Awezinyoka - isibonelo. Amphibians and Reptiles

Ngamunye wethu, yize izithombe, wabona amaxoxo kanye izibankwa, izingwenya kanye amaxoxo - lezi zilwane basonta ekilasini kwezilwane eziphila ezweni nezilwane ezihuquzelayo. Isibonelo usinikeze neze eyodwa kuphela. Lezi zidalwa eziningi ngempela. Kodwa nakhu ukuthi ukutshela ngubani ongubani? I izilwane zasemhlabeni ezahlukene nezilwane ezihuquzelayo, nendlela ebalulekile lokhu kungefani?

Ingwenya kanye iselesele kungaba ngokuphelele ephila echibini elifanayo. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi kungase kubonakale sengathi ziyophumelela kukhona umndeni ube okhokho ezivamile. Kodwa lokhu kuyiphutha elikhulu. Lezi zilwane basonta amakilasi ezahlukene taxonomic. Phakathi kwabo kukhona ukungaboni ngaso linye okuningi ayisisekelo. Futhi akuzona kuphela ukubukeka kanye nosayizi. Ingwenya kanye isibankwa - ngokwesibonelo, isilwane esihuquzelayo kanye frog futhi iselesele - izilwane zasemhlabeni.

Kodwa-ke, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni, ezihuquzelayo, futhi ube ezinye izici ezifanayo. Bakhetha ukuthumelelana ezindaweni sezulu efudumele. Nokho, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni Ukhetha izindawo zokulahla, amanzi kangcono eduze. Kodwa lokhu nje isuke ibangelwa yokuthi ukukhiqiza kabusha kuphela emanzini. Awezinyoka kungukuthi ezihlobene imizimba amanzi. Bona, kunalokho, uncamela kwezifunda wome kakhulu futhi hot.

Ake sibheke netimphawu bokuphila ezihuquzelayo nezilwane eziphila ezweni, futhi uqhathanise ihluke kanjani nomunye.

Class ezihuquzelayo (ezihuquzelayo)

Class ezihuquzelayo noma ezihuquzelayo - lokhu nezilwane zasezweni. It lethiwa ngenxa yendlela they nyakazo. Awezinyoka ungahambi emhlabathini, bona ukukhasa. Kwakuyisikhathi kuqala silwane esitshalweni ngokuphelele emanzini umhlaba-eziphilayo. Amadlozi kwalezi zilwane ziyasatshalalaiswa ezweni lonke. Isici esibalulekile salo ezihuquzelayo kuyinto kokukhulelwa yangaphakathi kanye nekhono amaqanda, ecebile izakhamzimba. Basuke ivikelwe igobolondo obukhulu, okuhlanganisa i-calcium. Kuyinto ikhono lokwenza zibekela iqanda nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni ezihuquzelayo kuzo kwesigubhu ezweni.

Isakhiwo ezihuquzelayo

ezihuquzelayo umzimba has a imfundo okuqinile - esikalini. Basuke ezinabantu embozwe isikhumba ezihuquzelayo. Sibavikela umswakama ukulahleka. Sezilwane ezihuquzelayo isikhumba uhlale yomile. Ukuhwamuka kwenzeka kulo. Ngakho-ke, izinyoka, izibankwa bayakwazi ukuphila ogwadule, zingakaze zibe ukungakhululeki.

Awezinyoka ukuphefumula ngosizo emaphashini ngempela evuthiwe. Kubalulekile ukuthi olunzulu ukuphefumula ezihuquzelayo senziwa Sibonga kungenzeka ukuba ukuvela lwamathambo ngokuyinhloko entsha eMnyangweni. I thorax yisikhathi sokuqala kukhona isilwane esihuquzelayo. Lakhiwa izimbambo esukela amathambo. Ohlangothini ventral basuke exhunywe kwi-sternum. Ngenxa ubambo imisipha ekhethekile nezimo. Lokhu kusiza ukunwetshwa washona ngesikhathi ugqozi.

