F16 indiza, fighter: izithombe, izincazelo, isivinini, Analogue

Emlandweni zezindiza emhlabeni (ikakhulukazi ukulwa) ngempela eziningi izindiza edume. Abanye babo, wadala ezinsukwini iMpi Yomshoshaphansi, bebelokhu futhi ngeke kwenziwe ngisho isikhathi eside. Enye yalezi izindiza iyona F16. Fighter lokhu kuhlelwe ukuze likhiqize izinhlobo ezingaphezu (okungenani) kuze 2017. Lona ongomunye wemishini ngobukhulu kulo lonke NATO.

Ukucaciswa Eziyisisekelo

• Crew - omunye umshayeli.
• Ubude glider Okugcwele - 15,03 m.
• Inani namaphiko - 9,45 m (uma imiswe iphiko pylon nangomcibisholo, ubukhulu ncamashi 10 metres).
• Maximum glider ukuphakama - 5,09 m.
• Inani iphiko endaweni - 27,87 m².
• Usayizi Imininingwane base chassis - 4.0 m.
• Usayizi ithrekhi - 2.36 m.
• isisindo engenalutho indiza - in the ezahlukene amathani 9.5. Ukuhluka zingenzeka kuye izinhlobo ezengeziwe fuel amathangi izinjini efakwe kanye tinkhulumo.
• Take-off isisindo - amathani 12.5 kuya 14.5. Ukuthembela - njengoba kwaba njalo endabeni odlule.
• I ngesivinini esiphezulu F16 fighter kuyinto 2 m endaweni engamamitha 12,000 amamitha, futhi mayelana 1.2 M eduze phansi.

Njengoba uqala indaba yakhe?

Umlando indiza iqala 60s phakathi. Ngemva ukwehluleka eVietnam, amaMelika wafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi kubalulekile ukuba sisebenzise walilwela ezikhethekile ukukhanya, esizokwenza ilungelo ukunqoba emoyeni esiphakeme. Ngaphansi kwalolu hlelo, imodeli F-15 yasheshe isethiwe, kodwa kwaba kakhulu yenkinga futhi kubize kakhulu.

Yingakho ngo-1969, waqala isimiso ukwakha fighter elula ezishibhile ukwenza kokubili umsebenzi Interceptor ngaphansi abavamile izimo zezulu. Iqiniso liwukuthi ngalezo zinsuku, abaphikisi eyinhloko US Air Force kwaba MIG-21, okwakubekelwa behlome ngemibese hhayi kuphela e-USSR, kodwa futhi eziningi kwamanye amazwe we Bloc sezenhlalo. Heavy hhayi ezikwazi kakhulu F-15 kwakunzima ukulwa nge "MIG" ngamandla ngakhoke bawadinga ngokuphuthumayo ukuze ushintshe okuthile.

Qala ngokwakha indiza entsha

Ekuqaleni 1972 BBC wenza isiphakamiso zonke abakhiqizi ezinkulu izindiza American. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi oda isimo uzothola ukuba bawine ngenxa i ithenda evulekile. Ngokushesha kwase ezimbili kuphela contender mbamba letimayelana nalesihloko kokuthola umyalelo. Kwakumelwe ngokuqinile Jikelele Dynamics kanye Northrop. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva lapho beletha prototypes yabo, ngokuthi F-16 futhi YF-17.

