I esibhedlela esisentshonalanga kwekhulu le-19. Ukuvulwa esibhedlela wesigodi wokuqala

Kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu le-19 e-imithi Russian wayengadukile neze, futhi abantu kuphela abangabakhe ephezulu ungathola okungenani usizo. Kodwa konke kwaqala ukushintsha emva 1864 lapho kwakukhona wendawo ukuzibusa.

Umlando sokudalwa

Ngo-1581 eMoscow, uvele egumbini lokuqala njengokwenza komthaki ukuthi kwaba isinyathelo sokuqala inhlangano ohlelweni lokunakekelwa kwezempilo. Nokho, ukukhula okufanele lwenzeke, futhi kuphela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18 UPetru ngiqhube uchungechunge imisebenzi lapho ngaqala ukuvula zezempilo, Pharmacy, izikole kanye amanyuvesi ngenhloso yokuqeqesha abanye odokotela esizayo.

Kamuva, lapho u-Alexander I, wakhuluma ngesidingo ukwakha amadolobha wesifunda esibhedlela, kodwa kuqala udinga ukuvula esikoleni sezokwelapha. Nokho, lezi zinyathelo ungazange ukuba ashintshe isimo, futhi% 0.5 kuphela abantu athole ukwelashwa. Ngezinye 6000 kwakunebandla elilodwa udokotela embhedeni ngamunye lalinabantu 1,500. Zonke kanjalo kwakuyobangela baqhubeka uma kuwukuthi lesi ukuzibusa bendawo esikhwameni salo laqala ukuhlela esibhedlela wesifunda, sinenkonzo yokunakekela iziguli emakhaya, womama nokunye. D.

izikhungo Zemsky ukusiza izakhamuzi zonke izigaba, ukuze kulungiswe isimo, kuleso naleso sifundza kwadingeka isimo lalo.

udokotela izwe

Lapho kwakufanele esibhedlela wesifunda ekhulwini le-19 (ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemakhaya), ochwepheshe ezidingekayo owayekhulula usizo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, kusukela umkhuhlane ezifweni eziyingozi.

Medicine emaphandleni, kuqala athuthukile ngezithukuthuku County nedolobha odokotela, bese ochwepheshe abasebasha ekuqaleni kwesokunxele kule ndawo. Kube isithombe udokotela ezweni, njengoba ayephethe okusezingeni eliphezulu kuyisiphazamiso esimisweni sokuhle nokubi izimfanelo, ukuzibeka emuva nokusebenzela isifiso sokusiza bonke abantu abadinga usizo, okuyinto saba nethonya elihle ku-kumiswa ikusasa imithi.

izibhedlela Zemsky sifundazwe eMoscow

Ngo-1869 waqala ukwakha imithi zemstvo esifundazweni. Lapho ngo-1877 sashaya odokotela, ke lahlelwa division of the sifundazwe ngeenyingi yezokwelapha eziyisithupha, lapho okwakufanele babhekwe njengabezinye ne izisebenzi zasesibhedlela, imibhede, udokotela, wezimo eziphuthumayo, umbelethisi.

Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi esibhedlela sase-sifundazwe eMoscow babe yisibonelo nakwezinye izibhedlela kwezinye izindawo. Kumiswa Medicine babuhlukaniswe izinkathi ezimbili. Esikhathini sokuqala, kusuka 1865 kuze 1876, kwaba khona ukwanda okusheshayo umthamo izimali zezempilo, kwandziswa kwelinani letikhungo abasebenzi. Esikhathini yesibili, kusukela 1877 kuya 1907, kwaba khona ingqalasizinda wezokwelapha: congresses yezokwelapha yayiqhutshelwa, ukudala izikhungo zezempilo kanye odokotela bathola esikoleni sezokwelapha.

