I izakhiwo amakhemikhali alkynes. Isakhiwo, ukulungiselela, isicelo

Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes - kuyinto amakhemikhali organic. Bonke zakhelwe ka ezifana izakhi zamakhemikhali ezifana yekhabhoni nomoya-hydrogen. Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes - kukhona zamakhemikhali, okuyinto uphakathi kwabantu abangenalo leli hydrocarbon.

Kulesi sihloko sizohlola alkynes.

Kuyini lokhu?

Lezi izinto zibizwa nangokuthi hydrocarbon acetylene. Isakhiwo alkyne inikeza khona e-molecule awo ahlangane ka-hydrogen ne-carbon ama-athomu. Jikelele ifomula acetylenic hydrocarbon ezifana: C _n H _2N-2. Indlela elula elula alkyne - ethyne (acetylene). It has lapha ifomula amakhemikhali - C ₂ H _2. Futhi lisho alkynes propyne formula C ₃ N _4. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba acetylenic hydrocarbon kungafaka butyne (C ₄ H _6), pentin (C ₅ H ₈₎ hexyne (C ₆ H ₁₀₎ heptyn (C ₇ H _12), octyne (C ₈ H _14), nonyne ( C ₉ H ₁₆₎ decyne (C ₁₀ H _18), njalo njalo. d. Zonke izinhlobo alkynes abonise izici ezifanayo. Ake sihlole kubo ngokuningiliziwe.

Izakhiwo alkynes

Ubunjalo bomzimba hydrocarbon acetylene ukukhumbuza alkenes.

Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, alkynes, molecule aqukethe ezimbili kuya kuma-atom carbon, abe nesimo gaseous ekuhlanganisweni. Lezo zinhlayiya okuyinto ezinhlanu kuya 16 ama-athomu carbon, ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile okusamanzi. Labo ku molecule okuyinto 17 noma ngaphezulu ama-athomu yesici zamakhemikhali, - ukudla okuqinile.

Alkynes ancibilike futhi ubilise ezingeni lokushisa ephakeme ukwedlula alkanes futhi alkenes.

Solubility emanzini kuyinto singelutho, kodwa kancane kunakunoma alkenes futhi alkanes.

Solubility e ezihogelwayo kuphezulu.

Indlela esetshenziswa kabanzi alkyne - acetylene - anezakhi ezifana ngokomzimba:

• It has no umbala;
• ayinaphunga;
• ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, ke usesimweni gaseous ka wokuhlanganisa;
• It has a kwabantu ngaphansana emoyeni;
• ukuvala abacaphuni - lokususa 83,6 degrees Celsius;

I izakhiwo amakhemikhali alkynes

Kulezi izinto, la ma-athomu zihlanganiswa isibopho kathathu, echaza izakhiwo zabo eziyisisekelo. Alkynes basabela lolu hlobo:

• hydrogenation;
• gidrogalogenirovanie;
• halogenation;
• hydration;
• evutha.

Asithathe kubo ukuze.

hydrogenation

I izakhiwo amakhemikhali alkynes ukuba benze kule ndlela yokusabela. Lolu hlobo ekusebenzisaneni zamakhemikhali, lapho i-molecule ye izidakamizwa inamathela ngokwayo ukuze ezengeziwe ama-athomu ye-hydrogen. Nasi isibonelo ukusabela ngaleyo ndlela chemical esimweni propyne:

2H ₂ + C ₃ H ₄ = C ₃ H ₈

Cishe le ndlela yokusabela Kwenzeka ngezigaba ezimbili. Esikhathini propyne-molecule lokuqala inamathela ama-athomu amabili hydrogen, kanti eyesibili - esilinganayo.

halogenation

Lona omunye ukusabela, okuyinto ingxenye izakhiwo amakhemikhali alkynes. yi wayo acetylenic hydrocarbon-molecule inamathela ama-athomu Halogen. Lezi zingozi zihlanganisa ama-elementi ezifana chloro, bromo, iodo, njll

Nasi isibonelo ukusabela ngaleyo ndlela esimweni ethinyl:

C ₂ H ₂ + 2SІ ₂ = C ₂ H ₂ s² ₄

Inqubo efanayo zingenza nabanye hydrocarbon acetylenic.

