El Nino - kuyini? Lapho kwakhiwa phakathi kwawo. Lo mkhuba futhi lo mkhuba-El Niño

Ngazo zonke izikhathi, press ophuzi uye wasiphakamisela izilinganiso zalo kuzindaba ahlukahlukene ukuthi abe umlingisi ezingaqondakali, esibuhlungu, inkanuko noma ziveza umzimba. Nokho, muva nje, abantu abaningi sebeqala esabisa izinhlekelele ezahlukene zemvelo, ukuphela kwezwe, njll Kulesi sihloko sizoxoxa into yemvelo, okuyinto ngezinye izikhathi kutshengisa nezimfihlakalo - .. Warm phakathi-El Niño. Kuyini lokhu? Lo mbuzo ivamise ukucelwa ngezinye abantu ku ezithangamini ezehlukene Inthanethi. Ake sizame ukuwuphendula.

Isenzakalo esingokwemvelo, ka-El Niño

Ngo 1997-1998. eplanethini yethu zamisa enye yezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu ake alotshwa nenhlekelele yemvelo ezihlobene nale simo. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa ongaqondakali okwasusa esinamathambo futhi yabakhanga abezindaba emhlabeni, futhi igama lakhe - El Niño. Kuyini ngemuva mkhuba, itshela i-encyclopedia. Uma sikubeka yesayensi imigomo, le-El Niño mkhuba - a eziyinkimbinkimbi zamakhemikhali izinguquko kanye lokushisa nokucindezelwa kwemigomo umkhathi ocean, ukungenisa ubunjalo inhlekelele. Njengoba ubona, kunzima kakhulu ukuyiqonda incazelo, ngakho zama ukusibona ngeso ayengumuntu ofana nathi. Esikhathini izinkomba okukhulunywa ukuthi lo mkhuba El Nino simele zamanje efudumele kuphela, ngezinye izikhathi kwenzeka e ogwini Peru, Ecuador ne-Chile. Ubunjalo ukuvela ngalo mkhuba omusha, ososayensi abakwazi ukukuchaza. kakhulu Lo mkhuba igama livela iSpanishi futhi lisho "ingane". U-El Niño lethiwa ngoba kubonakala kuphela ekupheleni kukaDisemba futhi kuvumelana iSonto Christmas.

isimo evamile

Ukuze uzwisise imvelo egcwele lesi simanga normal, siqale sicabangele isimo evamile zezulu kule ndawo yale planethi. Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi isimo sezulu imnene eNtshonalanga Yurophu ichaza efudumele Gulf Stream, usetha ithoni Antarctic ebandayo elwandle eliKhulu iPacific njengoba eNingizimu Nenkabazwe zamanje Peruvian. Nokunqoba imimoya Atlantic lapha - imimoya ukuhweba ukuthi nishaye naseNingizimu Melika olusentshonalanga, ukweqa Andes sezintaba, shiya noma iyiphi umswakama phezu nasemithambekeni empumalanga. Ngenxa ingxenye yaso esentshonalanga nezwekazi okungukuthi i Stony ehlane lapho imvula okungukuthi kakhulu ezingavamile. Nokho, lapho imimoya ukuhweba ukuthola umswakama kakhulu ukuthi kungaba uthuthe ngokusebenzisa Andes, lapha akha surface wamanje oqinile, elibangela kuqubule amanzi ngasogwini. It yabakhanga Ochwepheshe cwe umsebenzi walesi sifunda. Lapha, sincane isikhala izinhlanzi yonyaka catch mkhulu kuka-20% emhlabeni. Lokhu kuholela ekwandeni endaweni izinyoni izinhlanzi yokudla. A elikhulu mass isitibhili (indle) igxile ezindaweni zabo wayenemfuyo - abalulekile umquba. Kwezinye izindawo, ifinyelela ukushuba ungqimba amamitha 100. Lezi ezifakwa babé into ukukhiqizwa yezimboni futhi ukuthekelisa.