Awezinyoka ekilasini kushintshile futhi ingxenye isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuba yinkimbinkimbi yokwanda kokungabi isakhiwo wamaphaphu. Iningi ezihuquzelayo, ezintathu-chamber inhliziyo, bona, kanye nezilwane eziphila ezweni, ezimbili kwegazi. Nokho, zikhona ezinye umehluko. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwahlukanisa e-ventricle. Nge wokwehla inhliziyo ngayo cishe uhlukanisa ke halves ezimbili (kwesokudla - emithambo yegazi, kwesokunxele - lwemithambo). Indawo imithambo yegazi eyinhloko delineates ngokucace kakhudlwana lwemithambo futhi ukugeleza emithambo yegazi. Ngenxa yalokho - umzimba silwane ihlinzekwa ngegazi, ngaphansi anomoya-mpilo, ngcono kakhulu. Kanjalo sezisungule phezu intercellular exchange izinqubo kanye nemikhiqizo okukhipha umzimba kanye isikhutha emzimbeni. Kukhona okuhlukile ekilasini ezihuquzelayo, isibonelo - ingwenya. Inhliziyo yakhe isikwele.

imithambo Main enkulu kwegazi ezincane nezinkulu ngokuyinhloko lo ngoba wonke amaqembu yezilwane ezinomgogodla eliwumhlaba efanayo. Yiqiniso, akukho mehluko omncane, futhi akuzange kube khona. Awezinyoka e kwegazi emaphashini wanyamalala emithanjeni cutaneous nokuvaleka kwemithambo. Kuphela izitsha yamaphaphu.

Okwamanje, kunezinhlobo cishe izinkulungwane 8. Awezinyoka. Bahlala wonke amazwekazi, ngaphezu Yiqiniso, i-Antarctica. Yabelwana oda ezine ezihuquzelayo: izingwenya, zibe maholoholo, izimfudu kanye pervoyaschery.

ukukhiqizwa kabusha ezihuquzelayo

Ngokungafani kwezinhlanzi nezilwane eziphila ezweni, ezihuquzelayo zizalela ngaphakathi. Ziyakwazi dioecious. Iduna Unomzimba ekhethekile, ngalo engena cloaca we isidoda zesifazane. Bona zingene amaqanda ke kokukhulelwa kwenzeka. Amaqanda ukuthuthukisa emzimbeni esifazane. Wabe kubeka kubo endaweni eyayilungiselelwe kusengaphambili, ngokuvamile umgodi ngemba. Ngaphandle silwane amaqanda embozwe elicinene-calcium igobolondo. Ziyakwazi igciwane kanye supply izakhamzimba. Kusukela Iqanda uyaphuma le isibungu ungathandi izinhlanzi noma izilwane zasemhlabeni, futhi uyakwazi ukuphila ezimele ngamunye. Ngakho, zizalela ezihuquzelayo isimiso kuya ezingeni entsha. Umbungu asitholayo abasemazingeni ahlukahlukene entuthuko e iqanda. Ngemva ukuchamisela, akuxhomekile emzimbeni amanzi angase aphunyuke aqhubeke ephila kahle bebodwa. Ngokuvamile, abantu abadala bebonisa akukho ukukhathazeka ngesizukulwana sabo.

I-Amphibians ekilasini

Amphibians noma amphibian - Ukhala, Toads kanye zintulo. Ziyakwazi, ngaphandle kwabambalwa, njalo uphile eduze echibini. Kodwa kukhona izinhlobo ukuphila ogwadule, ezifana iselesele-amanzi ebhodweni. Emvuleni ke buthola ketshezi in the anezikhwama ongama. Isidumbu sakhe kuyinto eqolo. Khona-ke ukugqiba ngokwayo esihlabathini nokukhulula esiningi isikhwehlela, ke kubhekene esadonsa isikhathi eside. Okwamanje, kunezinhlobo cishe 3,400 zama-izilwane zasemhlabeni. Basuke ngamaqembu amabili - tailed waphansi. Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa salamanders futhi zintulo, neyesibili - amaxoxo kanye Toads.

Amphibians zihluke kakhulu ekilasini Awezinyoka, isibonelo - isakhiwo umzimba nogwali izinhlelo, kanye indlela ukuveza. Njengokhokho babo izinhlanzi, balala amaqanda abo emanzini. Ukuze wenze lokhu, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni zivame ufuna pool, ehlukanisiwe umzimba omkhulu amanzi. Kube kwenzeka ukuvundisa ukuthuthukiswa elalikudle lapho liseyisibungu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngesikhathi yokuzalela izilwane zasemhlabeni baye emuva amanzi. Lokhu kukwenza ungakwazi kakhulu Izindawo zabo futhi imikhawulo ukunyakaza. Kuphela izinhlobo ezimbalwa baye ngiyijwayele impilo kude amadamu. Anikeza kuye kwamiswa lokuzalwa enzalweni. Yingakho lezi izilwane zibizwa ngokuthi semi yasemanzini.

