I-Freudianism yiyiphi? Incazelo kanye nesiqondiso

I-Psychology isayensi ehlola ingqondo yomuntu. Abacwaningi abacwaninga ukucwaninga kwengqondo, unyaka ngamunye, benza izinto ezintsha ezitholakalayo mayelana nokutadisha ubuchopho bomuntu kanye nezinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi yengqondo ezenzeka kuyo. Cabanga ngenye yezinkolelo ezidume kakhulu ezengqondo, okuthiwa i-Freudianism.

Incazelo yencazelo ye "Freudianism"

Leli gama livela egameni lomsayense odumile uSigmund Freud, oye wachaza umbono wakhe we-psychoanalysis yomuntu. I-Freudianism iyinkolelo ye-psychoanalysis echaza ezinye izinqubo zengqondo ezenzeka ezingeni elingenalutho. Ngokusho kukaFreud, impilo yonke yomuntu siqu iqukethe amazinga amathathu ayisisekelo: ukungabi nalutho, ukungazi lutho nokuqaphela.

Izinga elingenakuqaphela abalingani be-Freud nabamandla obulili. I-Freud in theory yakhe ichaza izingxenye ezinjalo zobuntu:

1. "I-Id" - umthwali wesimiso.
2. "Ego", noma ngenye indlela "Mina", esebenza ngokuyisisekelo.
3. "Super-Ego", noma "Super-I", inesibopho sezimfanelo zokuziphatha zomuntu ngamunye.

Uma kukhona ukungqubuzana phakathi kwalezi zingxenye, izindlela zokuzivikela ziqala ukuvela .

Indima ye-Freudianism in psychology

I-Freudianism in Psychological isendaweni ebaluleke kakhulu, ngoba ngenxa yezimfundiso zikaFreud ukuthi umuntu angakwazi ukukhuluma ngokuphathwa kwezinzwa nezinyathelo eziphuthumayo, kodwa lokhu kuyadingeka kuqala ukuthola imbangela yalezi zifo. Iphuzu eliyinhloko lokuqala ukwelashwa ngokuyinhloko i-psychoanalysis. Ukuhlola ukusebenzisa i-hypnosis, eyenziwa nguFreud, kwafakazela ukuthi imizwa ehlukene kanye nesifiso sokufeza umgomo kungashintsha ukuziphatha komcwaningi, ngisho noma yena ngokwakhe akaqapheli ngokugcwele lokhu.

Isizathu se-Freudianism

USigmund Freud, ngesisekelo sokubheka kwakhe isikhathi eside emitholampilo, wakwazi ukwakha umqondo omusha, owaziwa manje, ongokwengqondo. I-Freudianism isengumqondo wokuthi incike emcabangweni wesakhiwo somuntu wesithathu :

1. "Kulokhu" kusho izinqubo zengqondo ezenzeka ezingeni elingenalutho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi lezi zinqubo zengqondo zabekwa ngisho nangaphambi kokuzalwa kwengane, isibonelo, indima yakhe idlala ngokuzalwa. "It" ihlose ukujabulela noma yikuphi uhlamvu, ikakhulukazi ngokocansi.
2. Isakhiwo sesibili sibizwa ngokuthi "I". Kuhloswe ngakho, ngakho-ke ukugcina ibhalansi, ngakho "I" cishe iphikisana njalo no "It". Wonke umuntu une "I" lakhe ehlala eqinisweni, okungukuthi, izinqubo zengqondo ziqala ukuzibonakalisa ngokwabo emva kwesimo esithile esiba khona esidinga isisombululo ngokushesha. I-Freud ibhekisela kulesi sakhiwo kuzalwa, ayihlanganiswa kuphela ezingeni lokungazi lutho, kodwa nangokwenyama.