Indiza yokuqala yayakhiwe isikimu classical, usebenzisa eyodwa injini. YF-17 kwaba twin-engined. Eyesibili imoto Kwatholakala ezinhle, kodwa futhi kwaba ezibizayo futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuze akhiqize kakhulu. Akumangalisi owawina ithenda likhethiwe F16. Fighter kwaba lula kakhulu, futhi mancane amathemba okuthi ukukhiqizwa yayo serial mass babengokoqobo kakhulu. Nokho, "isiphukuphuku» YF-17 is akayikhohliwe. Yilokho impumelelo kule project aphefumulelwe ukudalwa fighter yenethiwekhi ezisekelwe F / A-18 Hornet.

ukwakhiwa Yalutho

Ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko isamba ukwakhiwa, ukuklanywa izindiza esetshenziswa izinjini Pratt & Whitney F100. Bona, ngenhlanhla sase 'waboleka' kusukela imodeli F-15. isondo chassis onjiniyela ethathwe indiza Convair B-58. Nokho, ungacabangi entsha iqoqo fighter imalimboleko. Ngo umshini othize glider kwaba entsha ngokuphelele: wayeklanyelwe kusuka phansi kuyaphezulu, elaklanywa wamavukelambuso wesifunda engazinzile.

Kusukela indiza akuxhomekile kuphela ikhono umshayeli, kodwa futhi ku ukusebenza okuqhubekayo amasistimu kwezimilo, ngaphandle okuyinto akunakwenzeka ukufeza nezinsolo zokuziphatha imoto ngamandla emakhoneni kuyingozi ikholi. Lokhu eliyisisekelo umehluko F16. Fighter, ogama Isivinini idlula 2 M ku iphimbo, ngokuvamile, ke akusizi ngalutho ukuzama qondanisa ngesandla. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi mechanical actuator design engekho ngokuphelele, ngoba ukuthi izindiza emhlabeni kwakuyisambulo ngaleso sikhathi.

Ngokuvamile, lapho uya khona indiza for ngesivinini kakhulu enikeziwe kuyo. Okokuqala, i-abashayeli idaliwe antigravity esihlalweni entsha ngokuphelele, okwasiza abantu ukumelana accelerations afika ku 9G. Budebuduze oshayelayo isibambo kugcilwa esikhethekile izandla umshayeli sika. Iqiniso ukuthi ukushesha esiphezulu wonke umzimba iba nzima nakakhulu, futhi ngoba emzimbeni awukwazi ukungachichimi nesisindo zomzimba.

ukubaluleka Omkhulu enamathiselwe Ergonomics: zonke izilawuli kufinyeleleka kalula kwendawo futhi wangihlaba eseduze. Ngenxa yalokhu, umgibeli incane ukhathale kuyilapho ukuzanywa, co-umshayeli akasadingi abanikeze asebenza nabo. Nokho, zikhona namanje ukuguqulwa double, kodwa enzelwe kuphela imisebenzi zemfundo.

Izinkinga zokuqala

Okwesikhathi yayo, indiza entsha kuye kwasusa umgoqo yangempela. Ikakhulukazi, kube nephutha nhlobo mechanical ukuphathwa uxhumano amayunithi nge elisebenzisekayo zomshini. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu, futhi kwakungekho kunesenzakalo esisodwa. Lapho umshayeli F16 lokuqala (fighter) waqhubeka off, waqala ukudikiza futhi behla benyuka evulekile. Naphezu izinkathazo okwenzekayo, umshayeli wakwazi ukuzuza ngesivinini ezidingekayo futhi ahlubule.

Esikhathini wekubuketa sigameko wembula ukuthi isizathu ukuziphatha ukungadli indiza amanga ohlelweni olubuyekeziwe lwe-ukuqeqeshwa abashayeli bezindiza, ngesikhathi nabo bengenela wadonsa isibambo amasondo ayo. ngokushesha "Smart" electronics badlula kulo mzamo, ababekade ngokweqile, kwi izinjini kanye isigwedlo, okubangela fighter aqala 'run "evulekile. Lapho izimo sigameko ziyacaca, e-United States basukumela phezulu bafuna ubhale imiyalo ukuqeqeshwa zendiza, ukulungiselela izincwadi ezintsha.

