Ezokuthutha kanye isikhundla ezindawo Russia: izici, izinzuzo nezingozi. Futhi isikhundla kwezomnotho kanye ezokuthutha-ngokuma kwezwe Russia

Russia yilona zwe elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Northern ezwekazini Iphuzu liwukuthi Cheliuskin m (t ukuze Tajmyr) insular - .. M Fligely (kaRudolf.). Extreme Ingxenye esentshonalanga kubhekwa phezu namathe isihlabathi Kaliningrad (Baltic Sea), empumalanga -. M Dezhnev (Chukotka).

Imininingwane yalolu indawo

Ubude imingcele has nomthelela obalulekile isikhundla kwezomnotho kanye ezokuthutha nokuma kwezwe yeRussia. Cishe yonke indawo isimo itholakala e-Eastern Nenkabazwe. Eziningi kuleli zwe inquma ubukhulu umehluko isikhathi - amahora 10. Ngo ezigqagqene izindawo bese udlulisa zezikhathi ezilwandle umngcele eduze meridians. Ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi, bona uqondane imingcele zokuphatha yezihloko. Inani nobude kwemingcele Russian Federation - ayizinkulungwane 60 km .. Kulaba, 40 thous. Km ezibhekwa ulwandle. Ziyakwazi in the 22,7 km ugu. Ngezinye 370 km esuka ezwekazini kanye lezi ziqhingi zilapho imingcele kwezomnotho zasolwandle esishintshashintshayo yezwe. Ngaphakathi kwemingcele yayo avunyelwe lokuthumela kunoma yiliphi izwe. Walikhipha kwemithombo yamanzi yemvelo kanye kugcwele senziwa ngaphandle usuku Russian Federation.

emngceleni osenyakatho

Badlula bedabula emanzini ye-Arctic Ocean kwezilwandle: i uBarents, Kara, East laseSiberia, Laptev Sea. Zonke kodwa kuqala embozwe okwesikhathi ice ngonyaka iphakethe. Kule ndaba, ukuthuthwa kwezimpahla kuwo nzima nakakhulu. Phakathi ne-Arctic Ocean yiwona mkhakha Russian ye-Arctic. Zonke iziqhingi zakhona basonta Russian Federation, except for a ngcosana of zaseSvalbard.

IWest ne-East

emngceleni osempumalanga aphethwe koLwandle iPacific oLwandle Okhotsk, iBering Sea, Sea of Japan. Sakhalin Island is ahlukaniswe obakhathalelayo. Hokkaido La Perouse Strait. Sea of Japan ayigongobali esihlinzeka ezokuthutha izixhumanisi kanye omakhelwane eliseduze. Amanzi Baltic Sea of the Russian Federation exhunywe ne eJalimane, emazweni aseBaltic, Poland, Sweden. Umbuso wasenyakatho ingxenye amanzi kwezinye izindawo buhlangene, futhi ngakolunye - akukho. OLwandle iBaltic usinikeza ukuxhumana ezokuthutha ngenombolo lamazwe Western Europe. Ngo eningizimu-ntshonalanga yomngcele zasolwandle egobhoza Black futhi Azov iziLwandle. Ubude elincane umugqa nazo ku yoLwandle iCaspian.

Ezokuthutha kanye isikhundla ezindawo Russia (grade 9)

Ngaphambi kokuwa kweSoviet Union, nezwe 4 esidayisa main olwandle:

1. Black Sea.
2. ENorth Sea.
3. Pacific.
4. IBaltic.

Ngemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union ukuze kwakhiwe geqe, idaliwe CIS. Kuyaphawuleka washintsha ezokuthutha kanye nesikhundla ezindawo yeRussia. Kafushane nje, nokuwohloka Union kungagcini kakhulu kungenzeka ukufinyelela abazimele ukuba nemizila main ukuhweba wezwe. Lokhu ikakhulukazi abashe endaweni Black futhi Baltic iziLwandle. Lokhu, yaba nethonya isimo geopolitical.

izimbobo

Ezokuthutha kanye isimo ezindawo Russia namuhla kunalokho xaka. Izwe sesibe cishe nginqume aseBaltic. A itheku elikhulu ngamazwe entshonalanga namuhla Petersburg. Inikeza inethiwekhi yangaphakathi ye izindlela okuyinto diverge like fan bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene kuwo. Kaliningradskij Viborgskiy nezimbobo futhi ube umthamo ephansi nokucinana. Esikhathini Black Sea-Azov nomcengezi zikhona izinkinga eziningi. Kule ndawo esebenza emachwebeni amabili - Tuapse futhi Novorossiysk. Ngabo akhishelwe khona uwoyela nokusanhlamvu amazwe. Kodwa kulezi nezimbobo Awekho zinsika for yokulayisha ucezu izimpahla kanye iziqukathi. Ezokuthutha kanye isikhundla ezindawo ka eRussia futhi nzima yokuthi iningizimu enyakatho-ntshonalanga kukhona amasayithi ugu efanelekayo ukuze kwakhiwe kule ndawo yokugibela imikhumbi ngaphandle komkhawulo izindleko.

