I-diesel fuel: GOST 305-82. Izici ze-diesel ngokuhambisana ne-GOST

Ikhwalithi yenjini kanye nayo yonke uhlelo lwephethiloli okungenani liyabathinteka yizindawo zokushisa. Namuhla, abakhiqizi baseRussia banikeza i-diesel fuel GOST 305-82. Isimiso sombuso, esakhiwe emuva ngo-1982, sesivele siphelelwe yisikhathi, njengoba, ngempela, uphethiloli ngokwawo, okwakwenziwa kuze kube yamuva.

I-GOST 305-82

Idalwe eSoviet Union, le nqubo, elawula ukukhiqizwa kwe-DT, iphakathi. Lichaza kokubili izimo zobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza kanye nezici zephethiloli, okuhloswe ngezimoto, amayunithi ezimboni kanye nemikhumbi enezinjini ze-diesel esheshayo.

Iphethiloli yanamuhla, eyenziwe ngokuvumelana nezindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe aseYurophu, cishe yashintsha idizili emakethe, ukuze kusetshenziswe i-GOST endala. I-diesel ye-diesel ye-EURO, ngaphezu kokuba nezici eziphakeme kakhulu zokusebenza, ibuye ibe nobungane kakhulu emvelweni.

Kodwa-ke, ngisho nanamuhla kubhekwa (okungenani endaweni ye-post-Soviet) eyamagugu, lapho izithasiselo ezivunyiwe ezihlukahlukene zingasetshenziswa khona, kunezinzuzo ezithile ngenxa yobungqingili bayo kanye namazinga ahlukahlukene okushisa okusebenzayo.

Ububanzi besicelo

I-diesel fuel (GOST 305-82) yasetshenziswa kuze kube yamuva imishini yezempi, imishini, imikhumbi ye-diesel namaloli omfanekiso omdala.

Leli phethili lalisetshenziselwa ukushisa izakhiwo ezisezingeni eliphansi elikude nokushisa okuphakathi. Ukuhlanganiswa kwentengo ephansi kanye nokwenza kahle kwamandla okwanele kwenza kube lula ukugcina izindleko zokugcina izindlu.

Kungani esikhathini esedlule? Izinga likahulumeni lika-1982 lishintshwa yiGOST 305-2013, elaqala ukusebenza kusukela ngoJanuwari 2015. Futhi ichaza ngokucacile ukuthi i-GOST 305-2013 idizili ayithengiswa iziteshini zikagesi zomphakathi futhi ihloswe ngezinjini ezihamba ngejubane elikhulu kanye negesi ngaphakathi ngaphakathi ezweni nasemasimini e-Customs Union (Kazakhstan naseBelarus).

Izinzuzo eziyinhloko

Ngakho-ke, izinzuzo eziyinhloko yizinga lokushisa jikelele kanye nokusebenza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinzuzo ze-diesel esebenzayo endala ukuthembeka kokusebenza, okuvivinywe amashumi eminyaka; Ukutholakala kwesitoreji sesikhathi eside ngaphandle kokuchithwa kwezici zobuchwepheshe; Ukwandiswa kwamandla enjini.

I-diesel fuel GOST 305-82 ihlungwa kalula, iqukethe inani elincane lama-sulfur compounds futhi alichithi izingxenye ze injini.

Inzuzo engafanelekile yokushisa idizili yintengo ephansi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zamafutha kagesi.

Impendulo eyinhloko

Ukungalungi okuyinhloko kwephethiloli, ngenxa yokuthi, eqinisweni, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kunqunyelwe, kuyisigaba esincane sokungeneka kwemvelo. I-diesel fuel GOST 305-82 (2013) ingokwaseK2. Futhi nanamuhla ensimini yeRussia Federation ngisho nezinhlobo zamapetroli kanye neklasi yokuhambisana kwemvelo K3 no-K4 kunqatshelwe ukusabalalisa.

Izitembu zefutha dizeli

I-GOST endala ibeke amamaki amathathu wephethiloli, entsha - emine. Futhi, izingqikithi zokushisa zokusetshenziswa kwazo nezici ziyahlukahluka ngandlela-thile.

I-Parameters (GOST) ye-diesel fuel (L): ukushisa okusebenzayo - kusuka ngaphansi kwe-5 ° С, iphuzu elikhanyayo ngenhloso ejwayelekile yezinjini ze-diesel - 40 ° С, ye-turbine yegesi, umkhumbi kanye ne-diesel - 62 ° С.