Phawula ukuthi kule ndaba kuyinto F16 esiyingqayizivele. Fighter-analog kunezikhala yasekhaya, okungukuthi, MIG-29, kudinga eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuqeqeshwa uhlelo abashayeli abasebasha.

isimo yamanje

Namuhla, wonke enziwa "ubudala" F-16 nje kuphela uqhubeke uphakathi, kodwa futhi ukuze balungiselele sesimanje ngokugcwele. Nokho, ikusasa le ingakamiswa kunqunywa. Ngakho, ngo-2014, amaMelika bebehlela retrofit zonke izindiza zayo kwalesi imodeli ezingeni F-16V. Le ncwadi yokugcina ohlwini lwezikhombo isho Viper, "yinyoka enesihlungu." Ngaphezu nalehleliwe asebenzayo ikhishiwe afanayo ukufakwa obusebenzayo kakhudlwana futhi enamandla ugibelile ikhompyutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakuhlelwe ukuba asebenze ekuthuthukiseni Ergonomics of abanikeze asebenza nabo.

Ngokusho kochwepheshe, kuze kule nguqulo ke kungenziwa ngcono cishe njalo F16. Fighter emva ukukhishwa semisebenzi kuyoba beshesha kakhudlwana futhi bayaphikelela ngokuya yesimanje emoyeni ukulwa.

Kodwa, njengoba siphawulile, amathemba leligxathu oluphakeme ezingacacile. Zonke ndaba ekuncishisweni efanele izabelo kwesabelomali. eningi kakhulu zisetjenziselwa bekhuphula "umqondo" imodeli F-35, futhi lwemikhumbi entsha F-22 ezidingekayo ukwenza okuthile. Cishe, uzobe fighters olwesimanje zithunyelwa, kuyilapho esibhakabhakeni US kuhlelwe ukubusa yakamuva F-35. Ikakhulukazi, nethemba ekuthuthukiseni izindiza wabo sekushabalele kakade ebonisa isithakazelo e eziningi US umbimbi NATO.

Ngokwazi F-16 muhle ngaphakathi the bhakabhaka?

Ngokulinganiswa abadala jet F16 has a ezingavamile imishini Western degree maneuverability, kancane ukuhoxa kuleli zasekhaya kuphela Su-27 futhi u-MIG-29. Lokhu kungenxa yokungabikho yokuthi lokhu imoto fighter wokuqala uchungechunge-kukhiqizwa ekwakhiweni okuyinto entsha ukuphathwa esebenza nge-computer uhlelo yasetshenziswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzinza glider kunoma iyiphi indawo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izenzo umshayeli.

okuvelayo pilot

Cishe bonke abashayeli bezindiza, ngubani banikezwa F16 ibhanoyi lokuqala, injabulo we ukuphathwa indlela entsha. Umshini libhekene handling kakhulu, "umthamo" canopies ngesimo ibhamuza inikeza ukubonakala kakhulu, kanye nezinkomba ukuthi idatha samanje kwesokudla ingilazi, avumele umshayeli ukuba uqaphele yanoma iluphi ushintsho isimo umshini eligxile ekutadisheni yomculo.

US wezempi ikakhulukazi wayethanda kalula wokuqeqesha ukubuthela abasha. Ngakho, uma ushayela uhla phansi okuhloswe nezinye izindiza wathatha izinyanga, fighter F16 «Ukulwa Falcon," ke yafuna nokuhlasela akukho kuka ezimbili noma ezintathu. Ukugcina izindodla uphethiloli kanye nesikhathi. Ukunemba kwamabhomu izindiza ezintsha kwakusobala kangangokuthi abashayeli ngokuthi uphawu kuhloswe esibukweni "kwaze kwaba sekufeni." Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, ezinye izinkinga wayesenalo, hhayi bonke babengamadoda "yezimonyo".

izinkinga zokusebenza

Kodwa nemibi umshini omusha ayatholakala. Okokuqala, onjiniyela kanye lempi ngokwayo, kaningi sisho ukuthi ngenxa yokuba khona angase abe mancane ekuklanyweni umshini ingenye injini kuphela kuba real ukulwa survivability. Lokhu kunjalo, ikakhulu Abut pilot Israeli. Ziyakwazi esivuna F-15. Nge izinjini ezimbili, lo mshini ukuvumele ngokuphindaphindiwe abashayeli ukubuyela isizinda, lapho omunye wabo behlela ngenxa falling MANPADS ezicitshwayo.

