Ekukhuleni, Ukufunda izinkanyezi
Galaxy. Izinhlobo zemithala Yonke Endaweni Yonke
Abaningi Amaqiniso aziwayo namuhla kubonakale kujwayelekile ngakho futhi ezivamile kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi wake wahlala ngaphandle kwabo. Nokho, iqiniso elingokwesayensi ingxenye enkulu akuzange kwenzeke ekuqaleni isintu. Ngokwezinga elikhulu kumayelana ulwazi mayelana emkhathini. Izinhlobo mafu, imithala, izinkanyezi manje eyaziwa cishe wonke umuntu. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, indlela eya ukuqonda wanamuhla okuphathelene nokwakheka kwendawo yonke bekulokhu eside ngokwanele. Abantu abazange Ngokushesha uyaqaphela ukuthi planethi - ingxenye yesimiso sonozungezilanga, futhi - Galaxy. Izinhlobo zemithala waqala ukuba zihlolwe kwezokuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi nesayensi ngisho kamuva, lapho kuyaqondakala ukuthi i-Milky Way akayedwa futhi akugcini yonke. Umuntu owasungula le ngezigaba, kanye nolwazi jikelele yonke iyona "ubisi komgwaqo", waba Edvin Habbl. Ngokwenza ucwaningo lakhe namuhla, thina kakhulu ukuqaphela imithala.
Izinhlobo zemithala Yonke Endaweni Yonke
Hubble watadisha mafu kwaqinisekisa nokuthi abaningi babo bangabantu zokwakheka, efana i-Milky Way. Ngesisekelo okokusebenza eqoqwe, wachaza ukuthi luhlobo luni a galaxy futhi yiziphi izinhlobo ezifana lezinto isikhala khona. Hubble kulinganiswa ibanga amanye owawuyidinga ngezigaba zakhe. Yena ososayensi zisebenzisa namuhla.
Zonke ezihlukahlukene izinhlelo endaweni yonke wahlukanisa ku 3 izinhlobo: imithala okweqanda, Kuvunguza futhi engaphumi njalo. Uhlobo ngalunye ibilokhu wafunda kakhulu izazi zezinkanyezi emhlabeni wonke.
Ucezu yonke, lapho Earth, i-Milky Way, uhlobo "Umthala Kuvunguza." Izinhlobo zemithala abelwe ngesisekelo ifomu yabo umehluko ezithinta izakhiwo ezithile lezinto.
anda
Izinhlobo zemithala kwasakazwa yonke akufani. Ngokusho idatha yamanje kunamathuba amaningi okuthi ukuhlangabezana anda. Ngaphezu kwalokho i-Milky indlela lolu hlobo uyalandisa Andromeda (M31) kanye Umthala umlaza Triangle (M33). izinto ezinjalo isakhiwo kalula. Uma ubheka kusukela ngaphandle, kubukeka sengathi lo mbono Umthala phezulu lizofana Kwamanzi etshiyeneyo ezinephakathi elilodwa. Kusukela maphakathi ukuqina eyindilinga, ngokuthi iqhubu washintsha izingalo Kuvunguza. Isibalo amagatsha okunjalo kungaba ezahlukene - kusuka 2 kuya 10. Yonke idiski nezingalo Kuvunguza luphakathi amafu rarefied zezinkanyezi, okuyinto izazi zezinkanyezi ngokuthi "halo". Umnyombo futhi imelela ekuqongeleleni imithala emizimbeni.
subtypes
Ngo astronomy selisho Kuvunguza imithala usebenzisa incwadi S. Bona zihlukaniswe izinhlobo kuncike izici isakhi imikhono ifomu elivamile formedness:
Galaxy Sa imikhono uvalwe ukulimaza, bushelelezi futhi unformed, iqhubu egqamile futhi enwetshiwe;
Umthala SB: Umkhono we enamandla, olunembile, iqhubu kancane evelele;
Sc Galaxy: sleeves achazwayo kahle, kukhona isakhiwo Ragged, iqhubu ebonakalayo ezimbi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izinhlelo abe Kuvunguza emaphakathi cishe crosspiece ngqo (ngokuthi 'umgoqo'). I-Galaxy Ukuqoka Kulokhu ukungezwa uhlamvu B (SBA noma SBC).
kumiswa
Ukwakheka imithala Kuvunguza, ngokusobala, efana ukubukeka namagagasi kusuka itshe phezu kwamanzi. Ngu ukubonakala izingalo, ngokososayensi, uye wahola push. amagatsha Kuvunguza ngokwabo high density wave izidakamizwa. Nature wagxila zingase zihluke, omunye kukho - ezihambelayo mass emaphakathi zezinkanyezi.
legatsha Kuvunguza - kuyinto izinkanyezi abasha kanye negesi kokungathathi hlangothi (isici esiyinhloko - hydrogen). Baqamba amanga indiza ukuzungeza emthaleni, ngoba sifana disk isicaba. Ezemfundo zezinkanyezi abasha futhi mhlawumbe phakathi izinhlelo ezinjalo.
umakhelwane eliseduze
Umthala i-Andromeda - a galaxy Kuvunguza: umbono phezulu ku lembula amagatsha amaningana okuvela isikhungo ezivamile. Emhlabeni ngokubona okubonakala ngeso lenyama futhi zingase ziqale ukubonakala engakapheli mafu ehlasela umzimba. Ukuze lingakanani lo makhelwane yomthala wethu kancane sidlula ke: 130 000 light-years ububanzi.