Iphuzu elifanayo le- flash for the off-season fuel (E), okushisa okuqala okuqala ukusuka ngaphansi kwe-15 ° C.

Ubusika busika (W) busetshenziselwa amazinga okushisa kuze kube ngaphansi kwe-35 ° С kuze kufike ku -25 ° С. Futhi uma ezimweni zobuchwepheshe ngo-1982 ububanzi bokushisa bokusebenza bubekwe yindawo yokuthutha yamaphethiloli, idokhumenti elisha libhekene nokushisa kwe-filtration-ingaphansi kwe-35 ° C futhi ingaphansi kuka-25 ° C, ngokulandelana.

I-Arctic (A) idizili iGOST 305-82 ingasetshenziswa kusukela ekuqaleni kwezinga lokushisa okungenaku-50 ° C. Kulo mbhalo omusha, lo mkhawulo uphakanyiswe ama-degrees amahlanu, okuthiwa ukushisa okunconywe kusuka ku-45 ° C nangaphezulu.

Izinhlobo ze-diesel fuel

I-diesel fuel GOST 52368-2005 (EURO) ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo ezintathu zesulfure ngokuqukethwe komswakama sulfure:

• I-350 mg;
• II - 50 mg;
• I-III - 10 mg nge-1 kg wephethiloli.

Ku-GOST 305-82, i-diesel fuel, kuye ngokuthi iphesenti yesulfure ihlukaniswe ngalezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:

• I - uphethiloli kuwo wonke amamaki, lapho isabelo sulfure esingekho ngaphezu kwe-0.2%;
• I-II - uphethiloli we-diesel nesimo sulfure emabangeni L kanye no-Z - 0.5%, kanye nebanga A-0.4%.

I-GOST 305-2013 entsha, esondela emazingeni angaphandle, ihlukanisa amafutha abe yizinhlobo ezimbili zokuqukethwe kwesibabule esikhulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yini. Uhlobo I lubhekisela kuphethiloli ngokuqukethwe kwe-sulfur ka 2.0 g, nokuthayipha i-II - 500 mg kilogram yamafutha.

Ngisho nezilwane II ziqukethe izikhathi eziphindwe izikhathi nesigamu ngaphezu kwephethiloli yohlobo I, oluhambisana namazinga angaphandle.

Inani elikhulu lesulfure liyakhipha umonakalo emkhathini, kodwa futhi kunezindawo ezinhle zokugcoba kwamafutha kulokhu.

Ukukwaziswa okuvamile

Ku-GOST 305-82, uphethiloli wamakwe ngeligama eliyinhloko L, Z noma A (ehlobo, ebusika noma e-Arctic, ngokulandelana), ingxenyana enkulu yesulfure, iphuzu le-summer kanye nebusika ukuthulukisa iphuzu. Isibonelo, i-З-0,5 minus 45. AmaBanga aphezulu kakhulu, okuqala noma ngaphandle kwawo, ahlukanisa izinga lephethiloli, aboniswa epasipoti ye-lot.

I-diesel fuel (GOST R 52368-2005) ibhalwe ngamagama e-DT, ibanga noma ikilasi kuboniswa kuye ngokushisa nokushisa kwamafu, kanye nohlobo lwephethiloli I, II noma III.

Ku-Customs Union, kunomqulu olawula izidingo zokuthi uphethiloli, kufaka phakathi uphawu lwalo. Kuhlanganisa incwadi ebizwa ngokuthi i-DT, uphawu (L, 3, E noma A) kanye nesici sezemvelo kusuka ku-K2 kuya ku-K5, esibonisa okuqukethwe kwesibabule.

Njengoba kunamaphepha amaningi, umqondo webanga uhlukile kubo, futhi izici zichazwe kwisitifiketi sekhwalithi ngokuningiliziwe, namuhla akuyona into engavamile ngohlobo "Ukudayiswa kwephethililidi yebanga 1 GOST 30582005". Okusho ukuthi yonke imingcele kanye nekhwalithi yephethiloli ihambisana nesilinganiso esicacisiwe, ngaphezu kokuqukethwe kwesulfure.

Izici eziyinhloko zikagesi

Izinkomba zokusebenza ezibaluleke kunazo zonke, ezibonakala nge-diesel fuel GOST 305-82 (2013), ziyi: inombolo ye-cetane, ukwakheka kwe-fractional, ubukhulu kanye ne-viscosity, izici zokushisa, izingxenyana eziningi zokungcola okuhlukahlukene.

