Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore e Florence: isithombe, wezakhiwo, ingaphakathi

izivakashi Independent ukufika e Florence, isiqondiso ekuphileni batusa kakhulu ukuvakashelwa, ngaphandle Señor ndawo, Old Ibhuloho kanye Uffizi Palace, esidumile kakhulu futhi liyabonakala yalesi emangalisayo Italian yedolobha Museum - Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore. Izithombe nemifanekiso Kulokhu yezakhiwo cishe sibabone. Futhi ngokuvamile lezi zithombe zenziwa zaba ne emoyeni njengoba izakhiwo obukhulu ezizingelezele indlu ayivumeli ukuthola engela ilungelo uthwebule yonke into. Kodwa kungcono kakhulu kunanoma iyiphi kwezithombe uzobona Cathedral isandla kuqala - lapho lishona ilanga gilds Dome obomvu ngobumnene noma lapho Italian velvet ebusuku ovuthayo izibani okukhanyisa ezikhexisayo. Lena isonto elinomlando omude obuhlungu umlando ezithakazelisayo futhi uphawu. Enhliziyweni Florence Renaissance ubuhlakani Titans zangishiya lakhe itshe.

Umlando Cathedral

Amacebo ukwakha ithempeli main omuzi, kwenza kwaba nomfutho omkhulu ekupheleni kwekhulu weshumi nantathu. Kodwa awukwazi ukusho ukuthi Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore e Florence lakhiwa kusuka ekuqaleni. Kube isonto elincane Saint Reparate. Futhi edume kunazo Florentine Basilica uhlukile ngenxa yokuthi yaqala ukuba zakhelwe lapho isakhiwo odlule sasingakafiki ezibhujisiwe. ONgcwele Reparata kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu nantathu ayebhekwa umvikeli we edolobheni. Lesi sibalo semi edume. intombi iPalestine usebhekene sokuhlushwa elicwengiweyo Roma ahlukahlukene nesihluku for ukuzibophezela kwabo kobuKristu ekhulwini III. Church of St Reparata Yakhiwa cishe ngekhulu lesithupha. Kodwa kuyiqiniso futhi hhayi a cleaner. Endulo owayemi ithempeli lamaqaba. Ekuqaleni kobuKristu esesifubeni sakhe yokubhapathiza yayisetshenziswa eyakhelwe (umbhaphathizo neophytes ikamelo). Kuyaziwa ukuthi emhlabeni emathuneni isonto wawusegunjini ezaziwayo. Late sebuningini tombstones kwesikhathi wayiswa Museum ethempelini.

megalomania Medieval?

Into yokuqala ukuthi kuyabamangaza zezivakashi kuya Duomo woza - lombhishobhi, kuyinto ngobukhulu bayo. Okubhapathiza kanye Campanile (isicwebezelisi esivimba amanzi) ahlukile, noma kufakwe eziyinkimbinkimbi yezakhiwo. Kodwa ithempeli. Kuyamangalisa ngempela kunomzimba waso giant. Kuyini, megalomania lapho ezinjalo? Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, kufanele sikhumbule, lapho akha khona izindlwana Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore. Florence ekuqaleni we XIII ekhulwini wazibonela nokuchuma kwezomnotho nokukhulumisana amangalelwe ubuqhawe phakathi republic ezisemadolobheni. Futhi predominated hhayi kuphela e-Italy, kodwa ngisho lonke eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Ukuze abonise ubuholi bayo (ngokuyinhloko nezimbangi zayo ezinkulu - Siena futhi Pisa), futhi kwanqunywa ukuba kwakhiwe kwekulu ngaleso sikhathi lombhishobhi kanye Campanile eliphakeme. Ngokuya ngalolu hlelo, isonto labo kwakudingeka ubambe ingxenye labantu zindlani ezisemadolobheni, ngaleso sikhathi kwakufinyelele ngezabelo engakaze ibonwe - izinkulungwane zabantu ayisishiyagalolunye. Isakhiwo obungaka uye wakubekela inselele art bokwakhiwa ephakathi. Yena yatholwa Arnolfo di Cambio, umakhi abadumile, ogama iphrojekthi e Florence yayisikhokhiwe esakhiwe le Palazzo Vecchio kanye Holy Cross Church.

Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore: wezakhiwo

Ukwakhiwa esontweni lombhishobhi endabeni ukuvelela. Lesi sakhiwo kwakudingeka abe ekhethekile. Ngakho-ke, umakhi Arnolfo nitinikele kude Gothic njengeziyingxenye yohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli, wayala ukwakha izakhiwo ezingcwele ngesimo a Latin esiphambanweni. Ngakho, phezu isonto sifana incwadi "T". Ukuhlela ukwakheka wajoyina i-Latin engu- nge Rotunda centric, okuyinto waklonyeliswa nge Dome. naves ezintathu ekhungethe izinsika esilinganayo kabanzi. Benethemba we Rotunda futhi phezu kwelathi Chapel e transept. Di Cambio wayengakwazi ukubona ukugcwaliseka ngenzalo yabo. Washona ngo 1302, kanye Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, ubani wayekwazisa uhlelo isikhathi eside liphendulwe kwakhiwa esishiywe dengwane. Umuzi nje akazange abe imali eyanele project ambitious. Phuma kusukela kunezinkinga zemali itholwe 1330: ngendlela emangalisayo eBandleni Reparate "abathole" izinsalela Saint Zenobia, futhi ngemva konyaka wonke umsebenzi recommenced.

abazolandela ovelele

Patron "iphrojekthi kwekhulu" uye waba ibhizinisi elikhulu esitolo noboya abahwebi (Arte Lana della). Yena uye waqasha Akusikho okunye, umdwebi odumile and umklami Giotto. Kepha inkosi yakhe wayezifunela udumo futhi ukuqhuba uhlelo lwezokuphepha eyandulela. Waqala ukwakha Campanile. Lapho efa (1337), kuphela emphemeni yayo aphansi lakhiwa. Bese uphinda olungalé beluyokuba iqhwa umsebenzi iminyaka eyishumi nambili ngenxa Omkhulu Black Inhlupheko. Ngo 1349, baton wezakhiwo main Francesco Talenti ithatha izintambo, ngubani wakwazi ukuqedela umbhoshongo. Ngo 1359 labakhi eliholwa Dzhovanni Di Lapo Ghini. Kwabe sekufika amanye izikhathi. Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore e Florence washintsha eziningi abaklami. Bethuka bonke "enegama." Siyazazi amakhosi ezifana Giovanni d'Ambrodzho, kodwa futhi nge-Alberto Arnoldi, futhi Neri Di Foravante futhi Andrea Orkanya ... ngu 1375, ekugcineni adiliza esontweni endala St Reparate, futhi 1380 iziqu kwethempeli main. Kodwa olungaphambili lwesonto isakhiwo yaqedwa ... Kuphela yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye.

Dome

Njengoba sekushiwo, Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore yakhelwe zonke ezinye izakhiwo gothic ezifanayo futhi ikhandlela kuye ezazingezinhle. Ngempela, ibandla eyinhloko Florence ubude by amamitha amahlanu kuphela kunabayeni Milan odumile Al Duomo (153 vs. 158 m). Ngokusho uhlelo wezakhiwo di Cambio, le Rotunda kwakufanele umqhele Dome. Kodwa lombhishobhi kwaba podbannik omkhulu ukuthi omunye isikhathi eside akazange alinge uqale umsebenzi indalo yayo. Kwaba kuphela 1420 for inselele zivela umakhi omkhulu Brunelleschi. Wasikisela umkhandlu wedolobha Dome octagonal uhlelo izitini. Lokhu lwaleli ukuma gothic obekumele lokushada lantern zokuhlobisa. Umsebenzi nzima ephakeme yokuthi yezinsiza akuyona emi phansi abethela ezindongeni mpo lombhishobhi. Ngenxa yalokho, ngemva kweminyaka engu-15 uphendulé ukukhanya, lama Dome 42 metres ubude, okuyinto manje inquma ngalé nobuntu Florence.