Amphibians - the lokuqala chordates, ezahlela nasemilenzeni. Ngenxa yalesi esikhathini esidlule, bakwazi ukungena ezweni. Yiqiniso, kuye kwabangela izinguquko eziningi zalezi izilwane akuyona kuphela yokwakheka kodwa bokuphila. Kuqhathaniswa zinhlobo ezisele medium aqueous e izilwane zasemhlabeni esifubeni ezibanzi ngaphezulu. Lokhu kuye kwaba negalelo ekuthuthukisweni nokuba yinkimbinkimbi emaphashini. Amphibians phelelisa izinhlaka yokuzwa nokubona.

kwendawo izilwane zasemhlabeni

Zesivikelo njengezilwane ezihuquzelayo, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni kungcono ukuhlala e izindawo ezifudumele. Ngokuvamile, frog atholakala ezindaweni zokulahla eduze kwamanzi. Kodwa kungabonwa futhi ezimfundeni namahlathi, ikakhulukazi ngemva kwemvula enamandla. Ezinye izinhlobo zawo asachuma ezingwadule. Ngokwesibonelo, iselesele Australia. It is abakayijwayeli ukuzwa esadonsa isikhathi eside. Ezimweni ezinjalo, abanye amaxoxo ngabe wafa ngokushesha. Kodwa uye wafunda buthelela umswakama kubalulekile emaphaketheni ongama ngezinkathi zemvula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kule nkathi, ke eveza, ebeka amaqanda e amaxhaphozi. Tadpoles ukuguqulwa okuphelele inyanga eyodwa kuphela. iselesele Australian ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu ngohlobo lwaso, hhayi kuphela wathola indlela yokubasiza sizale abantwana, kodwa futhi ngempumelelo bafune bona babhale.

Umehluko phakathi kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo kusukela izilwane zasemhlabeni

Nakuba unganakile kubonakala sengathi izilwane zasemhlabeni azihlukile kakhulu kusukela ezihuquzelayo, akunjalo. Empeleni, kufana akuzona okungaka. Amphibians kukhona izitho kancane ethuthukile futhi ithuthukiswe kuka isigaba ezihuquzelayo, isibonelo - izibungu amphibian babe gills, kuyilapho inzalo silwane sizalwa ukukhanya elakhiwe. Uzokwenza kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi zintulo, namaselesele nezimfudu, ngisho inyoka kungase ephila kahle endaweni eyodwa kwesigubhu. Ngakho-ke, abanye ungayiboni kokungafani okukhulu kulezi squads, ngokuvamile udidekile ngubani ongubani. Kodwa umehluko oyisisekelo ungavumeli ukuba sihlanganise lezi zinhlobo ekilasini efanayo. Amphibians njalo zincike izindawo zokuhlala, ie kwesigubhu, ezimweni eziningi abakwazi ukushiya. Njengoba ezihuquzelayo awafani. Uma kwenzeka nesomiso bangase bathathe uhambo iDemo futhi uthole indawo ekahle.

Lokhu kungenzeka kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi isikhumba ezihuquzelayo embozwe izikali Horny ukuthi ungavumeli umswakama shabalala. Sezilwane ezihuquzelayo isikhumba akububonisi nezindlala secrete isikhwehlela, ngakho-ke njalo ezomile. umzimba wabo ivikelwe kusuka iphele ukuphuma obanika inzuzo ahlukile sezulu esomile. Ukuze ezihuquzelayo libhekene molting. Ngokwesibonelo, umzimba inyoka ikhula phakade. isikhumba sakhe "zingagugi." Bona zivimbela ukukhula, ngakho unyaka ngamunye sona "Ukuhlela kabusha" kubo. Amphibians nqunu isikhumba. Kuyinto ecebile nezindlala secrete isikhwehlela. Kodwa-ke ungathola ukushisa unhlangothi phakathi kakhulu ukushisa amphibian.

