kuhlolisisa uyakucabangela izinqubo ezenzeka iphepha phakathi isitoreji yayo yesikhathi eside.

Ngakho, luhlolo ubudala idokhumenti ukubulawa wenza ngomshini, ihlola idatha inqubo, okuyinto ukhombise inkathi womshini wokubhala unikezwa brand kanye nohlobo, ibhande bafake nokunye .. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inake wonke izinguquko ezenzeka phakathi ukusebenza kwe-ithuluzi. Isiphetho kwesikhathi kulungiselelwa typescript unikezwa ngesisekelo lahlukene izimfanelo etholakala ukuthi iqhathaniswa amasampula khulula. Ukunemba sokuxazulula isikhathi kulokhu kungenzeka uhla ejele usuku olulodwa kuya onyakeni owodwa.

Ukuze ukuhlola kanye thatha imibhalo wabulawelwa iphrinta uxhumeke kukhompyutha siqu. Basuke eqhathaniswa amasampuli amahhala, yanyatheliswa ngemishini ubuchwepheshe obufanayo. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-umkhuba ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi semaphepha eluhlolo kungaba kwenziwe nge ukunemba enkulu, senziwa enyathelisa inkjet. Ngenxa yalesi cwaningo igobolondo, izibonakaliso abonakala ephepheni njengoba "izikhonkwane kanye izinaliti."

ucwaningo izindawo

Examination lokubhala kadokotela ithuluzi isetshenziswa:

- imibhalo eqoshiwe, njengoba uchitshiyelwe ngesandla;
- imibhalo, iphrintwe usebenzisa inkjet amaphrinta;
- amanothi ngesandla;
- isigxivizo izitembu, izimvu zamanzi kanye izitembu.

Izindlela cwaningo

Ukuze sithole ukulinganiselwa idokhumenti esetshenziswe:

1. Izindlela organoleptic. Ngosizo lwabo, bacubungula futhi ihlolwe izinga lezinto esekelwe indices etholwe uma sisebenzisa izinzwa (ukuzwa, umbono, ukunambitheka, amaphunga). Lezizifundo unikeze ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo idokhumenti mbuzo. Kuyinto ucwebezela ngendlela ekhangayo yayo, umbala, indlela esizwakala ngayo impahla, njalo njalo. D.
2. Izindlela ezincane. Njengomthetho, bajwayele ukucacisa ukulandelana amabhokisi isigxivizo izitembu nokwenza mibhalo.
3. amasu Ubuciko bezithombe. Ukusebenzisa kwabo lwenziwe Sibonga kungenzeka ukuba ukuthuthukiswa ubuchwepheshe besimanje. amasu Ubuciko bezithombe asetshenziswa cishe zonke izindawo forensics, kuhlanganise uma izama isimiso ukudala idokhumenti.
4. Izindlela Chemical. Ukusebenzisa kwabo ivumela umbala analysis and tekubhala ukubikezela izakhiwo zabo zingashintsha ngokuqhubeka kwesikhathi.
5. izindlela chromatography. Lezi zindlela asivumela ukunquma okubakhona ukuhwamuka we ezihogelwayo, okuyizinto ingxenye izinto zokubhala.
6. izindlela Spectrographic. Lezi ukusetshenziswa luhlolo sokunquma ukubunjwa uyinki kanye netintfo tekubhala. Esebenzisa le ndlela it lihlelwe khona ukungcola Umbala izinto, okuyinto base ukuze senze omunye okukhiphayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlola imithi yesimanje idokhumenti kwenza bekholelwa kolwazi nobuchwepheshe besimanje. Lokhu, ikakhulukazi, ukuthuthukiswa ikhompyutha ukuhlaziya imibhalo.

imininingwane Priority prostanovki

Njengoba kungashiwo kunqunywa kadokotela idokhumenti? Ubuchwepheshe enqubeni yocwaningo lwalo kuqhakambisa oda emigqeni ngenhla futhi kunyatheliswa umbhalo. Ngakho, izitembu, izimvu zamanzi kanye nesignesha ukwenza idokhumenti kokuzihlanganisa ngesikhathi ezahlukene. Ngeshwa, esikhathini ukuzimisela streaking superposed akunakwenzeka. Nokho, ukuhlola ukulinganiselwa idokhumenti Ungahlala ukuthi yimaphi ama-imininingwane isifakwe phansi kwasekuqaleni - kophawu noma isignesha.

