Corporation: umqondo, isimo somnotho kanye eziyisisekelo. Corporation e-Russia

Ngesisekelo ukuwohloka komnotho wamazwe amaningi emhlabeni ezakha corporation. Ngakho, igama elithi bangase bavumelane opharetha kwezomnotho nezakhi ezihlukene - ngokuya ngobukhulu, isimo nezidingo eziphambili zentuthuko. Yiziphi izindlela zamanje ukuba nomqondo elithi "corporation"? Kanjani lezi zakhiwo ukusebenza kungaba emazweni ahlukahlukene?

Kuyini corporation?

By Igama elithi "corporation" kungaqondakala:

- inyunyana yizinkampani ezimbalwa ngokubambisana ukuxazulula izinkinga ebhizinisini kulokulukhuni

- inkampani enkulu noma, kwezinye izimo, enaleyo kuhlanganisa ezingaphansi;

- wezombangazwe nge uhlelo esinobunye ukuphathwa kanye izinqumo - ezingeni edolobheni, noma ngisho isimo.

Kodwa ngokuvamile libhekisela corporation ubambe ibhizinisi inhlanganisela, ngezinye izikhathi - ayitholwa (isib, ngesimo nombimbi). ubudlelwane Corporate phakathi abasunguli lebhizinisi kwezomnotho, kanye nabalingani babo, ngokuvamile setha ezingeni izivumelwano civil kanye nabasebenzi. Indlela ephumelela kakhudlwana kuyoba ilungiselelo lomthetho womsebenzi ale Nhlangano, uyophumelela kuzoba kwezamabhizinisi, ngokubambisana neNhlangano izimbangi.

Balance izintshisekelo ale Nhlangano

Cabangela leli phuzu izinhlangano okukhulunywa ngakho, njengoba isilinganiso isithakazelo. Zingase zibekwe abasunguli ale Nhlangano, abaphathi nabasebenzi abajwayelekile. izithakazelo Corporate iqhaza zingase zehluke, kodwa abazaba yokuthi iniketwa kumuntu othize ezingeni eliphakeme.

Ngakho, ezejwayelekile umsebenzi trust ukuvikela izithakazelo zayo ukuba inhloko yomnyango. Yikuphi, esikhundleni salokho, ukuphathisa abanye bebodwa, ikhumbula osithole ongaphansi, umphathi, ake sithi, woMnyango. Ngemva izithakazelo zidluliselwa ezingeni abaphathi phezulu inkampani futhi zicatshangelwa them ngaphakathi accordance nga eziza. Uma umuntu waneliseka ngaleli scheme ithimba isithakazelo, ngokuvamile kuhlanganiswe imisebenzi Nhlangano kahle.

Lesi sici nokuxhumana yabahlanganyeli izinhlangano ezifanele zebhizinisi kwenza ukuthi kube nesidingo ukuthuthukisa imithetho elawula zokuxhumana zabo nomunye.

amazinga Corporate

Isimo esibaluleke kakhulu ukuze sentfutfuko ale Nhlangano - ukuba khona imithetho, okuyinto bayakhuthazwa ukuba banamathele izisebenzi zayo ukuqaliswa izithakazelo zabo. Basuke izimpawu degree ngokuvamile eliphezulu yinye. Kungaphawulwa ukuthi izici izinhlobo ezahlukene ezezimali corporations babe, isimiso, impahla efanayo. Basuke kulawulwa izakhiwo inkampani umzali, izinqumo nokhiye ezithathwe abaphathi inkampani yabo ukusatshalaliswa okuphezulu.

Kwezinkambiso ale Nhlangano, njengoba umthetho, setha ezingeni imithetho yangakini. Kodwa lokhu akulona njalo kunjalo. Kungenzeka ukuthi bayoba ngokwethukela, lidlule komunye umhlanganyeli kwenye inkampani ngomlomo, kodwa ngokuqinile, kuyalandelwa. Kungaphawulwa ukuthi kwezinye izakhiwo ezinkampani imithetho esisemthethweni okubaluleke kakhulu, abanye - yibo kahle labizwa ngokuthi ngokwethukela. It incike emasikweni kazwelonke State lapho le nkampani ebhaliswe, abanikazi inqubomgomo, abaphathi le nkampani phezulu, phezu imininingwane yalolu ingxenye lapho inhlangano eba.