Okwesibili, eziningi ukugxekwa kakhulu ongaphakeme isebangeni air eyanele. Ngenxa yalokhu fighter F16, ogama Ukucaciswa zidingidwa esihlokweni lidinga zezindiza ezinhle kakhulu, asikwazi eziqhutshwa othulini iziphepho zezindiza eziwubhuqu.

Kunezinkinga futhi ukufika. pilot eziningi "Ukulwa" utshalwe ne-F-4. Lokhu indiza is zihlukaniswa isisindo eside, ngakho hlala Friend futhi iphephile. Kodwa fighter F16 (izithombe ozosithola kulesi sihloko), ne ukukhanya kwayo isisindo olulodwa injini kokwehla ngisho pilot abanolwazi ngokuvamile uqala "ebuyile", jumping on the band. Umphumela ziwohloke masinyane chassis kuka abasebenzi yadumala, ngubani kufanele njalo ukushintsha amathayi zidabukile.

pilot Abaningi baye bazwakalisa izikhalazo mayelana ohlangothini-agibele amahhashi isibambo oshayelayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, kwakudingekile ukushintsha design: unezela nokunensa yokufakelwa, sibonga ngalo isibambo elalikuyo, kunjengokungathi phakathi. Ngemva kwalokho, le F16 entsha (empini, izici zazo kuxoxwa ngazo esihlokweni), elaba "bomdabu" kuze kube sesizukulwaneni amadala akwa-pilot ngubani asetshenziselwa yona indawo emaphakathi kwaleli sondo.

Kuvele nokuvuleka engakaze ibonwe ukuhlola indiza entsha namanje ayikwazanga ukuveza noma amaphutha imiklamo ekhona. Ngakho, ekuqaleni kwe-80s kungazelelwe kwathi kwaqashwa imishini "smart" ngokuvamile linikeza ukwehluleka eyinhlekelele. Ngenxa yalokho, kwafa abantu abangu-pilot abaningana abashonelwa ngokuphelele ukulawula a amamitha ambalwa ngaphezu komhlabathi, ngokuhamba eziyinkimbinkimbi zijike ngokushesha.

Uma sicabangela ukuthi emgqeni wama yini umxhwele kakhulu imishini Ukuqondiswa kwemikhumbi, abashayeli bezindiza ngokudabukisayo ngokuthi izindiza zayo "Cessna nge micibisholo", ekhomba nokwethenjelwa eliphansi umshini, engesiyo kunakunoma okwesikhathi ubunjiniyela elula.

Kwakudingekile ukuze ungeze Ukuvikelwa yokwanda ezithuthukile, kanye ukwethula ku ukuklanywa namabhethri esengeziwe, kuvimbela subsidence ekucindezelekeni kwezinye izimo ezithile. Okwamanje, cishe wonke kungenzeka "izifo ebuntwaneni" yagcina ihluliwe, futhi awunankinga ukusebenza kwe-pilot ungapheli. Njengoba sazi ukuthi inani opharetha - okungenani amazwe kweshumi, singasho kugcwale ukuxoxa nokwethenjelwa kahle eliphezulu F-16 namathemba ahambisana nako okuhle sesimanje olwengeziwe.

"Ngokoqobo"

Ngo-April 1981, indiza waba nengxenye agasele amakamu ababaleki base-Palestina, yingxenye Israeli Air Force. Ngu fighter esigxotsheni ngenyanga F16 uphethe indiza Russian (ke WaseSoviet), eliqhutshwa umshayeli waseSiriya, futhi ngokushesha "Ukhozi" wadubula phansi ezimbili Mi-8 okuqondene yaseSiriya akuxhomekile wezempi. Triumph, uthi ezingabazisayo, kusukela knock phansi ezinophephela emhlane ezokuthutha ezimbalwa, ngisho ngaphandle uhlanganyela nabo kuchumana ngemehlo, ayengakwenza ngisho umshayeli, ukulawula umshini omdala kakhulu.