Andromeda Nebula kuyilapho Umthala esiseduzane-Milky Way, futhi ibanga likhulu kakhulu. Khanyisa ukuze ukuyinqoba, kuthatha iminyaka eyizigidi ezimbili. Leli qiniso uchaza kahle ukuthi kungani izindiza kuya umthala ongumakhelwane eside ngangokunokwenzeka kuphela isayensi izincwadi letingemaciniso kanye movie.
izinhlelo elliptic
Manje, ake sicabangele ezinye izinhlobo imithala. Photo uhlelo elliptic ubonisa kahle umehluko yayo kumfowabo anda. Encwadini Umthala isidingo imikhono. Ubukeka sengathi i lesiyingi. izinhlelo ezinjalo kungenziwa onomfutho ntshashintshe kube into efana lens noma indilinga. Kulezi imithala akuzona cishe igesi umkhuhlane. Laba bameleli be-umxhwele kakhulu lolu hlobo zigcwele igesi rarefied ashisayo kabani lokushisa ifinyelela izigidi ezingu-degree nangaphezulu.
Isici esiphawulekayo imithala eminingi okweqanda - Tint ngokubomvu. Kwaphela isikhathi eside izazi zezinkanyezi wacabanga ke isibonakaliso endulo lezi zinhlelo. Kukholakala ukuthi aqukethe ikakhulu kwezinkanyezi ezindala. Noma kunjalo, ucwaningo eminyakeni yamuva ibonise ubuze besimo lokhu nokucabanga.
kumiswa
Kwakuvamile ukuba isikhathi eside kungenye hypothesis ezihlobene imithala okweqanda. Ayebhe- ngosuku lokuqala yimaphi ithuthukiswe ngokushesha ngemva kwe-Big Bang. Namuhla, lo mbono kubhekwa isikhathi. A umnikelo omkhulu ukuphikisa yayo zezinkanyezi German wenza Alar futhi Yuriy Tumre, kanye nososayensi waseMelika Fransua Shvaytser. Ukulitadisha kwabo nokwatholakala zeminyaka yamuva ukuqinisekisa ubuqiniso omunye umbono, imodeli phezulu ukuthuthukiswa. Ngokusho izakhiwo yakhe emikhulu kwakhiwa kusukela encane ngokwanele, ukuthi, imithala kwakhiwa hhayi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Umbala wawo kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe kumiswa amaqoqo ezinkanyezi.
izinhlelo Elliptic ku izethulo wanamuhla Kuvunguza ezakhiwe nokuhlanganiswa sleeves. Omunye isiqinisekiso lokhu - inqwaba ezingabaleki 'ezisontekile "waphawula ezindaweni ezikude isikhala. Kunalokho, ezindaweni eziningi eduze ngokuphawulekayo ephakeme lokuhlushwa izinhlelo elliptic, ngempela egqamile futhi enwetshiwe.
izimpawu
imithala Elliptical kwezokuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi nesayensi futhi wathola namagama abo. Kubo, zisebenzisa uhlamvu "E" kanye nenombolo kusuka 0 kuya ku-6, okhombisa degree of aba kohlelo. E0 - lokhu Umthala kuyinto ukuma bulungile uyisiyingi, futhi E6 - flat kakhulu.
agubhayo core
Ukuze imithala okweqanda kukhona NGC 5128 uhlelo e umlaza Centaurus futhi i-M87, elise Virgo. sici wabo emsakazweni ekushayweni enamandla. Izazi zezinkanyezi zinesithakazelo ngokuyinhloko engxenyeni ephakathi ye idivayisi zemithala. Kososayensi Russian nocwaningo-Hubble Space Telescope ukukhombisa umsebenzi sezingeni eliphezulu zone. Ngo-1999, i-US izazi zezinkanyezi ziye wathola ulwazi mayelana core Umthala okweqanda-NGC 5128 (umlaza Centaurus). Kukhona ukunyakaza njalo kuthiwa uquqaba olukhulu ashisayo igesi ezingqubuzanayo ezaziyaluzisa azungeze maphakathi, kungenzeka ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwesikhala sezinhlamvu. idatha olunembile mayelana nesimo izinqubo ezinjalo okwamanje.
Systems ijamo okungajwayelekile
Ukubukeka emthaleni yohlobo wesithathu akuyona olwakhiwe. Lezi izinhlelo ukumela izinto kunezinxushunxushu Umumo wispy. imithala Irregular atholakala esikhaleni enkulukazi nezinye ezingavamile kakhulu, kodwa ekutadisheni kwabo kwenza kube sikuqonde ngokunembe kakhudlwana lokho yonke okwenzeka izinqubo. Kufika ku-50% nenqwaba izinhlelo ezinjalo kuba igesi. Ngo astronomy selisho imithala efanayo ngokusebenzisa uphawu Ir.
iziphuphutheki
Ukuze imithala ezimise irregularly kukhona izinhlelo ezimbili eliseduze kuyi-Milky Way. Lokhu abangane bakhe lo elikhulu futhi Small Magellanic Google. Ziyakwazi kuyabonakala esibhakabhakeni ebusuku ka Nenkabazwe oseningizimu. Iningi imithala akhiwe kude 200 000 light-years kude, futhi kancane ehlukanisiwe Milky Way - 170.000 St iminyaka.