ingaphakathi

On isihambi ungakulungele kwenza umbono oyindida - Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore e Florence. Izithombe ethempelini zivame ukudlulisela yomhlobiso wawo ocebile zangaphandle. Nokho, ingaphakathi kungenzeka, uma kuqhathaniswa nesimo sesakhiwo olungaphambili lwesonto kubonakala abampofu. Lo mbhalo uthi e isihambi Russian ekhulwini lesikhombisa - a PA Ukuqina. Ubhala ukuthi "isonto mkhulu futhi ngokudlulele elimtoti futhi ngokumangalisayo", kodwa "akukho isigqoko kungekho." Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi lokhu okuvelayo idalwe Ngokuphambene namasonto obu-Orthodox. Yebo, futhi izivakashi zanamuhla zithi ibandla sifana ibhokisi yendluliwe, okuyinto bengelutho ngaphakathi. Bagxeki baveza nokuthi ngaphandle lombhishobhi wayeyizwa izimiso ngasekupheleni Gothic Italy. The elingaphakathi wagcwala we kwakwakhiwa kakhulu lokuhlela kwezobuciko Renaissance okuyinhloko. Paul Temple senziwa ngokuphelele ngemabula. I-altare main wenziwe alabhaste futhi ehlotshiswe ngemihlobiso emihle ebaziwe. Masters wasebenzisa izinhlobo ezehlukene zemabula (oluhlaza, omhlophe kanye pink), ukufikela isikhathi sokudlala engokwemvelo ukukhanya. Renaissance izinkanyiso zadalwa futhi ezinhle kakhulu ibala amafasitela ahlotshiswe ngokweqile.

Campanile

Ukusebenzisa yokuthi ekwakhiweni insimbi olubaluleke kwakungekho ecacile njengeziyingxenye yohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli Giotto wembula ngokugcwele ithalente lakhe ye-master. Wasikisela ukuthi iseluleko edolobheni imitha-amabili kwemibhoshongo elingunxande, ohlangothini ebiyelweyo buttresses. Mbumbulu openwork udale sibonga umbono kuya phezulu emafasiteleni double. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zonke izindonga umbhoshongo insimbi kuthiwa ihlotshiswe ngemihlobiso ukubaza emibalabala futhi inlays. Nakuba inkosi enkulu bafela ekuqaleni komsebenzi, amanye amakhosi angaphandle ngokucacile banamathela amacebo akhe kanye nemidwebo. Ngenxa yalokho, "Campanile Giotto sika" is okungenani eyaziwa emhlabeni ngaphandle kwami Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, okuyinto uba.

yokubhapathiza

Kuyaziwa ukuthi izindawo zokubhapathiza lase likhona kakade ngonyaka 897, ngisho nangaphambi ukwakhiwa yeSonto Saint Reparate. Khona-ke izindawo zokubhapathiza Azihlukanisa emathempelini yokukhulekela, futhi Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore iyathinteka. Modern ukubukeka yokubhapathiza atholwe kancane kancane. Eyakhelwe 1059 izindonga eminyakeni eyikhulu ubhekene nalesi zemabula ezinemibala. Umzimba ngetende esakhiwe ekhulwini XII. Renaissance yokubhapathiza wanika iminyango emithathu zethusi eziqoshiwe zemabula phezu kwabo. Futhi udumo christening ukuhlobisa Florentine balwa umncintiswano lo Okugweda best Tuscany. Ukwakhiwa kusenza bamanga esinezitezi ezintathu a, kodwa eqinisweni kukhona amazinga ezimbili kuphela. Isizathu salokhu kuwutalagu iyona yangaphandle udonga ambozwe zemabula.

I ithempeli nomuzi

Akukhona nje ngobukhulu futhi yobuciko yezakhiwo, kodwa nomlando wayo kuphawuleka Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore. Florence, nge nomlando wayo eminyaka ubudala ihlobene eduze nethempeli lalo main. Eziningi zalezi zenzakalo ezinkulu zomlando kwenzeka e abhidliza izindonga zayo. Lapha wenza ukushumayela kwakhe njengesibonakaliso sokuphenduka Savonarola. Kulesi ethempelini wadutshulwa ngemvula yezinhlamvu wabulawa umfowabo umbusi Florence, Lorenzo le Ezinhle - Dzhuliano Medichi. Futhi kule Crypt lombhishobhi wathola induduzo ngu Giotto, nombhali Campanile futhi Brunelleschi - umdali Dome.