Gidrogalogenirovanie

Libuye omunye ukusabela main, okuyinto ingxenye izakhiwo amakhemikhali alkynes. Ihlala eqinisweni lokuthi izidakamizwa is wasithukuthelela yingxube njenge NSІ, ni, HBr, nabanye. Cishe le ndlela yokusabela chemical Kwenzeka ngezigaba ezimbili. Ake sibheke ukusabela lolu hlobo ku isibonelo ethinyl:

C ₂ H ₂ + NSІ = C ₂ H ₃ s²

C ₂ H ₂ + s² NSІ = C ₂ H ₄ s² ₂

hydration

Lokhu kuyindlela yemvelo yokusabela chemical okungukuthi nabo amanzi. Iphinde kwenzeka ngezigaba ezimbili. Ake sibheke-ke phezu isibonelo ethinyl:

H ₂ O + C ₂ H ₂ = C ₂ H ₃ OH

Into kwakhiwa emva ukusabela esigabeni sokuqala esibizwa vinyl utshwala.

Ngenxa yokuthi ngokuvumelana nomthetho Eltekova OH iqembu obusebenzayo akukwazi eduze esibophweni double, rearrangement-athomu, ngenxa okuyinto kwakheka utshwala vinyl acetaldehyde.

Inqubo hydration ukuphendula futhi ngokuthi alkyne Kucherova.

esivuthayo

Le nqubo nokuxhumana alkynes yomoya-mpilo engasetshenziswa ashisa kakhulu. Cabanga evutha izinto yaleli qembu kanye acetylene isibonelo:

2C ₂ H ₂ + 2O ₂ = 2H ₂ O + CO ₂ + 3C

Lapho ngokweqile umoya-mpilo, acetylene, nezinye alkynes bashise ngaphandle kumiswa carbon. labelwe Ngakho kuphela i-carbon monoxide namanzi. Nangu kwesibalo okunjena nge isibonelo propyne:

4O ₂ + C ₃ H ₄ = 2H ₂ O + 3Ngako ₂

Burning nezinye hydrocarbon acetylenic futhi kwenzeka ngendlela efanayo. Ngenxa yalokho, amanzi ukhululeka ne-carbon dioxide.

nezinye ukusabela

Futhi acetylenes ziyakwazi ukusabela ne nosawoti of izinsimbi ezifana isiliva, ithusi ne-calcium. Ngakho kukhona esikhundleni sama-athomu hydrogen metal. Cabanga ngalesi sibonelo sicabangela ukuphendula acetylene nesiliva nitrate:

C ₂ H ₂ + 2AgNO3 = Ag ₂ C ₂ + 2NH ₄ NO ₃ + 2H ₂ O

Enye inqubo ezithakazelisayo ezihilela alkynes - yokusabela Zelinsky. Lokhu kumiswa benzene kusukela acetylene uma eliwu 600 degrees Celsius ku khona i-carbon isebenze. Equation for okunjena ungaboniswa kanje:

3C ₂ H ₂ = C ₆ H ₆

polymerization of alkynes ngangokunokwenzeka - inqubo inhlangano zishintshe eziningana ketshezi i-polymer.

reception

ukuphendula Alkyne ukuthi kukhulunywe ngakho ngenhla, uzilungiselele endaweni yokucwaninga ngezindlela eziningana.

Eyokuqala - a dehydrohalogenation. Kubukeka yokusabela ezothando ngaleyo ndlela:

C ₂ H ₄ Br ₂ + 2KOH = C ₂ H ₂ + 2H ₂ O + 2KBr

Ukuze sifeza lesi nqubo ukufudumeza reactants, bese wengeza i-ethanol njengoba kulethe.

Futhi kukhona kungenzeka alkynes kusukela compounds wezinto ezingaphili. Nasi isibonelo:

CAC ₂ + H ₂ O = C ₂ H ₂ + 2CA (OH) ₂

Indlela esilandelayo esikhiqiza alkyne - dehydrogenation. Nasi isibonelo ukusabela ngaleyo ndlela:

= 3H 2 CH ₄ + ₂ C ₂ H ₂

Nale ndlela yokusabela ingatholakala hhayi kuphela ethyne, kodwa amanye hydrocarbon acetylenic.