Amadlozi ezihuquzelayo nezilwane eziphila ezweni

Okhokho balezi izilwane zasemhlabeni babe inhlanzi crossopterygian. Kusukela amaphiko abo abhanqiwe futhi kamuva kwakhiwa nemilenze emihlanu kwabonakala. Sakhiwo sangaphandle ezihuquzelayo abonisa ukuthi okhokho babo babe ezihuquzelayo. Lokhu kufakazelwa kokubili yokwakheka ngazo nezinto ezifana ngazo bokuphila. Phakathi yezilwane ezinomgogodla, bayizithunywa amayunithi wokuqala kwesokunxele imvelo yasemanzini, waya ogwini. Ukuze izinkulungwane eziningi zeminyaka, banayo igunya phezu kwezinye. It aqede lesi wokubusa ezincelisayo. Kungani kwenzekile, hhayi indlela yokwazi ngokuqinisekile. Kukhona ezizathwini eziningi, eziningi zazo okusekelwe ebufakazini obungenakuphikwa. Lokhu inhlekelele yembulunga yonke kubangelwa kokuwa kwemvula yezinkanyezi ezinomsila, futhi ukuvela izitshalo zom nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ngemva kwalokho, ezihuquzelayo abaningi emuva ku imvelo yasemanzini. Kodwa izibilini base ngempela efanelekayo ukuphila ezweni. Okwamanje, ummeleli zinhlobo sinjalo ufudu ulwandle.

Umehluko kule nokwakheka kwezitho

Izilwane zasemhlabeni, ezihuquzelayo umoya ozungeze umhlaba wethu ukudlula emaphashini. Kodwa izibungu amphibian zigcinwa zokuphefumula. Awezinyoka futhi akudingeki kubo. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ezihuquzelayo eziyinkimbinkimbi isimiso sezinzwa. Sinenkosi iziqalo ye-cerebral cortex, cerebellum, nezinzwa esithuthuke kabanzana. Izingwenya, izibankwa Unwabu zingcono ngiyijwayele impilo ezweni. Sinenkosi ukuzwa ephelele, emehlweni, sezingeni elithuthukile kanye nezinhlaka ukunambitheka, ukuhogela. Okuzwa ukudla njengoba e izilwane zasemhlabeni cishe lingekho. Nakuba zinamandla ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu, ngomuzwa ojulile iphunga.

Ngo ezihuquzelayo nzima izinhlelo kwegazi futhi excretory. Igazi labo e imikhumbi emikhulu is best ihlukaniswe lwemithambo futhi emithambo yegazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilwane ezihuquzelayo wanyamalala izitsha cutaneous, okuyinto kahle ithuthukiswe izilwane zasemhlabeni. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi cishe isigamu sezindela amaxoxo oxygen ne zintulo okulungiselelwe kwezimila cutaneous. Ngaphansi kwamanzi, bengasebenzisi emaphashini. Awezinyoka naye ngokufanayo ayikwazi athole umoya-mpilo. Ngakho-ke isikhumba ekhipha igazi enhliziyweni nelifakayo akudingeki kubo. Bona ukuphefumula kwamaphaphu ithatha athuthukiswe kahle.

Izilwane zasemhlabeni, ezihuquzelayo inombolo ehlukile emgogodleni. Ngo ezihuquzelayo, kukhona ezinhlanu, nezilwane eziphila ezweni - ezine. Ngo zinhlobo waphansi kungekho izimbambo.

Umehluko izindlela esiphelweni

Fish, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni, ezihuquzelayo imodi ehluke esiphelweni. Awezinyoka fertilization yangaphakathi. Amaqanda akhiwa ngaphakathi zesifazane. Khona-ke, njengoba umthetho, it kubabeka emgodini igodi futhi iphathwa dropwise phezulu. Ngokufanayo behave fana izingwenya nezimfudu. dweba Young kuhlakulelwe ngokugcwele, kusukela abadala bayehluka kuphela ubukhulu. Kukhona futhi nezilwane ezihuquzelayo viviparous. Bona 'bayazalwa' ezweni ingane kwakheka igobolondo obunesikhumba. Le ndlela esiphelweni umuntu azalwa nalo lokuhlaziya ezinye izinhlobo izinyoka. ingane Born ephula isikhumba futhi inyonyoba. Uhola ukuphila ezimele. Kuyinto ikhono ukwenza amaqanda ku Dura wanika inzuzo eziguquguqukayo ezihuquzelayo ukuze izilwane zasemhlabeni. Lokhu sekwenze kwaba lula ukuzilungisa ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba. Zikhona emahlathini, ogwadule izintaba namathafa. Izici isakhiwo ezihuquzelayo kanye sondela them zwa ngaphakathi emanzini.