Qaphela ukuthi i-ukwakha ubudlelwano ngempumelelo kwezamabhizinisi ibalulekile, njengoba umthetho, hhayi kuphela nezakhiwo ezithile amazinga yenkampani, njengoba izindlela ukuqinisekisa ukulandelwa komthetho.

Cabanga-ke, iziphi izinhlobo ezinkulu corporations, abacwaningi ekhishwe inyumbazane.

Ukwahlukanisa corporations ngemvelo kwezomnotho

ochwepheshe Modern uhlukanise kubhekwe ngokuhlanganisa ku 3 izinhlobo ezinkulu corporations esekelwe umbandela bemvelo kwezomnotho:

- classical;

- statist;

- zokudala.

Sizokwenza ukufunda imininingwane yabo ethize.

Classic Corporation - inkampani esungulwe nge ngembono wekuphumelelo esiphezulu ukusebenza kahle ibhizinisi njengoba ukukhiqizwa engabizi kwezimpahla noma amasevisi, kanye sicabangela liyanda inzuzo nge ukwanda kulandela kwisabelo yenkampani emakethe. Corporation Classical elinesimo umehluko ophawulekayo phakathi ubumnini izikhungo. Kukhona abanikazi amafemu sitshala imali, futhi kukhona abaphathi abanomsebenzi ukuthuthukiswa yayo. Okokuqala, njengoba umthetho, ungagxambukeli emisebenzini lakamuva. Nokho, ezikhokhelwayo abaphathi ku classical corporation ngokuvamile sokulandisa abanikazi yenkampani.

I izinhlangano okukhulunywa ngakho, ijwayele ukusethwa isiko esitebeleni nokuxhumana phakathi kwabasebenzi bebodwa. Kuye ngezinga ithonya kungaba basakazekela kwezinye amafemu kanye evunyiwe khona. Ngaphansi kwethonya izici ezihlukahlukene izingxenye isakhiwo corporate, kanye kwakhiwa, kungashintshwa. Kungenzeka, isibonelo, ngenxa ithonya yensimu ukuthuthukiswa kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe, ubuchwepheshe nabantu, kwezombusazwe.

Evolution bezinkampani zakudala

Ngakho-ke, abacwaningi 'idla yodwa-mlando nasemlandweni wanamuhla izigaba 3 lapho aguquka futhi ushintshe corporation. Izinhlobo izinhlangano ezifanele, ngakho kwakunabazalwane entsha, ikakhulukazi ezihluke kwabangcwele odlule.

Ngakho, phakathi nekhulu lama-20, izinkampani aseqalile ngokukhethekile ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe obusha njengoba inzuzo ukhiye ukuncintisana ibhizinisi. esiningi ukukhiqizwa steel bathunyelwe emazweni lapho ukuthunyelwa insiza ezifanele babe efanelekayo ngaphezulu ngokuya izimo nenzuzo. Emazweni lapho corporation yabhaliswa, babe emahhovisi ikhanda nobuchwepheshe izikhungo.

Eminyakeni 70-80 ibhizinisi wezwe athuthukile ne Ukugcizelelwa ukunwetshwa indawo, ukubandakanya share ngobukhulu kungenzeka emakethe ngamazwe. Lokhu kwaba nomthelela ekuqaleni kwembulunga yonke izinqubo phezu harmonization amazinga, exchange of nakho yenkampani iqhaza osomabhizinisi ezivela emazweni ahlukahlukene.

Eminyakeni 90 kule nokwakheka corporations emhlabeni eyaqala ukwenzeka ku ukushintsha uhlamvu kwezenhlalo, khomba kubukezwe abasebenzi ngendima yalo izinkampani kuleli bhizinisi. Ngokwesibonelo, izisebenzi izinkampani eziningi ayisekho bazibheke njengoba ochwepheshe ezikhokhelwayo, baqala ukuzwa umqashi wabo abalingani. Yiqiniso, izitayela imakwe kubonakala ezifundazweni ezihlukahlukene ngamandla nezingahlobene. izinhlobo ezithile bezinkampani ngamazwe nezici zabo esiwuphawu kungabanga azifani ngokuphelele lebhizinisi musa angena iyiphi umqondo womhlaba wonke.