Ukusetshenziswa alkyne

Inqubo esetshenziswa kabanzi embonini kwaba elula alkyne - ethyne. It is kabanzi embonini zamakhemikhali.

• Kudingeka alkynes acetylene noma ezinye ngokukhiqiza omunye organic compounds ezifana ketones, aldehydes, nezinye yokususa ingcekeza elenkani.
• Futhi kusukela alkynes ingatholakala izinto ezisetshenziswa ekwakheni ama-rubbers, polyvinyl chloride nabanye.
• Kusukela propyne ingatholakala ngenxa acetone RAKTs Kucherova.
• Ngaphezu kwalokho, acetylene isetshenziswa ukulungiswa amakhemikhali ezifana acetic acid, hydrocarbon elimnandi, ETHYL utshwala.
• acetylene Okuningi isetshenziswa njengoba uphethiloli nge ukushisa eliphezulu kakhulu amandla omlilo.
• Futhi ethynyl omlilo ukuphendula isetshenziselwa Welding izinsimbi.
• Ngaphezu kwalokho, besebenzisa i-acetylene ingalungiswa carbon Technical.
• Futhi, lolu ketshezi isetshenziswa zalapho azimele wodwa.
• Acetylene nezinye hydrocarbon inani leli qembu Asetshenziswa njengezitolo propellants ngenxa yokushisa yaso ephezulu amandla omlilo.

Kulesi alkynes isicelo uphela.

isiphetho

Njengoba engxenyeni yokugcina etafuleni uwukufingqwa property hydrocarbon acetylene kanye nokulungiselela yabo.

I chemical izakhiwo alkynes: ithebula

Qamba ukusabela	izincazelo	Ngokwesibonelo kwesibalo
halogenation	Ukwengezwa ukuphendula i-molecule ye-acetylenic hydrocarbon Halogen ama-athomu (uxhumano lokudlulisa, iodine, chlorine, njll).	C 4 H 6 + 2I 2 = C 4 H 6 Mina 2
hydrogenation	Ukwengezwa ukuphendula i alkyne-molecule ama-athomu ye-hydrogen. Kwenzeka ngezigaba ezimbili.	C 3 H 4 + H 2 = C 3 H 6 C 3 H 6 + H 2 = C 3 H 8
Gidrogalogenirovanie	Ukwengezwa ukusabela acetylene-molecule hydrocarbon gidrogalogenov (ni, NSІ, HBr). Kwenzeka ngezigaba ezimbili.	C 2 H 2 + ni = C 2 H 3 Mina C 2 H 3 + ni ka mina = C 2 H 4 Mina 2
hydration	Ukusabela, ogxile nokuxhumana ngamanzi. Kwenzeka ngezigaba ezimbili.	C 2 H 2 + H 2 O = C 2 H 3 OH C 2 H 3 OH = CH 3 -CHO
I namachibi ephelele (omlilo)	Atsetilenovgo ukusabela hydrocarbon nge mpilo ebangeni i lokushisa eliphakeme. Lokhu kukhipha i-carbon monoxide namanzi.	2C 2 H 5 + 5O 2 = 2H 2 O + 4CO 2 2C 2 H 2 + 2O 2 = H 2 O + CO 2 + 3C
Ukusabela nge zensimbi	Siqukethe eqinisweni lokuthi la ma-athomu metal kuthiwa ukufaka endaweni nge ama-athomu e-molecule hydrogen hydrocarbon acetylenic.	C 2 H 2 + AgNO3 = C 2 Ag 2 + 2NH 4 NO 3 + 2H 2 O

Thola alkynes kungaba endaweni yokucwaninga usebenzisa izindlela ezintathu:

• compounds wezinto;
• ngu dehydrogenation of organic compounds;
• dehydrohalogenation indlela izinto eziningi eziphilayo.

Ngakho sabuka zonke izici ezingokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali alkyne, izindlela zabo sokulungiselela, izicelo kule mboni.