"I Gulag Archipelago" - umsebenzi engafiyo uSolzhenitsyn

Article 58 we Criminal Code izakhamuzi eziningi kangaka ezigcina umthetho we RSFSR ukuphila ichithekile. iziboshwa Okungenani abayizigidi ezine lezombusazwe Stalin inkathi wahlangana uhlobo okuhlushwa - gulags. Mangisho ukuthi iningi labo lalingasazi ukuqhuba imisebenzi esiphikisayo wamavukelambuso. Nokho, it is ngisho okubhekwa 'amacala "ezincane ezifana liphansi kwanoma iyiphi sezombusazwe.

Umlobi u-Alexander uSolzhenitsyn wayengomunye walabo abahlangabezana nazo nokhahlo amahlanu nesishiyagalombili sihloko. Ukuze ukumangalela "counter" bamlethela izinhlamvu ayewathumelé phambili abangane bakho nezihlobo. Bavame samanje ukugxekwa lifihlakele ka Stalin, okuyinto Ampere ngokuthi "tillage". Ngokwemvelo, ukuthi ukucwaninga izincwadi ezinjalo bahluleka miss. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyinto nesithakazelo kakhulu kuzo. counterintelligence Soviet abophe freethinker. Ngenxa yalokho, walahlekelwa isikhundla sokuba ukaputeni, iminyaka engu-8 kanzima ngaphandle ilungelo ekuthunjweni. Nguye yanquma ukuvula up ingxenye uStalin uhlelo lokujeziswa, ngokubhala incwadi ukungafi "The Gulag Archipelago." Sizokwenza uqonde okushiwo igama layo, futhi yini okuqukethwe.

I Gulag Archipelago - uhlelo interconnects izinkulungwane izikhungo Soviet lokujeziswa. Okuningi, kodwa ngokusho kwabanye imibiko, iningi leziboshwa kwalesi silo omkhulu ingajezisa - kweziboshwa zezombusazwe. Njengoba uSolzhenitsyn wabhala, abaningi babo bangabantu namanje at the stage of ukuboshwa ezithandwayo zezingoma iphupho ngeze icala labo izocatshangelwa ngokucophelela, futhi amacala akhe uzobe yehlile. Futhi sbytochnoy izethulo enjalo bakholwa kanzima, bawile ezindaweni hhayi kude kangaka kakade. "Ukuboshwa Political kwawo yayiphawuleka ngokuthambekela yokuthi abantu abangenacala athathwa kanye abakwazi ukumelana," - wathi uSolzhenitsyn. Umbhali echaza ezinye ukusakaza elikhulu iziboshwa: i abaphucwa we isisulu (1929-1930) owayehlushwa ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu ngo-1937, kanye nalabo abaye ekuthunjweni German (1944-1946). I Gulag Archipelago ngokufudumele kuvula namasango awo abalimi ocebile, nabapristi nabo bonke abathembekile kubantu, nezihlakaniphi, osolwazi. Mayelana imishini kukaStalin ingajezisa zokungabi nabulungisa kuphela uthi ukuba khona nje izinhlelo for inani eliphelele iziboshwa (okuyinto evame kakhulu obonakaliswe round izinombolo). Basuke Yiqiniso, "NKVD" overfulfilled ngentshiseko.

sokuhlushwa

Ingxenye enkulu ncwadi uSolzhenitsyn sika enikelwe kulo mbuzo: Kungani Kuboshwe cishe njalo ngemvume "priznanki", ngisho noma icala labo zazingekho leyo minyaka ezimbi? Impendulo ngempela akabashiyi ngabandayo umfundi. Umbhali ubala sokuhlushwa akunabuntu ukuthi lalisetshenziswa "Izidumbu." Bhala emangalisayo ububanzi - kusukela inkolelo elula kuxoxwa kuya ekulimazeni umthondo. Ungase futhi ukusho bokuhlukaniswa ubuthongo izinsuku eziningana, ongqongqozayo amazinyo, ukuhlukunyezwa umlilo ... Umbhali, uyazi okushiwo umshini kukaStalin Infernal ucela abafundi ukuba singahluleli labo, abakwazi ukuba athwale isigxobo, wavumelana konke wabekwa icala. Kodwa kunokuthile okwakubaluleke pohlesche self-incrimination. Kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe bahlushwe ukuzisola, labo kabaze baba lakho ukuma, wanyundelwa abangane babo engcono noma izihlobo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo Kwakukhona umuntu, ume isibindi kakhulu, ababengakholelwa ngemvume lutho.

Amandla kanye nethonya 'NKVD "

izikhulu ukuphoqelelwa kwakuvame careerists yangempela. Izibalo "ubugebengu ukuthola" abathembisa ezinhlwini entsha nomholo owengeziwe. Ukusebenzisa amandla akhe, abezokuphepha ngokuvamile abavuma sithathe efulethini zakho ozithandayo futhi abesifazane yokuthenga. wevikeleko Workers 'lalingabulawa kalula ukuhlanza endleleni lezitha zabo. Kodwa bona beye bahileleka ezinhlekeleleni esiyingozi umdlalo. Akekho kubo akubanga okuzivikela necala lokuzama ukuvukela uMbuso, ukuketula, ubunhloli. Echaza ohlelweni, uSolzhenitsyn ngiphupha ngalolu, inkantolo fair.

Udilikajele

Umbhali "The Gulag Archipelago" ukutshelwa zonke vicissitudes ejele. Ingqamuzama ngayinye kwakufanele impimpi. Nokho, iziboshwa asheshe afunda ukuthi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwabantu abanjalo. Leli qiniso kwaholela ekubeni esilayidi abakhileyo emakamelweni. Zonke iziboshwa Ukudla - incumbe, isinkwa omnyama abilayo amanzi. Zezinjabulo nezinjabulo elincane chess, ukuhamba, izincwadi ukufunda. incwadi uSolzhenitsyn esithi "Gulag Archipelago" lembula umuntfu lofundzako loko lokushiwo izici zonke izigaba iziboshwa - kwi "kulaks" ukuze "izigebengu". Iphinde uchaza ubudlelwane phakathi cellmates, ngezinye izikhathi kwakuba nzima.

Nokho, hhayi nje kuphela ngokukhulelwa udilikajele, wabhala uSolzhenitsyn. "I Gulag Archipelago" - liphinde umsebenzi echaza umlando umthetho RSFSR. Umbhali njalo kuqhathaniswa uhlelo nengane wobulungisa Soviet, nobulungisa, lapho kwaba namanje ezibalulwa kanjena ngokufanele (1917-1918); nalabasha (1919-1921) futhi ungangeni nomuntu ovuthiwe ngenkathi owendlala eziningi imininingwane ezithakazelisayo.