I-Triac: isimiso sokusebenza, isicelo, idivayisi kanye nokuphathwa

Kusukela esihlokweni uzofunda ngalokho okuyi-triac, ukuthi isebenza kanjani nokuthi isebenza kanjani. Kodwa okokuqala, kufanelekile ukuphawula ukuthi i-triac ifana ne-thyristor (i-symmetrical kuphela). Ngakho-ke, umuntu akakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwesihloko ngaphandle kwencazelo yesimiso sokusebenza kwama-thyristors nezici zawo. Ngaphandle kolwazi lwezinto eziyisisekelo, ngeke kube khona ukuklama nokwakha ngisho ne-scheme elula yokulawula.

I-Thyristors

I-Thyristor iyisetshenziswa se-semiconductor esishintshayo esakwazi ukuhambisa okwamanje ngokuqondisa okulodwa kuphela. Ngokuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi isango futhi kudonsela ama-analogi phakathi kwalo kanye ne-diode elawulwayo. I-Thyristors inezinsimba ezintathu, enye yazo yi-electrode yokulawula. Lokhu, ukukubeka ngokungaqondile, yiyona inkinobho lapho isakhi sishintsha kwimodi yokuziphatha. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngesimo esikhethekile se-thyristor - i-triac - idivayisi kanye nokusebenza kwayo kuma-circuits ahlukahlukene.

I-thyristor isengumvuseleli, inkinobho ngisho ne-signal amplifier. Ngokuvamile lisetshenziswa njengomlawuli (kodwa kuphela uma sonke isifunda sisinikwe amandla okuvela kumthombo we-AC voltage). Wonke ama-thyristors anezici ezithile, okuzodinga ukuxoxwa ngokuningiliziwe.

Properties of thyristors

Phakathi kwezici eziningi zezici ze-semiconductor, kungenzeka ukuhlukanisa okubaluleke kakhulu:

1. I-Thyristors, njengezidididi, iyakwazi ukwenza umshini kagesi ngendlela eyodwa kuphela. Kulesi simo, basebenza esiteshini njengendlela yokulungisa i-diode.
2. Kusukela esimweni se-thyristor esivaliwe, i-thyristor ingashintshwa ngokuthumela isignali ngesimo esiqondile esiyi-electrode yokulawula. Ngakho isiphetho - i-thyristor njengengqikithi inombhalo amabili (zombili zizinzile). I-triac ingasebenza ngendlela efanayo. Isimiso sokusebenza komkhiqizo wohlobo lwe-elekthronikhi esekelwe kuso siyinto elula. Kodwa ukuze wenze ubuyeke esimweni sokuqala sokuvula, kubalulekile ukuthi izimo ezithile zigcwaliseke.
3. I-current yesignali yokulawula, okudingekayo ekuguquleni kwe-crystal thyristor esuka kwimodi evinjiwe kuya kwimodi evulekile, ingaphansi kakhulu kunomsebenzi osebenzayo (ngokoqobo kulinganiswa nge-milliamperes). Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-thyristor inezakhiwo ze-amplifier yamanje.
4. Kungenzeka ukuthi uhlole kahle amanje wamanje ogeleza ngomthwalo oxhunyiwe, uma nje umthwalo uxhumeke ochungechungeni ne-thyristor. Ukuchitshiyelwa kokulungiswa ngokuqondile kuxhomeke ebude besignali ku-electrode yokulawula. Kulesi simo, i-thyristor isebenza njengomlawuli wegunya.

I-Thyristor nesakhiwo sayo

I-thyristor isici se-semiconductor esinemisebenzi yokulawula. I-crystal inezinhlaka ezine ze-p n n uhlobo, okunye okunye. I-triac nayo yakhiwe ncamashi. Isimiso sokusebenza, isicelo, isakhiwo salesi sici kanye nokulinganiselwa ekusetshenzisweni kubhekwa ngokuningiliziwe kulesi sihloko.

Isakhiwo esichazwe futhi sabizwa ngokuthi isakhiwo sezingqimba ezine. Isifunda esiphezulu se-p-isakhiwo ne-polarity enhle yalokho okunikezwa amandla okuxhunywe kuyo kuthiwa i-anode. Ngenxa yalokho, isifunda sesibili n (futhi nesinye esinqunyiwe) yi-cathode. Amandla amabi womthombo wamandla asetshenziselwa wona.

Yiziphi izakhiwo ze-thyristor

Uma senza ukuhlaziywa okugcwele kwesakhiwo se-thyristor, singathola kukho ukuguquka oku-3 (i-electron-hole). Ngenxa yalokho, isifunda esilinganayo singenziwa for transistors semiconductor (polar, bipolar, field) kanye nediode, okuzosivumela ukuba siqonde ukuthi i-thyristor iziphatha kanjani uma amandla okushisa kwe-electrode avaliwe.

Uma kwenzeka i-anode ihambelana kahle ne-cathode, i-diode ivala, futhi, ngenxa yalokho, i-thyristor nayo iziphatha ngendlela efanayo. Uma kwenzeka i-polarity iguqulwa, kokubili i-diode ishintshiwe, i-thyristor nayo ivalwe. I-triac isebenza ngendlela efanayo.

