Ilayisi ensimini. irayisi ukutshala ubuchwepheshe

Ilayisi - omunye izitshalo ezibalulekile emhlabeni baphakathi ukudla esiyinhloko iningi labantu kule planethi yethu. Kuyinto esimila yonyaka we ekilasini umndeni okusanhlamvu monocotyledonous.

ulwazi olujwayelekile

Lokhu wokudla has a fibrous uhlelo impande ne izimbotshana womoya ukuthi ukunikeza ukufinyelela air enhlabathini enezikhukhula. Figure isihlahla ehlanganisa nodular sifanamsindvo kabani ukujiya imayelana 3-5 mm ukuphakama - 38 cm, futhi ukuphakama 3-5 amamitha (ejulile ifomu). Okushukunyiswa ikakhulukazi ngilimise, kodwa kukhona zehla stelyaschiesya. Ishidi lanceolate, inflorescence kuyinto panicle, ogama ubude ayi-10-30 cm. Panicle onomfutho noma esakaza, alengayo noma yimani niqonde kuncike ezihlukahlukene irayisi. On futhi inani elikhulu spikelets akujabulela ngemilenze iDemo. Lonke, ngokwesilinganiso okusanhlamvu irayisi siqukethe igobolondo ngesandla esiqinile, okuyinto ngaphansi umbala sinombala nokusanhlamvu agcinwe. Ngaphansi isikhumba - the endosperm, ingxenye okunomsoco kakhulu lokusanhlamvu, okuyinto esikubonayo ngesimo nelayisi elimhlophe eyaziwa ngokuthi wokucwebezelisa noma ukugaywa. Mayelana 94% liqukethe isitashi, mayelana 6-10% amaprotheni, kodwa ngeshwa, kukhona cishe awekho B amavithamini izinto amaminerali. Ukugaya ilayisi inkhulumo lelungiselelwe ngokushesha, ugxile kalula kakhulu emzimbeni. Esimweni sezulu esishisayo ezinomswakama umkhiqizo ihlala isikhathi eside.

irayisi-ezikhulayo

Kukhona 3 izinhlobo imikhakha lapho kutshalwa lokhu imbiza: upland, amasheke kanye esizalweni somfula. Ihlola emasimini elayisi ukutshalwa amasu liqukethe uhlakulela izikhukhula njalo kuze kube yilesi sikhathi, kanti isivuno akusho uvuthwe ke likhanyelwe amanzi bese ziqala sokuvuna. Lokhu uhlobo evuna isivuno yisona esikhulunywa abantu abaningi, ngakho ukuqoqa mayelana 90% ukukhiqizwa irayisi global. Upland Amasimu zitholakala ezindaweni lapho semali kwezulu uwela, ngakho angadingi ngenkasa yokufakelwa. Kulawo nakweminye imikhakha angakhula irayisi ukuthi ziyizinhlobo eziningi kanjani okufanayo, kodwa ukuvuma amasheke ngenhla Amasimu. Lima irayisi ensimini ikakhulu etholakala floodplains futhi vozdelyvavaetsya phakathi kwemifula. Kulokhu, sebenzisa irayisi izinhlobo obukhethekile Isiqu ezikhulayo ngokushesha, okuyinto whisks iflothi emanzini. Kuqhathaniswa ukutshala irayisi kweminye imikhakha, le ndlela kunikeza isivuno ezincane kakhulu, kodwa bendabuko esengeziwe izifunda lapho wokudla kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu kokudla womuntu, isibonelo, amazwe ase-Asia.

izinhlobo irayisi

Kukhona emhlabeni ezinkulungwane izinhlobo ezehlukene irayisi. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Asia inkambu inikeza ezihlukahlukene amasiko. It is oluthathwa by obuphelele kokusanhlamvu, uhlobo lokwelashwa, umbala, ukunambitheka. Ngu degree of imbiza ukucutshungulwa ihlukaniswe ezimhlophe irayisi, onsundu futhi parboiled.

Lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo irayisi:

1. Paddy: erayisi, nje alethwe ekhaya evela endle, ingagcinwa iminyaka eminingi.
2. Ilayisi husks - kokukhipha kokusanhlamvu kuyisinyathelo yokwelapha yokuqala, isetshenziswa njengoba kokudla kwezilwane kanye zibe umanyolo.
3. Bran igobolondo: it is etholwe inqubo ukugaya okusanhlamvu esetshenziselwa ibhulakufesi okusanhlamvu kokudla kwezilwane.
4. Eliphucuziwe irayisi elimhlophe: ezivamile. Ngezinye izikhathi, Round srednezerny nokubhekakade okusanhlamvu irayisi, isithombe zazo ungabona esihlokweni.
5. irayisi parboiled: erayisi ngaphambilini ofakwe amanzi bese iphathwa nge umusi ngaphansi kwengcindezi.
6. Brown noma neshlifovany. Ngezinye izikhathi srednezerny futhi eside okusanhlamvu irayisi, intengo engesiyo sihluke intengo obungavamile imishini irayisi yokugaya, futhi ubhekwa enempilo kakhulu kunalokho irayisi elimhlophe.
7. Broken irayisi: e ukucutshungulwa irayisi okusanhlamvu sokudiliza izingcezu ezinkulu esetshenziselwa confectionery ibhulakufesi, amancane - I- ufulawa irayisi.
8. Kanye izinhlobo ezivamile irayisi ezifana jasmine, basmati, ezindala zaseGibhithe naseSiriya zasendle.