Ukuqhathanisa amasampula

Ikhona yini enye indlela kunqunywa kadokotela idokhumenti? ocwaningweni ubuchwepheshe babo ngokuvamile isebenzisa indlela amasampula ukuqhathanisa. Le ndlela singasebenza amapheshana ezinkulu kwemibhalo etholakala. Ukuze umsebenzi thatha amasampula olusemthethweni amaphepha enhlanganweni, eyayibonakala iyawakha ngezikhathi ezehlukene.

Lokhu kuzovumela i-uchwepheshe ukunquma inani kanye nezinga izinguquko eziye zenzeka, ukufinyelela ngesisekelo lezi idatha, esiphelweni sesimiso isikhathi sokulungiselela umbhalo impikiswano.

amasampula Document zazo esithathwa ukuqhathanisa kufanele kusetshenziswa ihadiwe efanayo (copiers, abanyathelisi kanye nokunye okufana nalokho. D.), Futhi eyabhalwa okufanayo izibambo (gel noma ibhola). Kumele ifane futhi nginyathela inki, osebenzayo zokunyathelisa. Uma kwenzeka ukuthi bonke amaphuzu angenhla, zonke amasampula ungenayo into ukwenzani idokhumenti impikiswano, uchwepheshe osebenza izindlela ezahlukene. Kulokhu, kunikezwa esiphethweni mayelana nakwenzeka msebenzi.

Indlela ukuqhathanisa iphepha impikiswano

Muva nje, ukuhlola imibhalo yisimiso ukulinganiselwa livame ukusebenzisa indlela ukuqhathanisa ukuthola ikhophi wombhalo impahla ekhethekile eqoqwe esikhathini esifanayo, equkethe mikhondo amaphethini, kunemibhalo kanye neminye imininingwane.

Ukusetshenziswa le ndlela kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukunquma ngokunembile usuku sendalo noma ukuguqulwa iphepha olusemthethweni. Nokho, le ndlela has nezihibe. Baphetha ngokuthi ukudalwa database kuzodinga utshalomali enkulu isikhathi kanye nezisebenzi. Lokhu kuphakamisa intengo luhlolo.

Izinto (izifundo) cwaningo

Icacisa engu idokhumende kuyinto isiqondiso eyodwa ngaphezulu. Luhilela ucwaningo cwaningo izinguquko ezithinta ukwakheka kanye izakhiwo izinto zokubhala, kanye imininingwane amaphepha asemthethweni. ucwaningo Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi nge ngokwedlulele idatha ukucacisa umsebenzi engenziwa nangokunquma inkathi yokudala imibhalo lapho inki singamaphesenti angu hhayi ngaphansi kuka amabili anamandla ephezulu abilayo organic. Uhlu izinto ezinjalo - inkjet uyinki futhi ayinhlama ngoba obungangenhloko kakhanjana izibaya izinduku. It has a ukwakheka efanayo nangoyinki wokushaya. Umkhawulo isikhathi idokhumenti kokuba kunqunywa okuqukethwe asalile kuphela e imivimbo. Le nkomba kusethwa igesi ketshezi chromatography spectrum etholwe ukumuncwa akhiphe nokunamathisela amaphepha asemthethweni e dimethylformamide.

Examination isignesha ubudala ku idokhumenti osebenza indlela olwazini imivimbo amaphetheni enziwe nokunamathisela i obungangenhloko kakhanjana izibaya ukuguga, ngaphakathi kwalo kukhona notshwala Gcoba i-Benzyl, fenilglikol futhi aliphatic propylene glycol ethers. Ubudala tesifundvo ucwaningo kulokhu kunqunywa ukuqhathanisa. Ukuze wenze lokhu, thatha izici imivimbo idokhumenti uphikise kanye isampula wenza unyaka, inyanga nosuku, uma kulinganiswa nokwenu elise ku-checkout.

ukuhlolwa isinyathelo

Kukhona jikelele umdwebo luhlolo methodical ka komkhawulo kokuqukethwe Isihlobo dokhumenti udayi imivimbo volatiles. Kuhlanganisa izinyathelo ezilandelayo:

1. A nesifundo kwesikhashana. Okuyixazululayo inkinga yokunquma ngendlela ukuqaliswa imivimbo, kanye ukuhlolwa bazilungele azokuqhubela isifundo esibanzi.
2. Ukuhlolwa uketshezi. Lolu cwaningo luhlose nokunquma ukumeleka imivimbo ukulinganisa isikhathi ukubulawa kwabo.
3. Ukuphenywa izinto okungezona oluyingozi eziqukethwe ibha (inhlaka udayi). azihlole wenziwa ukucacisa uhlobo ezisetshenziswa kanye nokwakha izimo ezithile ekuhloleni yayo.
4. Ukunqunywa iphesenti izinto esishubile imivimbo.
5. Modeling we ukuguga imininingwane inqubo.
6. Direct ukulinganisa ukubulawa ayiphulule isikhathi.