Isimiso sokusebenza ngeminwe, eqinisweni, akulula ukuchaza, kodwa sizozama ukwenza lokhu okunye.

Indlela I-Thyristor Yokuvula Yebenza Ngayo

Ukuqonda isimiso se-thyristor, udinga ukunaka isifunda esifanayo. Kungenziwa ngamakhodi amabili e-semiconductor (transistors). Lapha kungcono ukucabangela inqubo yokuvula i-thyristors. Umanje othile ugeleza nge-electrode yokulawula i-thyristor. Kulesi simo, i-current ine-bias-directional bias. Leli gama libhekwa njengesisekelo sokudlulisa ngesakhiwo se-n-p-n.

Ngakho-ke, kumqokeleli, okwamanje kuzoba ngamakhulu amaningana (kunesidingo sokwandisa inani lokulawulwa kwamanje ngenzuzo ye-transistor). Ngokuqhubekayo kungabonakala ukuthi leli xabiso lamanje liyinani eliyisisekelo se-transistor yesibili ne-conductivity sakhiwo pn, futhi livuliwe. Kulesi simo, okwamanje umqoqo we-transistor wesibili uzolingana nomkhiqizo wezinto ezizuzisayo zombili zokudlulisela kanye nokulawulwa kokuqala okwamanje. Izinhlekelele (isimiso sokusebenza nokuphathwa kwazo kuxoxwa ngakho kulesi sihloko) sinempahla efanayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, le samanje kufanele ifingqwe ngamehlo asetha ngaphambilini wesifunda sokulawula. Futhi kuzoba khona inani elidingekayo ukuze kugcinwe i-transistor yokuqala esimweni esingavulwa. Uma kwenzeka ukulawula kwamanje kukhulu kakhulu, ama-transistors amabili agcwaliswa kanyekanye. I-OS yangaphakathi iqhubeka nokugcina ukuqhuba kwayo ngisho nalapho i-current initial e-electrode yokulawula iphela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inani eliphakeme kakhulu lamanje liyatholakala ku-thyristor anode.

Indlela yokukhipha i-thyristor

Ukushintshela esimweni esivinjiwe se-thyristor kungenzeka uma kungekho isignali esetshenziswa ku-electrode control control. Kulolu cala, amanje awela ngokubaluleka okuthile, okubizwa ngokuthi i-hypostatic yamanje (noma okwamanje ukuvalelwa).

I-thyristor izovala futhi uma kwenzeka ukuthi ukuxhumeka kwenzeka kumjikelezi wokulayisha. Noma uma i-voltage esetshenziselwa isifunda (yangaphandle) iguqula umqondo wayo. Lokhu kwenzeka ekupheleni komjikelezo ngamunye wesigamu esimweni lapho isifunda sinikezwa umthombo we-AC.

Uma i-thyristor isebenza esiteshini se- DC, ukukhiya kungenziwa nge-switch elula noma inkinobho yohlobo lwemishini. Ixhunywe kumthwalo ochungechungeni futhi isetshenziselwa ukuvuselela isifunda. Ngokufanayo, isimiso somlawuli wegesi ku-triac, noma kunjalo, kunezici ezithile esifundeni.

Izindlela zokuguqula i-thyristors

Kodwa kungenzeka ukuxhuma inkinobho ku-parallel, ngakho-ke igwema okwamanje i-anode, futhi i-thyristor ifakwa esimweni esivinjelwe. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-thyristors zingashintshwa futhi uma othintana nabo bevulwa. Lokhu kungachazwa ukuthi lapho kuvulwa oxhumana nabo, ama-capacitors e-parasitic of transition thyristor aqoqa icala, ngaleyo ndlela akha ukuphazamiseka.

Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukubeka inkinobho ukuze itholakale phakathi kwe-cathode kanye ne-electrode yokulawula. Lokhu kuzoqinisekisa ukuthi i-thyristor ivaliwe ngokujwayelekile, futhi ukugcina kwamanje kunqunywe. Ngezinye izikhathi, ukuze kube lula futhi ijubane nokuthembeka, i-thyristor eyisizayo isetshenziselwa esikhundleni senkinobho yomshini. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi umsebenzi we-triac uhloniphekile ngokufana nokusebenza kwama-thyristors.

Ama-triac

Futhi manje eduze nesihloko salesi sihloko - udinga ukucabangela icala elikhethekile le-thyristor - i-triac. Umgomo wokusebenza kwawo kufana nalokho okwakucatshangwa ekuqaleni. Kodwa kukhona ukungafani kanye nezici. Ngakho-ke, sidinga ukukhuluma ngakho ngokuningiliziwe. I-triac iyisitsha esekelwe crystal semiconductor. Ivame ukusetshenziselwa izinhlelo ezisebenza ekushintsheni okwamanje.