Northern Indlela

Nokunqoba ezokuthutha kanye isikhundla ezindawo Russia kakhulu kukhawulela isixhumanisi elwandle kanye zithi West ngokusebenzisa Black futhi Baltic kwezilwandle. Njengoba sihambisana nale anda indima nezimbobo enyakatho. Le ndlela lihlotshaniswa ephezulu latitude kunalokho ababehamba olwandle okuyingozi. Noma kunjalo, manje ngempela inkinga acute okwandayo amandla amatheku enyakatho. Ukuguqulwa indlela wemigwaqo emikhulu kungathatha amashumi eminyaka. Ngakho, ngo-1932, kusukela Murmansk ukuba iBering Strait, futhi ngo-1935 - zenzeka ngaphandle ophihliza iqhwa ebusika ukuze Vladivostok "Siberians". ukubhukuda avamile uqalile kusukela 1937. Ihamba wathatha cishe inyanga ukumboza ibanga. Ukuhamba umzila wasenyakatho izinyanga 4. Lokhu onguthelawayeka uxhuma eMpumalanga Ekude nezimbobo European, umlomo emifuleni yaseSiberia. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi eSiberia cishe akekho omunye imizila yezokuthutha. Kule ndaba, ukubaluleka emgqeni enyakatho kuzokhulisa kuphela.

Far East

Kushintshiwe kusukela ezinsukwini wase-USSR ezokuthutha kanye nesikhundla ezindawo zaseRussia, izinzuzo nezingozi ukuthi uma sibheka esifundeni ngasinye isobala ukuphoqa uhulumeni ubuyisele imizamo yayo phezu ukuthuthukiswa ezindaweni ezikude. Lokhu, ikakhulukazi, lihlotshaniswa ukuthuthukiswa ezibuthakathaka Far Eastern izindawo. Futhi zikhona izinzuzo esifundeni. Omunye izinzuzo ezinkulu eMpumalanga Ekude ukunikeza Imiphumela ePacific Ocean. Uma ngabe uthuthukisa lesi siqondiso, kungenzeka kakhulu ngcono ezokuthutha kanye nesikhundla ezindawo yeRussia. Izinzuzo nezingozi nebubi of the Namuhla isimo esikhona eliseMpumalanga Ekude zibangelwa Akubona abaseBhabhiloni kuphela yangaphakathi, kodwa sihlonishwa nangabantu iziphi izici zangaphandle. Ngakho, kusenabantu izikhalazo eJapane phezu iziqhingi.

ujantshi

Ikakhulukazi ukuthutha futhi isikhundla ezindawo Russia wabonakaliswa hhayi kuphela ekuthuthukiseni yezindlela zasolwandle. Namuhla kukhona ubunzima ezihambisana nomsebenzi we ujantshi ezokuthutha. Izibonelo ezokuthutha Russian futhi isikhundla ezindawo kuleli kweSoviet futhi manje ngokucacile uyakufakazela lokhu. Ngakho, eminyakeni ye-USSR ku imingcele esentshonalanga ye-25 ujantshi yokuwela ukuthi bagxila. Namuhla, Russian Federation usalelwe 3:

1. Kusukela Kaliningrad esifundeni ePoland e Brest.
2. Nge Finland.
3. Kusukela Petersburg ukuze Grodno.

Nebubi yezokuthutha indawo zisobala neRussia emkhakheni ngemgwaco. Ukuhamba emendweni ngempela ebizayo kuleli lizwe. Kuze kube manje, kukhona amandla abalulekile elilinganiselwe nojantshi nemigwaqo kanye ulwandle futhi umfula nezimbobo.

EGP nesikhundla ezokuthutha-ngokuma kwezwe Russia

Ukuze sithole indawo yezwe uma eqhathaniswa nakwamanye amazwe, ihlaziya isikhundla salo ku isikhungo esiyinhloko kwezomnotho kanye namasiko. Ngokusho la izinkomba, ucubungula ezokuthutha kanye nesikhundla ezindawo yeRussia. Lapho ehlaziya izikali ezahlukene ezisetshenziswa:

1. ezingeni Macro. It libhekene isikhundla ezweni lonke jikelele, emhlabeni wonke mayelana ezwekazini, la izikhungo ezisemqoka wezomnotho international kanye nezombusazwe, imizila yezokuthutha.
2. Meso. Yena ephawula lizwe maqondana amaqembu amazwe ukuthi zakha izindawo zomlando (Asia-Pacific, South Asia).
3. ezingeni Micro. Ngalesi esikalini, ihlaziye ezokuthutha kanye nesikhundla ezindawo Russia maqondana emazweni akhelene.

isikhundla geopolitical ukhombisa isimo kumephu sezwe sezombangazwe. EGP libhekene isikhundla yezwe ezingeni kwezomnotho. Ukuze uqhathanise ongalungisa izikhungo esibalulekile somnotho emhlabeni. EGP kunqunywa ezokuthutha kanye indawo.