3. Isakhiwo sesithathu sibizwa ngokuthi "Super-I". Kucatshangwa ukuthi kutholakala ngaphezu kwesikhathi sonke sokuphila futhi usebenza njengomgxeka kanye nonembeza. Ngakho-ke, uma "I" engakwazi ukubhekana ne "It", "I-Super-I" ingena emandleni, esebenza ngokuvumelana nonembeza. Uma umuntu engakwazi ukuthola indlela yokuphuma isikhathi eside ku-"Super-I" yakhe, u-Freud weluleka ukunikeza indlela yokuphuma kule nkulumo ngxoxweni noma ngisho nokuzibonakalisa ngobuciko.

Iyini isisekelo se-Freudianism?

Udokotela angaqondisa amandla omuntu ngokuqhuba i-psychoanalysis. I-Freudianism ibonisa ukuthi umuntu kwezinye izimo angakwazi ukubhekana naye ngenkinga yakhe, kodwa ngenxa yalokhu i-psyche kufanele ifake ukuvikelwa, kodwa uma lokhu kungenzeki, khona-ke ngaphandle kosizo lochwepheshe, ngeke kusebenze. Nazi izinhlobo eziyinhloko zokuvikelwa:

1. Ekuqaleni, ukuvikelwa kubonakala ekucindezelweni nasekunciphisweni kwemicabango ebhekwa njengokungagunyaziwe.
2. Uma kunengqikithi, ngakho-ke ezingeni lokungazi ukuthi ingqondo yomuntu izama ukukhipha isifiso nemibono eqinile.
3. Ukuncishiswa kwemibono kubonakala uma kungenakwenzeka ukushiya lo mbono, bese umuntu ezama ukuziphendulela.

Izikhombisi eziyinhloko ku-Freudianism

UFreud uhlukanisa izisusa ezintathu eziyinhloko - ukukhathazeka, ukuhlukumezeka nokuzizwa komqondo. Yilabo abacabangela i-Freudism njengesisekelo sezenzo zomuntu. Isiqondiso sinikeza izigaba ezinhlanu eziyinhloko zokuthuthukiswa komuntu:

Isigaba somlomo, esibonakala lapho ingane izalwa, isibonelo, ingane, lapho izalwa, isheshe ithambekele ekunceliseni isifuba somama.

2. Isigaba sokuhlaziywa ngukudunyiswa kwengane, okuwukuphela kwayo ongase ahambe kakade ebhodweni.

3. I-phallic ibonakala eminyakeni ekhulile, lapho ingane iqala ukuxhumana nabangane bayo bobulili obuhlukene futhi iyakwazi ukuqhathanisa yena nabanye.

4. I-Latent ibonakala esikhathini lapho isithakazelo esibucayi sezimpawu ezithile zobulili.

5. I-genital ifika lapho ukuvuthwa okugcwele kocansi kwenzeka.

Imisebenzi ye-psychoanalysis ku-Freudianism

Uma sichaza ngokufushane i-Freudianism, ngakho-ke imisebenzi eyinhloko yale mfundiso kanye nokuziphatha kwengqondo ye-psychoanalysis yokwelapha izifo zengqondo, singacabangela:

1. Ukuthatha yonke imininingwane eqoqwe njengama-anamnesis, izimpawu ezithinta umuntu.
2. Amandla okuvuselela umcimbi obangele ukuhlukunyezwa, ukukhulula amandla agodliwe bese unikeza leli thuba ithuba lokukhetha isiqondiso esisha.

I-Psychoanalysis yenziwa ukuze kamuva umuntfu akakwazanga ukuguqula ukuhlupheka kwakhe ngokweqile zibe yi-neurosis. Ngakho-ke, ngokusho kukaFreud, kungenzeka futhi ukuvimbela ukungqubuzana komuntu.

Abameli be-Freudianism

I-Freudianism iyinkolelo eqhutshwe phambili esikhathini esizayo. Abamele lo mbono kamuva baba abafundi bakaFreud ngokwakhe. A. I-Adler yashintsha inkolelo yothisha wakhe, ekhomba ukuthi into esemqoka engqondweni ye-psychoanalysis akuyona imoto eyenzeka ezingeni elingenalutho, kodwa isifiso sokuba wonke umuntu azinze emphakathini. Ngokusho kuka-Adler, zonke izinqubo ezichazwe nguFreud zingabonakalisa kuphela ngemva kokuba ingane izwa ukuthi iphansi uma iqhathaniswa nabantu abadala.