Umlando nokusatshalaliswa

Cishe eminyakeni engu-7000 umuntu ibusa kanye ikhula irayisi. Photo okubonisa lokhu kungatholakala ezincwadini zasendulo iChina neNdiya. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, ku elayisi amasimu wesistimu isicelo yemiselekazi ukunisela isiko. Lapho uvele okokuqala - it is hhayi kusungulwa, kodwa abanye ososayensi abavumelana kangangokuba ngokwezibalo kubhekwa njengento okwazalelwa kuyo India. Ngokusho kweminye imithombo it is ukuthi elayisi amasimu e China Bavele 5th yeminyaka BC futhi cishe ku-500 BC, kakade elise South-East naseNingizimu Asia, iChina neNdiya ezaziwayo. Ukusabalalisa lo wokudla ezovumelana nezimo sezulu ezahlukene, isibonelo eNingizimu Asia kufanele abe nenani elikhulu lamanzi kanye nokushisa wonke unyaka, eJapane, eKorea futhi enkabeni yeChina waqala izinhlobo ukuthi ukubekezelela abandayo futhi abadinga amanzi kancane. E-Asia, kuvuna futhi batshala irayisi namanje ngesandla, kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka Kutshalwa entabeni Amathafa, amawa amangelengele futhi izingcezu ezincane. Ekhulwini le-13 elayisi amasimu uvele Sicily, eNyakatho Melika, kalokhu ubonakalisiwe kanye isiFulentshi, iBrithani namazwe amaJapane. ENingizimu Melika sibalo waletha isiPutukezi neSpanishi. Ilayisi ukutshalwa laseRussia aqala eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-300 edlule.

Ilayisi eRussia

Ngaphansi koMbuso isiRashiya, kuqala irayisi ensimini uvele izikhathi Ivana Groznogo. Unikwe umyalo umbusi Astrakhan likhula "Saracen amabele", okungukuthi indlela okuthiwa Fig. I iVolga aphansi ixazululwe ensimini, kodwa umphumela ukuhlolwa, ngeshwa, izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali engaziwa.

Phakathi nokubusa uPetru mina «Saracen amabele" futhi yavuka eRussia, ke yangenza semifula ka emfuleni Terek, futhi isiphetho isivuno futhi walahlekelwa phakathi izidingo eziphuthumayo isimo. Kwakungenxa nje ngo-1786 Figure reappeared insimu Russian - walethwa Kuban Cossacks. Amasimu elayisi zitholakala ezindaweni enezikhukhula esisempumalanga yoMfula Kuban, bese uthola okuhle sokuvuna irayisi ensimini futhi sekukhona eRussia.

ukusetshenziswa irayisi emhlabeni

Kukhona 2 tindlelanchubo ukusetshenziswa kwalesi wokudla, "Western" - kuyinto ejwayelekile aseMelika naseYurophu, futhi "Eastern" - I-Asia. Empumalanga sibalo amazwe libhekisela ukudla nsuku zonke, irayisi eYurophu ithole udumo lwayo kamuva, kodwa ekuqaleni yayingaphansi izitshalo exotic uzilungiselele kuphela imenyu zemikhosi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, irayisi uye futhi ube omunye ukudla zabo eziyinhloko, kodwa, ngokuphambene-Asia, eYurophu baqala ukulungiselela irayisi nezinkukhu, inyama, ukudla kwasolwandle kanye nesiqholo izithasiselo.

Isidingo isivuno irayisi

Njalo ngonyaka mayelana 350 mln. Amathani irayisi akhiqizwa emhlabeni. Isibalo esingaphezulu kwengxenye abantu emhlabeni ukuyisebenzisa izikhathi 3 ngosuku. EJapane, 78% of amapulazi ahloselwe ukutshala irayisi, isibonelo, nakuba izindleko irayisi siphezulu. Izinga ukusetshenziswa okusanhlamvu umuntu ngamunye e-Asia kuyinto 150 kg ngonyaka, kanti e-Europe - 2 kg ngonyaka. Mayelana 12-13 mln. Amathani ukungena yomhlaba wonke ngonyaka kanye nokuthengiswa, okungukuthi, cishe 4% of the kwezitshalo Imininingwane emhlabeni. I-Ningizimu Melika nase-Asia kukhona abathuthi eyinhloko irayisi, futhi Europe - ongenisa.