Ngo izilwane zasemhlabeni zizalela kwenzeka ku ichibi. Izinsikazi eziyizimbangela emanzini. Kukhona futhi bavunyelwe kwabesilisa isidoda ukuthi ivundisa iqanda. dweba Okokuqala zibe izibungu. Kuphela ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbili noma ezintathu, ekugcineni abe abasha.

Indlela Yokuphila ezihuquzelayo nezilwane eziphila ezweni

izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni abaningi bezalwa kuphela emanzini, nakho konke ukuphila omdala abasichitha bebuka umhlaba. Kodwa kukhona izinhlobo izilwane zasemhlabeni ezifana zintulo, okuyinto musa ukushiya imvelo yasemanzini. Uma imimoya ibhokile, ezifana zinhlobo umhlaba njengelifa lawo njengaleti amaxoxo, Toads ubuya ichibi. Zidla on isitshalo izilwane zasemhlabeni ukudla ezingenamgogodla. Bahlala isikhathi eside. Ezinye izinhlobo zama-amaxoxo abangaphila ngendlela evumelana iminyaka 8, futhi zintulo - iminyaka engu-3 kuphela.

Izici ezihuquzelayo wukuthi abazi kuxhomeke emanzini. Bayakwazi nande, e ukungezwakali kwawo. Awezinyoka ukudla okunhlobonhlobo. Ukudla siqukethe izibankwa ezincane, izinambuzane. Snake ukuzingelwa namagundane. Angadla ukudla okuyingxenye futhi namaqanda ezinyoni. Izingwenya nezibankwa uncamela ezincelisayo herbivorous - izinyamazane, izinyamazane ngisho ezinkulu inyathi amanzi. Turtles ukudla imifino. Awezinyoka - eyikhulu yangempela. izimfudu Found, ogama yobudala eseneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-200. Izingwenya bangaphila iminyaka engu-80, futhi izinyoka, izibankwa - 50.

okutholakele

Awezinyoka bengafani izilwane zasemhlabeni ku nemingcele ezilandelayo:

Idatha yendawo 1.. Amphibians uthanda izindawo zokulahla ezimanzi eduze kwamanzi. Awezinyoka kungukuthi ezihlobene amanzi.

2. Isikhumba ezihuquzelayo akububonisi nezindlala. Kuyinto ezomile futhi wambozwa izikali. Ngo izilwane zasemhlabeni it is, kunalokho, ligcwele nezindlala ukuthi secrete esiningi isikhwehlela.

3. ezihuquzelayo nobuntu molt.

4. Amadlozi ezihuquzelayo - izilwane zasemhlabeni.

5. Awezinyoka atfutfuke kakhulu futhi yacwengisisa izinhlelo sezinzwa futhi kwegazi.

6. izingwenya, izibankwa, izinyoka kanye nezinye izilwane fertilization yangaphakathi.

7. izilwane zasemhlabeni ezine emgogodleni, nezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinhlanu. Lokhu ukufana ezincelisayo, ezihuquzelayo.

amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo

I ezihuquzelayo enkulu kunazo obabukhona emhlabeni, kukhona izibankwakazi. Bona wanyamalala iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-65 edlule. Bona ahlala nolwandle, nomhlabathi. Ezinye izinhlobo zawo esekwazi ukundiza. Okwamanje, iningi ezihuquzelayo lasendulo kukhona izimfudu. Ziyakwazi iminyaka engaphezu kuka-300 million. Zaba khona ngenkathi izibankwakazi. Kamuva ngabo kwafika izingwenya lokuqala nezibankwa (isithombe bona ingabonwa lesi sihloko). Izinyoka kuyinto iminyaka eyizigidi "kuphela" 20. Lena ukubukeka kuqhathaniswa bobusha. Yize imvelaphi yabo okwamanje omunye yezimfihlakalo ezinkulu eziphilayo.