Aristotle ontology: incazelo, ngokuyisisekelo nokubonwa. Ontology kanye logic Aristotelian

Ifilosofi kuwumphumela nolwazi enokwehla nokuxhumana eqele ngalé kubo, isb. E. Episteme. Ngakho-Aristotle siqophisane. Ontology, yena ahanjiselwe ingxoxo emphakathini, uye ayedumile ngamazwe futhi wakwazi ukukhazimulisa igama lakhe kuwo wonke umlando. Yena - umzali logic, umsunguli kwenza, umfundi engcono Umphikisi evuthayo uPlato.

ontology

Ontology - igatsha isayensi nefilosofi, echaza izimiso ka nucleation kokuba oyiyo, amaphethini ukuthuthukiswa nezinye izinhlobo zayo ezihlukahlukene isimo sokugcina. It zingaguqulwa ngokuvumelana nezidingo yobudala futhi ezingeni bolwazi lwabantu, kanye bedle izikole ezihlukahlukene yokucabanga. Yilesi isizathu esenza ukuba uhlelo wefilosofi ngamunye has ontology ayo, yehlukile kulaba abanye, futhi siyashintsha nge ukuthuthukiswa kwalesi simiso.

Endaweni ehlukile, kwakubikwa ontology Aristotle. essence yayo, lenani ulwazi kohlelo wukuthi umlobi owethulwa ezimbalwa ivulekele ingxoxo ezindabeni ezinjengalezi:

1. Ingabe wokuba lapho?

2. Uyini umqondo waphezulu, futhi uma ekhona?

3. Uzoba kuphi lowo ukuguqulwa ndaba ngesimo umugqa?

Lokho u-Aristotle ahlukaniswe isayensi nje kusukela nefilosofi, futhi uye ahlukaniswe ngokwayo ibe izingxenye ezimbili. Esikhathini lokuqala, Metaphysics okuthiwa, waqonda mphendvulo, imibuzo abstract, ogama njongo kwaba njengelungelo ukuqonda incazelo yokuphila komuntu iyisikhathi esingakanani. Eyesibili equkethwe imicabango ucace kakhulu mayelana indoda zezwe kanye nesimo idivayisi, imithetho umphakathi futhi sikhonze njengoFakazi elinye ithuluzi cognition.

Ifomu kanye Matter

Ukuba izwe umgomo kungaqondakala nokuhlaziwa ngokusebenzisa izinzwa - umbono phambili ka-Aristotle. Ontology nefilosofi bakhe babephikisana ngokuthi ukuba khona ubunye ifomu kanye lutho, futhi "daba" - leli yithuba ngesimo samuntu, i "ifomu" - lokhu nenhlalakahle, ngokoqobo ndaba. Nokho Into ubeqhakambisa ifomu nezinto ezidaliwe, futhi kungase kushintshe, bahamba ngezinyawo besuka kwenye ithuba omunye. Kodwa ekugcineni kuza esigabeni sokugcina ukuguqulwa. Futhi mhlawumbe ukuthi iyona ndaba, is actualized ifomu ngokuphelele.

Izizathu izinguquko

Ontology futhi epistemology Aristotle ukuphakamisa izizathu ezine ngenxa kokuhlukana zomhlaba:

1. isizathu loluhlelekile kubalulekile kwenelisa tidzingo uhlelo ukuguqulwa.
2. Material, ie umsebenzi substrate.
3. Action - amandla oguqula substrate.
4. imbangela Final - umphumela ekupheleni izinguquko ezazifunwa into.