Meso

Ngenxa yezinguquko isimo geopolitical, iyiphi kufuduka ageleza. Ngokuwa eU.SSR ngo Russian zabasebenzi kabusha uqalise. Sango kufuduka notshwala baqala ukuhlala ezindaweni Urals kanye iVolga esifundeni. Iphesenti elikhulu lahlala Krasnodar futhi laseStavropol izindawo. Kanye ukunyakaza ezifudukayo waqala Ukuthuthela wezempi ezindaweni umngcele. Kuba nezinguquko eziphawulekayo iyamakwa isikhundla emakethe isihlobo ukuba lesifunda kwezohwebo, isikhungo yezimboni imizila yezokuthutha.

izindawo iqembu

Namuhla, izindawo ezisemajukujukwini izimo ezikahle ukufeza imisebenzi yezomnotho. Kunezindawo nabanye nobunzima amabhizinisi. Iqembu lokuqala yilezo kukhona ngaphakathi zone ithonya ezinkulu federal ukuthi zokuthutha Izikhumulo: eMoscow nesifunda, ezindaweni ezisogwini, Sverdlovsk, Perm esifundeni. nokunye. Isigaba sesibili sihlanganisa izifunda elise asemaqaqasini: eVolga-Vyatka esifundeni, aseNtshonalanga Kapa kanye naseMpumalanga eSiberia, Magadan Oblast, Komi Republic nezinye izindawo neuropathy.

geopolitical izinto eziza kuqala

Izazi-mlando zilinganisela ukuthi i-USSR ubekade biopolyarnom emhlabeni (Melika - NATO, iSoviet Union - inhlangano Warsaw Isivumelwano). Ngemva kokuwa washintsha isikhundla geopolitical yeRussia. Izwe liya liba ngokuqhubekayo multipolar. Ngo inqubomgomo, Russia akufanele ukugxila yimuphi neqembu elilodwa lamazwe. Okwamanje, izixhumanisi ezibalulekile asigcini nje ngokulalela okushiwoyo uthi CIS. Ukuze Russia kube into eza kuqala namuhla ukhonza ukusungula ukubambisana ne wonke amazwe lapho izimakethe kungayiletha inzuzo ukudayisa imikhiqizo yabo futhi uthenge izimpahla aphelelwe yisikhathi ngokwakho. Uhulumeni ukugxila kulabo amandla, anikeza ithuba uthole inzuzo egcwele lobudlelwano bangaphandle. izinto eziza kuqala lahlukahlukene ebihlobaniswa eziningi izimo ezazikhuluma ke. Namuhla isimo sesishintshile. Ngakho, reoriented nezinto ezaziza kuqala kuye. Bonke bahlose:

1. Wik naseNtshonalanga Yurophu. link obuqinile ne Germany.
2. Eastern Europe United. Bona Russia izinhlelo ukuvuselela nokwenza ngcono ukuxhumana.
3. Asia-Pacific amazwe (China, India, eJapane, eKorea).

Izinguquko in isimo geopolitical ziye zabangela eziningana imiphumela engemihle. Okwamanje, namanye amazwe kanye emazweni asentshonalanga futhi Nenkabazwe eningizimu ngokusebenzisa amazwe CIS. Lokhu inkimbinkimbi kakhulu imisebenzi yezokuthutha kanye umsebenzi uhlobo ngamazwe kukaphethiloli namandla eziyinkimbinkimbi.

isiphetho

Okwamanje, i-Russia namanje udlala indima omunye abathuthi elikhulu izinto zokusetshenziswa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo izwe ongenisa lasetulu kanye ezidayiswayo e yohwebo emhlabeni. Nokho, "imodeli ezinsiza" kuletha imali ethile, ayikwazi ukuqinisekisa ngokugcwele ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha futhi esimeme isimo. Lokhu kungenxa kakhulu ngenxa Ukuwohloka Amasimu olukhona, nokungabi khona kwezimali ezanele sokuthuthukiswa entsha imishini kwezobuchwepheshe ukuwohloka izinyembezi, yisikhathi zokukhiqiza kanye processing ubuchwepheshe. Enye yezinto ezisemqoka yezwe namuhla, ngokusho kongoti, nasemseni iqhaza kumaphrojekthi kubasekeli ka wenziwa emhlabeni wonke. Russia okwamanje abathintekayo elibonakalayo division global zomsebenzi. Nokho, le nqubo kuhambisana kokubili imiphumela emihle nemibi. Plus injena iqiniso lokuthi isimo unethuba ukuthenga emakethe international, izimpahla ezidingekayo futhi azuze ezinkonzweni ngamanani ezingabizi kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izwe ubuye isithekelisi. Futhi uma amanani zangaphandle kungaphasi yasekhaya, umphumela lo msebenzi izokhombisa ukuthi akanalo igciwane. Nge zonke ubunzima, isimo ophethe inqubomgomo qualitatively entsha. Kulesi izinzuzo esetshenziswa kabanzi ka indawo. Namuhla, leli zwe emazweni ayishumi phezulu eziye yasayina isivumelwano ekubambisaneni ezingeni lomhlaba wonke jikelele nge aseBaltic. Isivumelwano efanayo ukatelelwa futhi esifundeni Black Sea.