Inombolo ye-thisane ibonisa ukuvuvukala kwamafutha. Ephakeme le index, mfushane isikhathi esivela kumjovo wephethiloli engxenyeni yokusebenza ngaphambi kokuqala komlilo wayo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, kufushane isikhathi esifudumele senjini.

Ukubunjwa okuncane kunquma ukuphelela kokushisa kwamafutha, kanye nobuthi begesi lokukhipha. Esikhathini sokuphuza izidakamizwa zikaphethiloli i-dizeli ngesikhathi sokubilisa ngokugcwele inani elithile lamafutha (50% noma 95%). Okubaluleke nakakhulu ukuhlanganiswa komfutho, ububanzi obuncane bokushisa kanye nezinga eliphansi lokubilisa, okusho ukuthi ukushisa kwamafutha emakamelweni okushisa kwenzeka kamuva.

Ubuningi kanye ne-viscosity kuthinta izinqubo zokuhlinzekwa kwamafutha kanye nomjovo, ukuhlunga nokusebenza kahle.

Ukungcola kuyathinta ukugqoka kwenjini, ukumelana nokushisa kwe-fuel system, ukubukeka kwe-touch of burning in it.

Ukushisa kwe-filterability okukhawulayo ukushisa okunjalo okuphansi lapho uphethiloli obanzi obuyeke ukudlula kwisihlungi ngamaseli esayizi ethile. Esinye isibonakaliso sokushisa yisiphakamiso sefu lapho iparafini iqala ukukhanya khona, okusho ukuthi i-diesel fuel becomes turbid.

Izimpawu ze-GOST 305-2013 zakha okufanayo kuwo wonke ama-brand: inombolo ye-cetane, ingxenyana enkulu yesulfure, i-acidity, inombolo ye-iodini, okuqukethwe komlotha, ikhono lokupheka, ukungcola, okuqukethwe kwamanzi. Ukungafani kuhlobene nokushisa, ukubonakala kwe-viscosity kanye ne-fuel fuel. Ku-GOST 305-82 kwakukhona nokuhlukana kwamakhono okupheka.

Izidingo zobuchwepheshe ze-diesel fuel

Ngakho-ke, inani le-thisane kuwo wonke ama-fuel brand liyi-45, okuqukethwe okungesibabule kungu-2.0 g noma 500 mg ngekg. Lezi yizinkomba ezibaluleke kunazo zonke ezibonisa ukushisa.

Ukuphakama kwephethiloli ka-diesel ngokusho kwe-GOST kuyahluka ku-863.4 kg / ikhi. M ukuze uthole amamaki okushisa L kanye no-833.5 kg / ikhi. M for Grade A, viscosity kinematic kusuka 3.0 kuya 6.0 kv. Mm / s kuya ku-1.5-4.0 wamamitha square. Mm / s, ngokulandelanayo.

Ukubunjwa kwengqikithi kuboniswa ububanzi bezinga lokushisa kusuka ku-280 ° C kuya ku-360 ° C kuwo wonke izinhlobo zephethiloli, ngaphandle kwe-Arctic, lapho amaphuzu abilayo avela ku-255 ° C kuya ku-360 ° C.

Izici (i-GOST entsha) yamafutha e-diesel ehlobo akufani nezici ze-off-season fuel, ngaphandle kwezinga eliphezulu lokushisa kwe-filterability.

Ukushisa kwebusika lokushisa kwebusika ngenhloso ejwayelekile injini ye-diesel ingama-30 ° C, okwenzela i-gas turbine, umkhumbi kanye nama-diesel - 40 ° C, i-Arctic - 30 ° C no-35 ° C ngokulandelana.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-diesel fuel GOST 305-82 (2013) ne-EURO

Emuva ngo-1993, izindinganiso zekhwalithi zaseYurophu zabeka inani le-thisane okungenani engu-49. Eminyakeni eyisikhombisa kamuva, izinga elinqumayo izici zobuchwepheshe bephethiloli ye-EURO 3, wabeka izinkomba ezinamandla kakhulu. Inombolo ye-Cetane kufanele ibe ngaphezu kuka-51, ingxenyana enkulu yesulfure - engaphansi kuka-0.035%, futhi ubukhulu - ngaphansi kuka-845 kg / ikhi. Izindinganiso zathinteka ngo-2005, futhi namuhla izindinganiso zomhlaba wonke zikhona ngo-2009.