irayisi ukuhlwanyelwa

Ukuze ukwelashwa imbewu zisebenzisa ekhethekile ekuhlungeni separators ke imbewu bahlolelwa ukuhluma, ne indices ngaphansi kuka-90% okusanhlamvu zithi ayifaneleki. 5-8 izinsuku ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela imbewu omisiwe elangeni, cwilisa nabo emanzini afudumele izinsuku 2-3, ngemva ukuvuvukala omisiwe flowability bese ziqala ehlwanyela pre-ukufuthelana inhlabathi kumuntu ka-10 cm ukujula. Indlela engcono kakhulu irayisi kwezitshalo kubhekwa sokuzivivinya avaliwe Seeder flanged noma plain abavamile. Iletha imiphumela emihle futhi indlela cross-idayagonali wokutshala irayisi. Asetshenziswa Ugcwalise nenhlabathi razbrosnoy kwezitshalo ezivela indiza, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuba nihlwanyele 150 ha ngosuku indiza olulodwa. Ilayisi kungabuye landa lisuka izithombo. Ngale ndlela, zingabantu eVietnam, China, Japan nakwamanye amazwe. Yisithombo isiko Mills CIS atholakala e-Azerbaijan.

Irrigation kanye nokugcinwa isivuno irayisi

Kukhona 3 izindlela ukuze nginisele irayisi izilimo:

• izikhukhula okuqhubekayo - amanzi enkundleni ngesikhathi yokukhula;
• izikhukhula ufushanisiwe - ekuqaleni nasekupheleni amanzi izimila ungqimba engekho;
• izikhukhula ngakanye - ezingeni amanzi inakekelwa kwenkathi ethile.

Izigayo CIS ngokuyinhloko asetshenziswa izikhukhula mfushane. On nenhlabathi ezingekho nosawoti kakhulu futhi kuqhathaniswa ehlanzekile ukhula, ukuchitha ukuchelela emva kokutshala futhi ngaphambi ukuhluma. Ngemva irayisi yisithombo ibhokisi ligcwele, futhi akukona ungqimba ezinkulu amanzi wavunyelwa ngesikhathi tillering -. Mayelana 5 cm ungqimba amanzi bese kancane kancane ukuba 15 cm, futhi kulelizinga amanzi ukutshala wax ripeness. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amanzi kancane kuyehla kube nokuvuthwa yomhlaba ubunile, kwakunokwenzeka ukuqala ukuvuna. Ukuze ukubhujiswa ulwelwe, amakhemikhali ukhula noma aeration kwenhlabathi omisiwe irayisi ensimini. Izithombe le nqubo kungatholakala eziningi izincomo sokunisela ngenkasa irayisi nokunakekela.

Ubuchwepheshe elayisi ukutshalwa

Zonke-Union Research Institute irayisi irayisi ukutshalwa ubuchwepheshe yasungulwa, ngawo ingatholakala amathani 4 kuya ku-6 zommbila ngalinye 1 ha. Ubuchwepheshe yakhelwe kucatshangelwa imininingwane inhlabathi, isimo sezulu izici, izinhlobo.

Ukuze ezifundazweni eziseningizimu kanye Krasnodar Territory athuthukile 8 ukukhiqizwa ubuchwepheshe ezahlukene irayisi isiko:

1. ubuchwepheshe Basic, okuhlanganisa imisebenzi 66, ephelezelwa ezithela eliphezulu irayisi, i-petrol esikhulu nokuba yinkimbinkimbi eliphezulu.
2. Technique lapho imbewu ehlwanyelwe a-4 noma 5 cm ukujula, futhi kuhlanganisa 49 imisebenzi. Isebenzisa pre-ukwelashwa kwenhlabathi: Autumn isakhiwo kanye ukulima ekuqaleni.
3. Ubuchwepheshe lapho ukusebenza elihlangene ukucutshungulwa inhlabathi: ukuqondanisa micro-impumuzo, ukusetshenziswa umquba yokubulala ukhula, zokutshala, futhi kweqa ebusweni.
4. Ubuchwepheshe ohlinzekela tillage esincane: ayihlanganisi imisebenzi efana zilima, disking, chizelevanie, ukuhlela nokusebenza, zilima.
5. Ubuchwepheshe, ezikhethekile ku amasheke, bagcwala amanzi, okungukuthi lapho irayisi ensimini akunakwenzeka ome entwasahlobo and ekwindla, kanye zemvula esikhathini nokuhlwanyela ukulungiselela umhlabathi.
6. Bezgerbitsidnaya ubuchwepheshe evumela ezolimo ukuze silwe ukhula, izifo kanye izinambuzane.
7. Ubuchwepheshe ngaphandle ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ukutshala irayisi Ukudla.
8. Ubuchwepheshe lapho zonke izinqubo amandla esiningi futhi okhandlayo usebenze lokubolekwa CFS-3,6 futhi 3,6-CCF futhi igeja-ol-rotary 2.4. Isici esiphawulekayo le ndlela kuyinto ukulima bushelelezi.