Uma kuziwa akukho mayelana ethile nodaba noma into, kodwa mayelana umhlaba jikelele, u-Aristotle, ogama ontology akaphiki khona ngalolu daba kuphela, kodwa futhi ezinye izinhlobo emhlabeni, hhayi kufinyeleleke ukuqonda kwethu, uthi izwe siyahamba njalo. Lokucabanga ukuthi ngesinye ke uzoyeka, ngeke bakwazi, ngoba okudingeka uyenze bangafuni. Futhi 'ungahlala kanjani khona isenzo kusukela ngaphandle, uma ukunyakaza emhlabeni kumile? Kukhona oyinhloko walelo, angaphatheki ukushayela force lecinisekisa izwe lethu ukunyakaza njalo. Aristotle wabonisana. Philosophy, okuhlanganisa i nokucabanga ontology ukuthi kukhona a esiphakade ezinyakazayo umshini, ugcizelela ukuthi akusho lutho, futhi ngenxa yalokho - kuyinto incorporeal. Ifomu elicwengekileyo of amandla ngaphandle ifomu - ingqondo (noma isizathu okumsulwa). Ngakho, isizathu siwukuthi ukuba khona kakhulu lokhu kuqonda.

epistemology

Le ngxenye nefilosofi okhuluma ulwazi torii, ukugxeka kwabo, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nobufakazi. Kuyinto lesi siyalo ukuqonda, angasebenza ulwazi zefilosofi emhlabeni wangempela, noma ahlale iziphetho kuphela. Umthombo wolwazi, njengoba wazi - kungcono okuhlangenwe nakho. okuyigugu ngokukhethekile ukwazi ukuthi ubizwa obuzwiwa umcwaningi ngokwami. inkinga cognition kwakuthandeka isikhathi nefilosofi hhayi kwesokunxele eceleni, u-Aristotle, esasihlanganisa ontology nokuqonda yenqubo yokuthola ulwazi, ithuthukiswe bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe.

ithiyori yolwazi

Iphuzu kokuqala kwanqunywa ukuba athathe yokuthi, ngaphezu isihloko umcwaningi, azikho wancika ngokwengeziwe ukuba semthethweni intando yakhe. Uthi ngokwazi ukuthi ukunikeza izinzwa, kukhona ezifana nalezo ukuthi sithola wabopha ngabhande linye. Futhi, kanye cwaningo yezingxenye esisemthethweni lutho thina kanyekanye azibonayo yobuntu bakhe. Kuyinto le nhlanganisela kobufakazi enokwehla nokucabangisisa okunengqondo lisenza siqonde ukugcwala iqiniso.

Eqinisweni

Ukunqunywa okushiwo sokuqala nesesibili isihloko kuqukethe ontology Aristotle. Ingqikithi yalo iwukuba: ukubaluleka ubuntu izinto ungaphakathi inqubo cognition. Inhlangano yokuqala - yilokho isihloko uyezwa ngalolu isihloko inqubo bezibona sezinzwa, kanti eyesibili - a esuselwe ke. Inhlangano yesibili akuvezi zonke ezicashile khona ngabanye, futhi ezingaphezu noma izizukulwane izici.

uthisha

Anthology kaPlato no-Aristotle uhlola ngokujulile nomqondo indoda futhi isimo. Futhi nakuba kwezinye izindawo babenza bukhomba, ikakhulukazi emibonweni yabo kuyaphikisana nezinye. Ngokusho theory kaPlato, umuntu ahlala ngesikhathi esisodwa nje ezintweni eziphathelene nobuchwepheshe ezingokwenyama nezingokomoya khona. Futhi uma umzimba isici yonke into icacile, ukuthi umphefumulo kungathatha ezihlukahlukene ukucupha. Kulesi sisekelo, ukwaba izinhlobo zabantu abanemizimba umsebenzi onzima, lokusungula, silondoloze ukuhleleka, ukulawula abanye abantu nokunye. D. ekahle isimo wonke umuntu endaweni, ebusa idyll.

Aristotle has a nombono ohlukile, nakuba imfundiso yakhe nakancane kakhulu. Ngokusho kwakhe, isimo ekahle - eyodwa lapho bonke impahla lihlukaniswe ngokulinganayo phakathi kwabantu, futhi ulisebenzise kahle, khona-ke akukho ukushayisana, zonke sokuphila ngokuvumelana nalo nomunye.

Naphezu linye, imibuzo ephathelene ubugqila, ukuvela isimo futhi izimiso zalo zisebenza ukuphathwa, zicatshangelwa kokubili pundits cishe ngokulinganayo.