Ngaphezu kwalokho kulesi sihloko sizobheka ezinye izibonelo amasiko yenkampani kazwelonke, okubonisa ukuthi Amathrendi ukuthi akhiwa ngisho umnotho ngobukhulu kungase kungasheleli ngaso sonke kakhulu ezithinta izinqubo ezenzeka kwamanye amazwe.

statist Corporation

Ukwahlukanisa nezinhlobo bezinkampani ezakhiwe abacwaningi yesimanje sincome Ukukhetha ngendlela ehlukile isigaba inyunyana statist. Kuyini ngokucacile zabo?

corporations Statist kwavela njengempendulo izitayela isicebi, ngenkuthalo ukuthuthukisa futhi basakaza usithonye emhlabeni. umsunguli yabo futhi ideologue induna isimo. Kusolwa ukuthi ichaza idatha eziyisisekelo ngosiko imithetho inhlangano, wakha izinto eziza kuqala kwezomnotho nakwezenhlalo ukwakhiwa kwezinhlaka ezifanele.

Ngokungafani classic corporations kosozimali inhlangano statist esungulwe ukubhekana ikakhulu izinkinga esiphuthumayo kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, kuniketa bahlali umsebenzi. Lapho i-capitalism zakudala akusho alinge sandise ukukhiqiza ngenxa eqolo ukwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda, inhlangano yomphakathi, liqine statist corporation angaqalisa kahle ukwakhiwa kwenye imboni entsha ukuze basebenzise izakhamuzi abahlala endaweni.

I izinhlangano okukhulunywa ngakho, kubalulekile imithetho esisemthethweni elawula ukuziphatha abasebenzi yenkampani. Lezi zinkampani ayakhula ikakhulukazi e-USSR nakwamanye amazwe sezenhlalo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo e-United ukhathazekile okushiwo elithi "corporation", umqondo, isimo somnotho kanye izinhlobo ezinkulu izinhlangano zamabhizinisi zivame njengenkulumo ngokomongo yenqubomgomo lwempela emphakathini, njengoba ezibhekwa kwazo ukuba nibe ngabakaJesu uhlelo zama-Capitalist.

Ngakho, inhlangano okukhulunywa kungase kudingeke nohlaka hhayi kuphela kwezomnotho kodwa futhi kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe yesikhungo. Ngalo mqondo, ukubaluleka kwabo kungaba kakhulu kunalokhu ngokuya ukuthuthukiswa yezwe kuka esimweni izakhiwo zakudala.

Creative Corporation

Esinye isigaba ezinkulu bezinkampani - inhlangano zokudala. Bangabaholi izakhiwo omncane. Kwakukhona Corporation zokudala Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20. ukuvela yabo futhi basakaza ngenxa ikakhulukazi ekuthuthukiseni ingqalasizinda zokuxhumana - ngokuyinhloko i-Internet. Kubantu, kwaba khona isidingo sezisebenzi ukuxhumana, ulwazi exchange, imikhiqizo digital, ukwazi ukwenza imizwa.

Ngenxa yalokho, baningi ababesafuna ukuyibuka ibhizinisi ngomumo imikhiqizo efana - imidlalo, amawebhusayithi, isofthiwe, okuqukethwe multimedia ukuletha. Ukusungulwa izinqumo ezinjalo kudinga indlela yokudala - lapho kuyadingeka ukuthuthukisa umkhiqizo, ungathandi akhona, ezithinta izimbangi, noma kunezimo eningi phezu kakade ezifuywa ku emakethe izixazululo.

Kunezindlela ezihlukahlukene corporation zokudala. Izinhlobo izakhiwo ahambisanayo avezwa i- "off-line", izinguqulo "intanethi". Kukhona esikhulu, futhi kukhona amafemu amancane zokudala. Sikhishwe yenqwaba emakethe mncintiswano inthanethi phakathi kwabo kungaba ngempela esithambile. Leyo akuyona ejwayelekile kakhulu wezinkampane classical.

Okukhulunywe ngazo ngenhla izinhlangano ebhizinisini - imiphumela ukuvela umnotho, umphakathi, ubuchwepheshe. Kodwa akekho kubo angabhekwa akusebenzi emazweni amaningi asethuthukile, kungatholakala zonke amelwe lezi zigaba corporations. Izinhlobo izinhlangano ezifanele kungenziwa labizwa, kanye nezinye eziningi. ngokucacile kangakanani kuncike ekutheni kusondela umcwaningi noma kwakhiwa-National School of Economics.