Namuhla, i-diesel fuel GOST R 52368-2005 ikhiqizwa eRussia nge-numberane inombolo engaphezu kwengu-51, okuqukethwe kwesulfure kungaphansi kuka-10 mg / kg, i-flashpoint esuka ku-55 ° C, ububanzi obuphakathi kuka-820 kuya ku-845 kg / ikhi. M kanye nokushisa kwe-filterability kuka-5 kuya kwezingu-20 ° C.

Ngisho uma kuqhathaniswa nezinkomba ezimbili zokuqala, singaphetha ngokuthi i-GOST 305-2013 yamafutha edizili ayihlangabezani nezidingo zesimanje zendawo.

Izidingo zokuphepha

Njengoba uphethiloli we-diesel uyisimanzi esivuthayo, izinyathelo zokuphepha zihlobene ngokuyinhloko ekuvikelekeni emlilweni. Amaphesenti angu-3 kuphela emfucumfucu walo emkhathini womoya emoyeni ekwanele okwenyusa ukuqhuma. Ngakho-ke, izidingo eziphezulu zifakwa ekugodweni kwemishini nemishini. Amadivaysi okubamba nokuvikelwa okuvikelwe ayenziwa, amathuluzi asetshenziswa kuphela kulabo abangazange baphumele ngengozi.

Okubalulekile ukuhambisana nemigomo yokuphepha kanye nezimo zokugcina ze-diesel fuel GOST 305-82 (2013) yizinkomba zokushisa eziphathelene nokukwazi ukushisa.

Ibanga lefuthe	Ukushisa okuzenzakalelayo, ° С	Umkhawulo wokushisa wokushisa, ° С
		Okuphezulu	Okuphansi
Ihlobo, isizini esingekho	300	119	69
Ebusika	310	105	62
I-Arctic	330	100	57

Kubaluleke kakhulu ukugcina izinyathelo zokuphepha kanye nemigomo yokushisa ezindaweni zokugcina isikhathi eside kwezinkulungwane zamathani ka diesel, isibonelo, ezitshalweni zamandla.

I-diesel fuel for izitshalo zamandla

Izitshalo zamandla kagesi zisasebenzisa uphethiloli ngokuhambisana ne-GOST 305-82. Imishini yabo efakwe kokubili ukukhiqizwa kwezilwane, nakwamanye amazwe.

Abakhiqizi bamazwe angaphandle bayancoma, kodwa futhi abavimbeli ukusetshenziswa kwe-diesel fuel GOST 305-82 (2013) ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwesulfure ka-0.5% no-0.4%.

Isibonelo, i-FGWilson incoma amamaki aphakeme kakhulu nakokuqala kuwo wonke amamaki okushisa nge-thisane inombolo engu-45, okuqukethwe okungesi-0.2%, amanzi kanye nezithasiselo 0.05%, ubuningi be-0.835-0.885 kg / cc. Dm. Lezi zici zihambelana nohlobo lwamafutha I-GOST 305-82 (2013).

Esikhathini sokuthengiswa kwe-diesel fuel ku-plant plant, izakhiwo zalo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zikhonjiswe ngokucacile: inombolo ye-cetane, ubuningi, i-viscosity, iphuzu le-flash, okuqukethwe kwe-sulfur, okuqukethwe komlotha. Ukungcola kwamanzi namanzi akuvunyelwe nhlobo.

Ukuze uhlole ikhwalithi yamafutha athengiswayo nokuhambisana nezici zalo nemikhawulo ebekwe yizinga elisezingeni lombuso, okuqukethwe kokungcola okungathandeki kanye nephoyinti le-flash kunqunywa. Uma imishini ibhekene nezinkinga futhi izingxenye zayo ziphelelwa ngamandla, ezinye izinkomba nazo zinqunywa.

I-GOST 305-82 ingasebenzi futhi ishintshiwe, kodwa idokhumenti entsha, esethulwe kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-2015, ayizange ishintshe kakhulu izidingo zikagesi ka-diesel ngezinjini ezinkulu. Mhlawumbe ngelinye ilanga uphethiloli olunjalo luzovinjelwa ukuba lusetshenziswe nhlobo, kodwa namuhla lisasetshenziswa kokubili eziteshini zamandla, nasezikhungweni zezimoto zika-diesel, imishini yempi enamandla namaloli, epaki egcinwe kusukela ezikhathini zeSoviet Union.