inhlekelele

Manje cabanga ngalokho okwenzekayo lapho wamanje efudumele-El Niño. Kulokhu, isimo sishintshe kakhulu. Ukwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa siholela ekufeni mass zezinhlanzi noma ukugcinwa kanye, ngenxa yalokho, izinyoni. Ngaphezu kwalokho kukhona ukwehla e umfutho womoya empumalanga ePacific Ocean, amafu avele, imimoya ukuhweba abohle, futhi umoya washintsha yayo. Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-emithambekeni esentshonalanga yeziNtaba zase-Andes, makehle amanzi kwemali, kukhona zineminyaka izikhukhula, izikhukhula, mudflows. Futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi zasePacific - Indonesia, e-Australia, New Guinea - kuthathela sesomiso, okuholela ukusha kwamahlathi nokubhujiswa izitshalo yezolimo. Kodwa lokhu-El Niño akuyona okunomkhawulo: ukusuka ogwini laseChile California futhi ukuqala ukuthuthukisa "red tide", okuyinto zibangelwa ukukhula ulwelwe encanyana. Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi yonke into icacile, kodwa ubunjalo lomkhuba Akucaci ngokuphelele. Ngakho, ukubukeka oceanographers amanzi afudumele bakholwe umphumela ushintsho imimoya, kanye imimoya shift ababikezeli bezulu ukuchaza Ukushisa amanzi. Lokho ezinjalo -El Niño. Kuyini ngemuva umjikelezo omubi? Nokho, ake sibheke ezinye izimo eziye aphuthelwe sezulu ochwepheshe.

Degas simo El Nino

Kuyini lokhu mkhuba wasiza izazi zokuma komhlaba ukuqonda. Ukuze zama ukwenza izinto zibe lula ukuhambisa kude imigomo ethize ngokwesayensi bese utshela wonke ulimi ethandwa. Kubonakala, El Nino kwakheka olwandle phezu yezindawo kunazo asebenzayo we Geological nemifantu uhlelo (uqweqwe ikhefu). hydrogen asebenzayo ukhululeka ekujuleni iplanethi, okuyinto ukufinyelela kwamanzi, yakha ukuphendula nomoya-mpilo. Ngenxa yalokho, kukhona ukushisa okuyinto lifudumeza namanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kuholela ukuvela emgodini-ozone le ndawo, okuyinto kuyasiza nasekubeni sibe Ukushisa omkhulu olwandle emisebeni yelanga. Cishe, ilanga indima ekutholeni kule nqubo. Konke lokhu kuholela ekwandeni e umusi ingcindezi ukwehla, futhi umphumela waba ukuthi kwakheka isishingishane is.

umkhiqizo yemvelo

Kungani, kule ndawo, umsebenzi ophakeme yemvelo? Ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi lithobela ngobuningi 'lokuvundisa' amachibi Asia nezikhathi ezingaphezu kwezingu-50 kunakunoma kwezinye izingxenye ezimbili kuyiPacific Ocean. Ngokwesiko, yenziwa ukuchaza umoya ebbs emanzini afudumele ogwini - upwelling. Kule nqubo, amanzi abandayo ahlanganiswe izakhi (nitrogen ne phosphorus), liphuma kusuka ekujuleni. Futhi uma kukhona efudumele zamanje El Nino, upwelling is sihoxisiwe, babulewe noma uthuthe ngenxa inyoni nenhlanzi. Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi yonke into ecacile neqondakalayo. Kodwa lapha, ososayensi abaningi uqede. Ngokwesibonelo, amanzi ephakamisa indlela kusukela emajukujukwini olwandle kancane "uyimbudane". Ososayensi ukukhiqiza lokushisa izilinganiso ekujuleni ahlukahlukene, ngamakhasimende perpendicular ogwini. Khona-ke abekwa (isotherms), uqhathanisa ezingeni emanzini asogwini futhi ijulile, futhi lokho kwenza okutholakele ngenhla. Nokho, izinga lokushisa kukalwa emanzini asogwini ayilungile, ngoba siyazi ukuthi coldness yabo abelethwe zamanje Peruvian. Yebo, futhi inqubo wokwakha isotherms yonkana ugu akulungile, ngoba waleso nishaye ukuhamba ngayo.