Izazi zezinkanyezi basafunda ngokucophelela nobukhulu lezi zinhlelo. Futhi Magellanic Amafu abuyisele ngokugcwele ngoba: ku satellite ngokuvamile imithala atholakala izinto ezithakazelisayo kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-February 23, 1987 ku Esibanzi Magellanic Google iyangena supernova. Okunabileko kuyinto esigaxeni ekushayweni futhi Tarantula.
ukuxhumana
Izinhlobo ezinkulu zemithala ukuchaza ukuma ethile kanye ilungiselelo izici izinhlelo isikhala-based. Kodwa ngokulinganayo ezithakazelisayo kuyinto umbuzo ekusebenzelaneni kwabo. Akusiyo imfihlo ukuthi zonke izinto isikhala ziyahamba njalo. Ayikho ngaphandle futhi galaxy. Izinhlobo imithala, okungenani abanye abameleli babo babengasoze zimiswe ekubumbaneni noma ukushayisana phakathi izinhlelo ezimbili.
Uma sikhumbula ukuthi bakha nezinto ezinjalo, kuba sobala ukuthi izinguquko ezinkulu ezizokwenzeka phakathi ekusebenzelaneni kwabo. Ngo ukungqubuzana ukhiphe omningi amandla. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi izenzakalo ezinjalo kungenzeka nakakhulu ukwenzeka nobukhulu bomkhathi kwenza, kuka umhlangano izinkanyezi ezimbili.
Nokho, akubona bonke "ukuxhumana" zemithala ukuqeda ukushayisana ukuqhuma. Uhlelo encane odlula umzalwane yayo enkulu, kanti kokuphazamisa oyiyo. kwakhiwa Ngakho ukwakheka, efanayo ngokubukeka nge imihubhe side. Basuke eyakhiwa izinkanyezi igesi, futhi isikhathi esiningi kuba izindawo kumiswa izinkanyezi ezintsha. Izibonelo izinhlelo enjalo eyaziwayo ukuthi ososayensi. Omunye wabo - emthaleni Cartwheel ku uMbazi umlaza.
Kwezinye izimo, uhlelo akusho nqwamana futhi sidlule nomunye, noma nje kancane inhliziyo. Nokho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinga nokuxhumana kuholela izinguquko ezinkulu kule nokwakheka kokubili imithala.
Ngokuzayo
Ngokwe ezizathwini of ososayensi kungenzeka ukuthi emva kwesikhathi sasivumela eside i-Milky Way ukushwabadela ayencike kuyo eseduze, esisanda kutholakala ku esincane isikhala uhlelo amazinga, itholakala light-years 50 kude. Lezi ucwaningo luye lwabonisa nempilo ende umxhwele lokhu satellite, okuyinto isethubeni elikhulu lokuphela inqubo ukuhlanganisa nomakhelwane wayo emikhulu.
Collision - ikusasa kungenzeka i-Milky Way kanye Andromeda Galaxy. Manje umakhelwane omkhulu ehlukanisa ukukhanya-iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-2.9 kude. imithala ababili asondele nomunye ngesivinini 300 km / s. Amathuba ukushayisana yososayensi kuzokwenzekani emva kweminyaka izigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu. Nokho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuzokwenzeka noma kancane kuphela Galaxy azothinta nomunye, namuhla akekho owaziyo ngempela. Ukubikezela idatha eyanele mayelana nezici kokubili ukunyakaza lezinto.
astronomy Modern uyafundelwa ngokuningiliziwe lezi zakhiwo cosmic ezifana imithala: izinhlobo imithala, ikakhulukazi nokuxhumana ezihluke ngazo nezinto ezifana zabo, esikhathini esizayo. Kule ndawo, okuningi ayikaziwa futhi kudinga ukucwaninga kanzulu. Izinhlobo isakhiwo zemithala eyaziwa, kodwa kungekho ukuqonda okunembile izingxenye eziningi, njengalezo nokwakhiwa kweqembu yabo. Nokho, ijubane zamanje ukuthuthukisa ulwazi nobuchwepheshe, sikhanyisa amakhandlela ukuletha ithemba ngoba kutholakala ulwazi olusha abalulekile esikhathini esizayo. Kunoma ikuphi, emthaleni ngeke ayeka ukuba khona yilokho esigxila kukho lapho izifundo eziningi. Futhi lokhu ixhunyiwe hhayi kuphela ilukuluku, esivela kuzo zonke abantu. Idatha imithetho cosmic zokuphila futhi inkanyezi izinhlelo enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba sibikezele ikusasa ucezu yethu yonke, i-Milky Way.
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