Ukuhlola amaphepha "ichithekile"

Ngokuvamile enikeziwe isifundo materials ziye ngaphambili wadalula kunoma amathonya nolaka. Iqiniso lokuthi ukukhanya, amakhemikhali noma ithonya ezishisayo esasivumele ukuba sinikeze iphepha olusemthethweni, ukubukeka asebekhulile. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuze akwazi ukufeza umsebenzi uchwepheshe. Kodwa ezimweni ezinjalo, iqiniso nje leli thonya ukhuluma kakade mayelana nemvelo lobugebengu ngendlela yalungiswa.

Ngokwesibonelo, lapho imiphumela ezishisayo ku umbhalo ephepheni kuyinto ebalulekile 'isibuko' bukhanye. Kulokhu, akunakwenzeka ukuba ukubuka imivimbo kungabukeki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kule ndaba kukhona amabala ephepheni we-toner, futhi isibonisi izinhlamvu ukubukeka ukufiphala. Phezu ukuthola ezinye zalezi zimpawu uchwepheshe linikeza umbono ukuthi dokhumenti sebunzimeni ezishisayo ngesimo ukushisa abangaphezu kwekhulu degrees.

Ukuthola ukuthi kube khona izinguquko kudokhumenti

Ngokuvamile esemthethweni idokhumenti manga wenza indlela podrisovki, erasures, uhlambulule noma amarekhodi etching. Ngezinye izikhathi ukwenza izinguquko idokhumenti ngamazwi overprinting, izinhlamvu nezinombolo, kanye ipulangwe emabanga kanye amakhadi isithombe. Ukuze ukwazi ukubona amaqiniso anjalo wasebenzisa indlela ukutadisha imibhalo impahla. Isinqumo amanothi overprint noma eyengeziwe, ungasebenzisa isifundo okuqhathanisa colorant. Umehluko ngezithako zawo zibonisa ukuthi lingamanga. Ukuze ubone ukuthi plywood izithombe izifundo kukhona ingcina. Kule ncwadi samanje has kuphela into efana nayo.

Ngezinye izikhathi izinguquko kumbhalo omunye amashidi wephepha ukwenza olusemthethweni usebenzisa isithwebuli. Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we singenelwe computer, ukuhlelwa kanye owaphrinte ku iphrinta. Ezimweni ezinjalo, luhlolo wonke amashidi bavezwa, okuvumela ukuba sithole isikhathi iphutha yokudalwa kwayo.

Ukunqunywa embhalweni wokuqala

Amacala lapho forensics idokhumenti -old lembula ukuchibiyela. Khona-ke kunesidingo ukucacisa okuqukethwe emakethe yasekuqaleni. Ezimweni ezinjalo, isifundo iqala ukuhlola idokhumenti imisebe ultraviolet elicwengekileyo. Imiphumela yalo msebenzi ungahlinzekela siqonde ukuchayeka kungenzeka lephepha kunoma izinto nolaka. Uma nokubhalwa embhalweni wokuqala waleso idokhumenti lilungiswe Ukusula ke kuyokusiza ukucacisa luhlolo ezincane futhi imvume. Ukubuyisela wokuqukethwe umbhalo sizokwazi ngemva bethwebula iphepha kubonakala imisebe ultraviolet isicelo izindlela lwekhompuyutha ukucutshungulwa isithombe.

Uma umbhalo iphepha ewela aphume noma balithulule, ezigcotshwe noma aqoshiwe, zokukhomba kokuxilongwa kokuqala amarekhodi zingasebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene. Kukhethwa indlela kuzoncika ekutadisheni inhlanganisela udayi, ezisetshenziswa ukubhala umbhalo kanye lokuvala. Okuvame kakhulu esetshenziswa manje ikhompyutha ukuqoshwa processing indlela.

Ukungabi nakwenzeka luhlolo

Naphezu ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha yesayensi yanamuhla nobuchwepheshe kanye nohlu sasivumela eside izindlela, ucwaningo ukunquma ukulinganiselwa idokhumenti kungaba kwenziwe ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Impossible umsebenzi lapho:
- kuhambisa okungazelele kwemibhalo;
- ukungabi khona inani elidingekayo amasampuli ukuqhathanisa;
- kuhulumeni iphepha esemthethweni (ukuguqulwa yayo enkulu).