Omunye ummeleli ocacile wezimfundiso zikaFreud nguG. Young, ongagcini nje ngokusekela inkolelo yothisha wakhe, kodwa futhi waqala ukuyihlakulela, ethi ingqondo ye-psychoanalysis ingathinti kuphela umuntu oyedwa, kodwa futhi ithinta ukuziphatha kwethimba lonke. Imibono ye-Freudianism yayisekelwe ngokuqinile ngu-Otto Rank, owathola izici eziyinhloko zokwesaba nokukhathazeka. Ngokombono wakhe, bafihliwe ekuzalweni komuntu, inkolelo yakhe yayibizwa ngokuthi "ukuhlukumezeka kokuzalwa."

Ukuvela kwe-neo-Freudianism

Yiqiniso, inkolelo kaFreud isisodwa esiyinkimbinkimbi kuzo zonke izimo, ngakho-ke singasho ukuthi i-Freudianism isisekelo esabekwe ku-neo-Freudianism. I-psychoanalysis kaFreud isekelwe kuphela emazingeni amathathu asekhona emqondweni womuntu ngamunye, kodwa abameleli be-neo-Freudianism bathi inselelo ehamba phambili isalandela umthelela wezenhlalo. Yithonya lomphakathi elingabangela ukungqubuzana kwangaphakathi kumuntu. Isibonelo, umuzwa onjengoba ukukhathazeka kungavela emntwaneni, kuphela emva kokuhlangana nezwe elinonya.

Naphezu kokuthi imibono emibili, i-Freudianism ne-neo-Freudianism, inezimpikiswano eziningi, izinqubo ezifanayo ezingenalwazi zithathwe njengesisekelo. Ukuzondwa nokukhathazeka kuyangcolisa umuntu, ngakho-ke kukhona umzabalazo ngaphakathi komuntu ngokwakhe, futhi lokhu kuyimbangela yokulwa phakathi kwakhe, okudinga ukuqedwa ngokushesha, ngaphandle kwalokho ukugula kwengqondo kungase kwenzeke.

Abameli be-neo-Freudianism

Abameli be-neo-Freudianism babengaphezu kukaFeud siqu. Ukushaya kakhulu kunososayensi abaningana. Ngakho-ke, uH. H. Sullivan, uthi umuntu womuntu akayona into ejwayelekile, kodwa athola, futhi yenziwa kuphela ngosizo lomphakathi owuzungezile. Okusho ukuthi, usana luqala ukuphinda ubuhlobo bomuntu siqu, onakho njengesibonelo. Ubuntu bengane ebuntwaneni bungakhiwa ngisho nangesikhathi semidlalo, lapho ingane ixhumana nabangane.

E. Ukusuka emisebenzini yakhe kubonisa ukuthi umuntu uyisethi yezimiso eziphilayo nezenhlalo. Ngokombono wakhe, yonke ingqondo yengqondo isekelwe othandweni lokuphila kanye nesifiso sokufa.

I-Psychoanalysis ibonisa ukuthi umuntu angakwazi ukubhekana neurosis uma engatholi uthando nokuqonda emphakathini. Kubantu ngabanye kubalulekile ukufezekisa ukuzwana okuphelele emphakathini, lapho aphephela kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe. Ngokwesayensi abaningi, uma umuntu engaphiliswa, kungenzeka ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ukwelashwa okuphelele komphakathi kungenzeka.

Kumele uqaphele ukuthi yonke imibono yamaFudiud kanye ne-Neo-Freudians ingathonya impilo yomphakathi kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamasiko nokuziphatha. Ngokuqondene nomphakathi ngokwawo, kusendleleni yokuthuthukisa.