Imvelo, izinhlobo corporations kungenziwa wafunda ukubandakanywa anhlobonhlobo izindlela. Phakathi kwalabo - ukuhlonza zomthetho izimpawu Corporation. Okungukuthi, lezo zisekelwe kwemibandela yomthetho zanoma yiliphi izwe. Kuyoba, wusizo, ngakho-ke ukuba sicabangele kulandeleke olusemthethweni ezingeni imithetho isimo, indlela ukuze Ukwahlukaniswa izinhlangano zihlolwa.

Ukwahlukanisa corporations kule nomthetho Russian

Ngakho, izinhlobo ezinkulu corporations ku Russian Federation ngaphansi komthetho - kuba umphakathi kwezomnotho, NGOs, izinhlangano, ama cooperatives, ukubambisana. Uma sikhuluma eliyifa, isakhiwo okuhambisanayo Russia uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi iqembu izinkampani. Kukhona in the Russian Federation futhi wezinkampane zomphakathi, ngomqondo, kuyinto zenyathi statist, kodwa ezingeni yamaSoviet, kunalokho abafanele imiqondo zobungxiwankulu phambili ekuthuthukisweni kwezomnotho.

Umnotho Russian ngokuyinhloko kuhlanganiswe umhlaba. Ngakho-ke, Russian Federation yokutholwa kwencazelo "corporation", umqondo, isimo somnotho kanye izinhlobo ezinkulu izinhlangano ezifanele, ngokomthetho kungahunyushwa ekukhanyeni izincazelo international wamanje.

Ngokwesibonelo, eRussia nakwamanye amazwe ukusakaza elithi "iqembu". Kuye ngomongo, kungaqondakala phakathi abaphathi Russian ngezindlela ezahlukene. Lokho kungase kube ukukhathazeka Russian Federation njengoba uhlobo corporation? Imininingwane yalolu imisebenzi yezimali izinkampani Western Europe - ikakhulukazi isiJalimane, inquma ukusetshenziswa njalo we eside kokubuyekezwa, ukuze ubheke izinhlangano ngobukhulu multi-kazwelonke e-Europe. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, yezinkampani American siqala nge ngezinga elikhulu, uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi izinkampani noma amaqembu zezimali.

Ngakho, igama elithi "corporation", umqondo kanye nezinhlobo ke Lingachazwa ngezindlela ezahlukene kuye ngokuthi amasiko, ezithathwe endaweni ezahlukene imvelo ukuphathwa kwamasiko. Kuzoba kuyasiza ukuthi ufunde kokuhlangenwe nakho ukwakha ibhizinisi yenkampani phesheya. Ake silitadishe njengesibonelo kwezinye umnotho ngobukhulu.

izinhlobo National bezinkampani yesimanje

Izinhlobo corporations kungenziwa labizwa ngesisekelo emasikweni ukwakha ubudlelwano phakathi abahlanganyeli inhlangano efanele kazwelonke. Ngakho, kuyasiza cabanga ngalokho okwehlela Japan. Iqiniso liwukuthi kuleli isimo kwezinkambiso yenkampani badlala indima ebalulekile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngokuvamile olunzima ziphathwa nje kuyefana ukuthi kukhona ngokwethukela.

Omunye izici ukhiye we-Japanese corporation - kuyintfo lesembili ngokuhlanganyela kunezithakazelo ngabanye. Indoda kuziwa usebenza enkampanini ethile, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokucabangela esikhathini esiseduze esizayo inguqulelo kwenye. Lokhu kuvumela ukuba njalo nokuqalisa izinga yabo futhi ungamisa ukukhula umsebenzi. Esinye isizathu esenza nethemba inguqulelo kwenye inkampani angeke abonakale ekhanga kakhulu umsebenzi Japanese - yokuthi isakhiwo bezinkampani izinhlobo ancintisane umqashi wamanje, cishe, ngeke ngokuyisisekelo ukuhluka labo agcwele ngokuqinile lapho abasebenzi. Cishe, isisebenzi sikaHulumeni ngeke enze imisebenzi efanayo futhi ukuthola inkokhelo efanayo.