Incazelo elula yale divayisi inguquko, kodwa iyalawulwa. Esizweni esivaliwe, sisebenza njengendlela yokuxhumana nabokuxhumana abavulekile. Uma isignali isetshenziswa ku-electrode yokulawula ye-triac, idivayisi ishintsha esimweni esivulekile (i-conductivity mode). Uma usebenzisa kule mode, kungenzeka ukudweba ukufana nomshini oxhumana nabo abavaliwe.

Uma kungekho isignali esiteshini sokulawula, kunoma yimuphi umjikelezo wemizuzu (uma usebenza kuma-AC circuits), i-triac ishintshiwe kusukela evulekile kuya kuvaliwe. Ama-triac asetshenziswa kakhulu kumodi yokulayishwa (ngokwesibonelo, ekwakhiweni kokushintshwa okukhanyayo noma ama-thermostats). Kodwa futhi kuvame ukusetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokulawula ezisebenza ngokuvumelana nemigomo yokulawula isigaba se-voltage phezu komthwalo (kuyi-regulators regulators).

Isakhiwo nomgomo wokusebenza kwe-triac

I-triac ayilutho nje kuphela kwe-thyristor ehambisanayo. Ngakho-ke, ngokusekelwe egameni, singaphetha - kulula ukuyibuyisela nge-thyristors amabili, evuliwe futhi evuliwe ngokufana. Kunoma iyiphi indlela, iyakwazi ukudlula okwamanje. I-triac ineziphumo ezintathu eziyinhloko - ukulawula, ukufaka uphawu, kanye ne-main (i-anode, i-cathode) ukuze ikwazi ukudlulisa ama-currents esebenzayo.

I-triac (isimiso sokusebenza "kwama-dummies" sakhiwa se-semiconductor sinikezwe ukunakwa) kuvulwa lapho inani elincane elidingekayo lamanje lihlinzekwa esigungwini sokulawula. Noma uma kwenzeka uma umehluko wezinto ezikhona phakathi kwamanye ama-electrode amabili aphezulu kunenani elivumelekile elivunyelwe.

Ezimweni eziningi, ukudlula i-voltage kubangela ukuthi i-triac isebenze ngokuzenzekelayo ku-amplitude enkulu ye-voltage supply. Ukushintshela esimweni esivinjelwe kwenzeka uma i-polarity ishintsha noma uma ukusebenza kwamanje kuyancipha kuya kwezinga elingaphansi kunamanje.

Indlela yokuvula i-triac

Uma ukondla kwinethiwekhi ekhona yamanje , izindlela zokusebenza zishintsha ngenxa yenguquko emotweni yombane kuwo wonke ama-electrodes asebenzayo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kuye ngokuthi ubukhulu bokulawulwa kwamanje, izinhlobo ezine zale nqubo zingahlukaniswa.

Ake sithi umshini usetshenziswa phakathi kwama-electrode esebenzayo. Futhi phezu kwe-electrode yokulawula, umthamo owela uphawu uhambisana nalokho okusetshenziselwa isifunda se-anode. Kulolu cala, i-triac izohamba eduze kwe-quadrant - isimiso sokusebenza, njengoba ubona, silula.

Kukhona ama-quadrants angu-4, futhi ngamunye wabo ukuvula okwamanje, ukubamba, ukufakwa kwe-inclusions kuchazwa. Amanje wokuvulwa kufanele agcinwe kuze kube yilapho, kuze kufike izikhathi eziningana (ku-2-3) ukubaluleka kokusebenza okwamanje. Lokhu kungukuthi okwamanje ukushintshwa kwe-triac-okungenani okwamanje okudingekayo kokuvula. Uma ulahla okwamanje esiteshini sokulawula, i-triac izobe isesimweni sokuqhuba. Futhi izosebenza kule mode kuze kube yileso sikhathi, ngenkathi yamanje kumjikelezo we-anode uzoba mkhulu kunamanje wokugcina.

Yiziphi ukulinganiselwa kokusebenzisa ama-triac

Kunzima ukuyisebenzisa uma umthwalo ungowokufaka inductive. Isilinganiso sokuguquka kwamandla kagesi nesimanje sinqunyelwe. Uma i-triac isuka kwimodi evaliwe eya evulekile, okwamanje okuphawulekayo kuvela esiteshini sangaphandle. I-voltage ayifuni ngaso leso sikhathi kuma-terminals amandla e-triac. Futhi amandla azokwenza ngokushesha futhi afinyelele amagugu amakhulu kakhulu. Amandla ahlukanisa, ngenxa yesikhala esincane, akhulisa kakhulu ukushisa kwe-semiconductor.

Uma inani elibucayi lidlulile, i-crystal ibhujiswa, ngenxa yokwanda okusheshayo kwamandla wamanje. Uma i-triac, esesimweni esivinjelwe, isebenza ngamandla futhi ikhulise ngendlela ephawulekayo, isiteshi sizovuleka (uma kungekho isignali esifundeni sokulawula). Lesi simo singagcinwa ngoba ukukhokhwa kuqoqa ikhankithi yangaphakathi ye-parisitic ye-semiconductor. Futhi ukushaja kwamanje kunenani elifanele lokuvula i-triac.