Moscow umkhandlu wesifunda wayengomunye walaba lokuqala, elalingaba ukuhlinzeka mahhala futhi umphakathi usizo lwezempilo. Lokhu kuye kwasiza ukuba iphumelele kakhudlwana ezivimbayo futhi ukulawula izifo kanye nokukhula anda abatholako abalimi usizo. Kodwa emabangeni kokuqala kwadingeka ukuba woke amandlakho ku ngokudala ifomu bakudala umsebenzi wezokwelapha. Okuhle kunakho konke ukuthi medical aid kwahlelwa izifunda yizimboni njenge Bogorodsky futhi eMoscow, futhi ezinkulu kunazo zonke izinto emhlabeni nasesibhakabhakeni izifunda yasemakhaya (Mozhaisk, Volokamsky).

izibhedlela Zemsky sifundazwe Tver

Ngo-1867 lapho waba ngowokuqala Tver st esibhedlela, egcwele hhayi kuphela endaweni lapho abantu beze ziphathwe, kodwa futhi maphakathi yokuphila namasiko.

Ngo Tver odokotela Congress ngo-1871 wanquma ukuthi, ngaphambi kokuba udokotela omuhle, kumelwe uhlole imvelo lapho iziguli baphile. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi ine izimo zenhlanzeko, iziphi izimo zokuphila, ngoba kuyokusiza emsebenzini, kuyoba isithombe esicacile salokho abantu begula kaningi.

A indima ekhethekile ukuthuthukiswa imithi esifundazweni kudlalwa udokotela, Mikhail Ilyich Petrunkevich, abeza edolobheni e 1874. Wayengase ngobuciko ukuhlanganisa umsebenzi wabo kanye nemisebenzi yomphakathi, ukukhulisa umuthi ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu. Kuleso sibhedlela ukuthenga imishini emisha ngesikhathi, uthenge izincwadi ezivela kwamanye amazwe, ukwakha umtapo ukuthi usizwa ukuba afunde kulokho okwenzeka ongoti angaphandle.

Izibhedlela e Samara esifundeni

Ukuvulwa esibhedlela wesigodi wokuqala e-neSamara region esenzeka isigamu kwekhulu le-19 yesibili, endaweni ethile e-60s zakuqala. Ngaphambi kwalokho, isifundazwe esibhedlela oyedwa kuphela lapho kwakukhona 12 kuphela imibhede ngayinye 20 000, futhi babephathwa lapha zonke izifo, abantu abavamile nje kuphela, kodwa futhi emnyangweni wezempi futhi iziboshwa.

Ngo-1865, emaphethelweni esibhedlela st wavulwa, okwakuthatha wonke umuntu, kungakhathaliseki ekilasini noma ubuzwe. Ngalesi sikhathi kukhona 7 odokotela, 26 abezimo eziphuthumayo, kwadingeka imibhede 360. Ngenxa yokuthi ke wavulwa esikoleni eziningana zokwelapha, imithi basungula ngokushesha, futhi kakade 1899 esibhedlela wesifunda avuleka ezindaweni zasemakhaya, kukhona izingcezu-70.

Ngu-1875 main Provincial Hospital wavulwa, okuyinto 1890 kwadingeka 5 izakhamizi esigcwele futhi 9 supernumeraries. Into ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi kwenzeka ekupheleni kwekhulu - waqala aphathe abampofu emithi mahhala futhi khulula banikwa.

Izimpumelelo kanye imiphumela imithi zemstvo

Through the County ukunakekelwa Medical yanikezwa izifundazwe 34, futhi lokhu imithi iye yaba nendima lesichubekako ukuthuthukiswa esizayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, usizo enikeziwe izakhamuzi eziningi zakuleli dolobha nje kuphela kodwa futhi ezindaweni zasemakhaya, kanye lalibhekwa isinyathelo okukhulu ohlelweni lokunakekelwa kwezempilo.

Ngenxa County uvele imiqondo imithi efana lungeneke, zokuvimbela, anakekele mahhala, futhi kukhona izinhlangano ezinjalo, elalikade ngizicabange - udaka zokugeza, izinto zokwelapha-ukudla, okokugqoka nendawo yokuhlala.

Kwezokwelapha, kwakukhona odokotela "okuqhubekayo" abazi okuningi akwazi ukusiza bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene, kanye nocwaningo olwenziwa futhi wafundelwa lesi sifo, ngakho wavula nezikhungo bacteriological kanye laboratories yenhlanzeko Bureau, esikoleni azoya futhi wezokwelapha.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi esibhedlela wesifunda ngokuvamile zithola imali kancane, imishini, izidakamizwa, kakhulu ukuvela imithi, lapho wonke umuntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sinjani isimo sabo, ungase uthole okungenani usizo, ke kwaqala ukuthuthukisa imithi.