Kodwa inguqulo Geological ingena kalula kwalesi sikhwama. Sekuyisikhathi eside kwaziwa ukuthi ukushuba kule ndawo sincane kakhulu amanzi nomoya-mpilo okuqukethwe (isizathu iyona discontinuity Geological) - ngaphansana kuphi emhlabeni. A izingqimba phezulu (30m), kunalokho, ngokungavamile ocebile kubo ngenxa zamanje Peruvian. Kuyinto kule ungqimba (phezu nemifantu emikhulu ebusweni bomhlaba) futhi ukudala izimo ehlukile ukuthuthukiswa wokuphila. Lapho kubonakala El Nino, isifunda degassing buyaqina, futhi mncane ebusweni ungqimba elicwile methane ne-hydrogen. Lokhu kuholela ekufeni izidalwa eziphilayo, futhi siswele of ifolishi.

Ama-red tide

Nokho, nge obhekwe ukuphila lapha alupholi Inhlekelele yezindawo zemvelo. Ngo amanzi, uqale ngenkuthalo ziyanda unicellular ulwelwe - dinoflagellate. umbala wabo obomvu uvikelekile ultraviolet kwelanga (sesikubonile okukhulunywa, Owadala imbobo lwe-ozone is phezu esifundeni). Ngakho, sibonga ngokuchichima ulwelwe ngesibonakhulu, eziphilayo eziningi zasolwandle njengemigoqo izihlungi olwandle (oyster, njll), Yiba enesihlungu, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwazo ukudla kuholela ubuthi ezinzima.

Imodeli kuqinisekisiwe

Cabangela iqiniso ezithakazelisayo eliqinisekisa ukuthi ngokoqobo version degassing. Umcwaningi wase-America D. Walker kwenziwe umsebenzi ukuhlaziya tigaba yokhalo kwamanzi, wabangela ukuba ufinyelele esiphethweni ukuthi ngesikhathi okuvela kuyo-El Niño kakhulu waqinisa umsebenzi zokuzamazama komhlaba. Kodwa isikhathi kuyaziwa ukuthi ngokuvamile kuhambisana okhushuliwe degassing kugcwele. Ngakho, cishe, ososayensi nje udidekile imbangela nemphumela. It kuvela ukuthi ushintshe isiqondiso-El Niño - is phetho kunokuba imbangela izenzakalo ezalandela. Inzuzo yalesi imodeli kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi kule minyaka ngokoqobo amanzi amathumba kusukela ukukhululwa amagesi.

La Nina

Ngakho ngokuthi Esigabeni sokugcina El Nino, okwaholela i amanzi Ukupholisa ngokuzumayo. Incazelo ngokwemvelo lesi simanga - ukubhujiswa ungqimba lwe-ozone phezu Antarctica yenkabazwe, elibangela ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga zeqhwa futhi kuholela inflow amanzi abandayo phakathi Peru ngesikhathi lapho epholisa futhi El Nino.

Iyimbangela emkhathini

Abezindaba sola-El Niño izikhukhula e-South Korea, yesithwathwa engakaze ibonwe e-Europe, somiso kanye imililo e-Indonesia, lapho kubhidlizwa i-ungqimba lwe-ozone, nokunye D. Nokho, uma sikhumbula iqiniso lokuthi wathi phezu -. Nje kokuthi kwakuyoba umphumela izinqubo Geological okwenzeka the emathunjini omhlaba, khona-ke kufanele ucabange imbangela. Yena efihla e umthelela umnyombo wale planethi Amasimu okudonsa of the Moon, Sun, iplanethi ezungeza yethu, nezinye izindikimba zasezulwini. Ngakho ukusola-El Niño kuyize ...