Enye into - American isiko yenkampani. Lubonakala yena, kuyinto ebaluleke yomuntu phezu ngokuhlanganyela. Le ndoda, yebo, qala ngokumnika ingxenye inzalo yayo ezingeni elilandelayo, kodwa ivolumu yabo ngokuvamile aphansi ukwedlula uma wasebenza e-Japan. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngosiko e-US ziyahlukahluka kakhulu inkampani inkampani. Futhi angakhuthaza ukuthuthelwa asebenzayo ongoti abasemazingeni ahlukahlukene komunye ngokuqinile komunye.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi e-US nase-Japanese ngosiko benezingane eziningi okusobala, lokhu akubavimbeli ochwepheshe abavela ezinkampanini US babambisane ngokuphumelelayo osomabhizinisi Japan. Ekuqondeni jikelele we okushiwo igama elithi "corporation", incazelo tinhlobo letifanele izinhlangano, watadisha American naseSikoleni Japanese Management, kungase kusekelwe isimiso esifanayo. Ngakho, US ezinkampani onobuhle Japanese eziningi timongcondvo kuyoba okuqukethwe okuhlukile, kodwa ukuba efanayo kakhulu ukuma. Futhi lokhu ngeke kwanele lokwakha nokubambisana ngempumelelo.

izinhlobo Kubikwe bezinkampani ngamazwe nezici zabo ezihlukile zibonisa ukuthi, ngokomthetho, kunoma yisiphi isimo ungakheka imvelo ehlukile ukunquma ukuthuthukiswa izinhlangano ezifanele zebhizinisi. - ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa amazwe abanolwazi kukuncane ukwakha ubudlelwane zama-Capitalist. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Russia. Kuyoba usizo ukuhlola izici eziphawulekayo kakhulu ngosiko eRussia.

Russian ngosiko

Yiziphi izinhlobo corporations eRussia kwamiswa esikhathini yokwakha capitalism kuleli zwe? Ngokusho kochwepheshe abaningi eRussia kukhona amasiko ngempela eqinile Soviet, ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa emikhulu backbone amabhizinisi nge isimo iqhaza. Labo babe ukufana okuthile ngokufakwa umqondo Japanese ekwakheni isiko lenkampani - lapho umuntu elibekelwe zithokozise othwala izintshisekelo ngokuyinhloko ezinkampani muntu phakathi nokuvakasha kwazo emsebenzini.

izakhamuzi Russian trudoustraivayas kule noma ukuthi inkampani, kanye Japanese, ezimweni eziningi, bazimisele ukusebenza kuwo kuze kube nini, ngaphandle kokucabangela amathemba kwathatha enye inkampani. Kodwa kunezinhlobo bezinkampani eRussia, okuyinto yena, isakhiwo salo kusondzela kakhulu umqondo eMelika ukwakha ubudlelwano kwezamabhizinisi. Ngokuvamile lezi amabhizinisi amancane kanye naphakathi, ngokuvamile - amabhizinisi umndeni. National isiko yenkampani Russian kusenziwa kwakhiwa. Kanjani uyobheka esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, ke kuncike ezintweni eziningi - kwezenhlalo, namanye amazwe, inqubomgomo angaphandle.

isifinyezo

Ngakho, siye safunda le okushiwo elithi "corporation", umqondo kanye izinhlobo zezinhlangano olufanele ngokuya imiqondo, ezivamile phakathi kwezazi yesimanje. Uhlobo izakhiwo has ehlukahlukene yasakazwa kabanzi izinhlobo. Umqondo, izici, izinkampani, izinhlobo yenkampani ezinkathini zomlando ezahlukene wafunda, kucatshangelwa izici zezombangazwe, zenhlalo nezomnotho kule nqubo ye-sithombe zesayensi kanye lobuchwepheshe.

Ngo isiko lokuphatha kazwelonke Tindlelanchubo ukuqonda imininingwane bezinkampani futhi zingase zihluke. Kodwa lokhu akulona njalo kunjalo, nakuba izitayela global ezindaweni eziningi ibhizinisi zibonakala kakhulu, okungenani uma kuziwa izinhlobo izinhlangano yenkampani. Indlela Ukwahlukaniswa izakhiwo kukhona abaningana. Omunye kubhekwa kabanzi kunawo wonke ukuba ibe nomqondo lapho Nhlangano sehlukaniswe zakudala, statist nangobuchule. Imihlobo ehlukeneko idatha bezinkampani kunombolo izikhungo e ukwakheka, isakhiwo, ku ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa.

Eminotfweni lanamuhla athuthukile ungathola amabhizinisi ngokuvumelana kunoma yiziphi izigaba sihlole. Kodwa-ke Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kwezinye nomnotho wamazwe share esikufezile bezinkampani zakudala, nenobuchule, abanye - statist. Izimpawu emnothweni kuxhomeke kulokho izigaba ezisemqoka ekuthuthukisweni kwezomnotho kakade isidlulile isimo ezijonge kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe ubeka ngokwaso.