Phakathi no-July, kwathiwa iwine ukunqoba obugculisayo kangakanani, lapho umshayeli Israeli esingu phansi MIG-21 yaseSiriya. Esikhathini sokuqala Lebanon impi ezinhlanu F-16 wangqongqoza yaseSiriya ukuthi landizela isikhathi MiGs-23. Ngokuvamile, ama-Israyeli ngokuvamile ukusebenzisa lolu izindiza njengoba stormtrooper. Ngakho, ngo-okufanayo 1981 baba "lomphangi ngendlela", ngaphandle kwesixwayiso, futhi sempi, yahlasela wezasemoyeni Iraq futhi ngebhomu le Osirak ophendulayo eduze Baghdad. Isakhiwo alibhidliza ngokuphelele, isixhumanisi ukulahlekelwa kwadingeka bomlilo.

Kusukela ngo-1986 kuya ku-1989, bandisa Pakistani wadubula phansi eziningi ukushayela izindiza zokuthutha impahla Afghan, izindiza ezinophephela emhlane (kuhlanganise omunye Mi-26), wadubula phansi Su-25, okwakubekelwa okuzoqondiswa by Aleksandrom Rutskim. "Drew" ngabe MIG ubudala ngokumelene F16? Nakuba MIG-21 kuphela kungaba phezu Afghan ehlome. Lihambisana ongaphakeme amakhono pilot wayengasaboni ngokomzimba ukuze simelane ubuchwepheshe obusha.

Kodwa konke lokhu iziqephu lapho inqubo entsha, "wagijima" umbimbi American. kungakhathaliseki ukuthi wasebenzisa izindiza bebodwa? Yebo, kwaba futhi.

Ukuhlaselwa Panama nezinye iziqephu

Kodwa lesi siqephu kuyajabulisa engakhulekeli nhlobo isifiso. Yebo, e ayehlasela Panama iqhaza isixhumanisi lonke lezi fighters, kodwa Panamanians ayinazo izindiza, kodwa ngenxa amacala emoyeni izimpi kuleyo mpi wayengekho.

Kodwa ngesikhathi seMpi Gulf, kuba F-16 kwaba nenqwaba kakhulu umshini Coalition, wenza nokuhlasela hhayi ngaphansi kuka 13.450. Sekukonke, izenzakalo abathintekayo izimoto 249. Ngokusemthethweni, khona-ke, abantu baseMelika baye balahlekelwa cishe 11 izindiza kwabhujiswa, futhi ezinhlanu ngaphezulu - umonakalo. Ingabe lezi zinombolo eyenzekayo - is omunye umbuzo. E-Iraq, kuyilapho kwakusekhona izindiza combat-ngomumo, nama-pilot babe kakhulu.

Mina wahlangana empini F16 (fighter) ngokumelene MIG-29, i-Analogue of "bomlilo" yethu? Cha Abashayeli eyayinecilongo ithuba fly zombili lezi imishini, ukuhlola kwabo ngokulinganayo. Sinenkosi amathuba abo kanye nebubi, kokubili izindiza ngokuphelele Yiqiniso futhi ube maneuverability kakhulu. Ngakho asinakusho lutho mayelana yimuphi bokuphakama yangempela noma ubuchwepheshe okusalele emuva. Ngomqondo onabile, MIG zethu, ukuba izinjini ezimbili, esimweni MANPADS ezicitshwayo hit omunye wabo anezinye amathuba "kheleza" ukuze airfield yabo. Ukuze F-16, umonakalo noma ukubhujiswa motor kuyoba ebulalayo.