Amandla enuzi ngokuhlakaza: izimiso ezisebenza, futhi iyunithi wesifunda

Design kanye ne-operation ye-enuzi ngokuhlakaza esekelwe Ukuqalisa nokuzithiba asekela i-imeyli engahlonziwe. Lisetshenziswa njengendlela ithuluzi lokucwaninga ukwenziwa isotopes enemisebe futhi njengoba umthombo energy for enuzi izitshalo amandla.

amandla enuzi ngokuhlakaza: isimiso wokusebenza (dlala)

Isetshenziswa lapha ukuqoqwa inqubo lapho i-nucleus esindayo Ihlukana kuzicucu ezimbili ezincane. Lezi ineminyaka esimweni ujabule kakhulu futhi ihlaba umkhosi neutrons, nezinye izinhlayiya subatomic futhi izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya. Neutrons kungabangela izigaba ngenxa ezingamalungu sasikhipha nakakhulu, nokunye. Le nombolo okuqhubekayo self asekela ka disintegrations ngokuthi chain reaction. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inani elikhulu amandla, ukukhiqizwa kwanoma yiziphi inhloso ukusetshenziswa amandla enuzi.

Umgomo we operation ye enuzi kanye isikhungo esiphehla ugesi wenuzi kangangokuthi 85% amandla amakoloni eqhekeza ikhishwe kungakapheli isikhathi esifushane kakhulu ngemva kokuqala ukuphendula. Ingxenye esele kuveza ekonakaleni enemisebe imikhiqizo ukuqoqwa, ngemva balahla neutrons. kwamazinyo Radioactive yinqubo lapho athomu ifinyelela isimo izinze. Waqhubeka futhi emva division.

I-athomu ibhomu chain reaction kwandisa ngamandla, kuze iningi impahla uzobe zahlukana. Lokhu kwenzeka ngokushesha kakhulu, ikhiqiza i ukuqhuma elinamandla kakhulu nobuntu amabhomu ezinjalo. Mechanism nokusebenza a enuzi ngokuhlakaza isekelwe esimisweni nokugcina chain reaction on ezilungisiwe ezingeni cishe njalo. It yakhelwe ukuze qhumisa ibhomu njengoba le-athomu bengayi.

Chain Reaction nokugxeka

Physics ukuqoqwa ophendulayo kunqunywa ukuthi okungenzeka chain reaction emva ukuqoqwa kwemibhalo neutron ekushayweni. Uma labantu yamuva incipha, ngesilinganiso ukuhlukana ukuphela ziyokuwa zero. Kulesi simo ophendulayo kuzoba isimo subcritical. Uma labantu neutron inakekelwa ezingeni njalo, izinga ukuqoqwa ngeke sizinzile. I ophendulayo kuyoba usesimweni esibucayi. Futhi ekugcineni, uma ngokuhamba kwesikhathi sabantu neutron ikhula, uhlukanisa isivinini namandla kuyokhula. isimo core iba supercritical.

Umgomo we operation ye enuzi ngokuhlakaza esilandelayo. Ngaphambi kokuqala labantu neutron iseduze zero. Khona-ke, opharetha ukususa izinduku ukulawula kusukela core, okwandisa cores division oguqula okwesikhashana ophendulayo esimweni supercritical. Ngemva kokufinyelela ukalwe amandla opharetha ngokwengxenye wabuya ukulawula izinduku, ukulungisa inani neutrons. Ngemva kwalokho ophendulayo inakekelwa usesimweni esibucayi. Lapho kubalulekile ukuba ayeke, opharetha ifaka izinduku ngokuphelele. Lokhu suppresses ophikweni olunamandla futhi ubeka core esimweni subcritical.

izinhlobo sikhungo

Iningi amandla ekhona idala ukushisa ezidingekayo ukushayela abaphehla ugesi, okuyiyona efuqa ugesi ka kukagesi ukufaka zenuzi emhlabeni. Futhi, ziningi sikhungo ucwaningo, futhi kwamanye amazwe babe ngwenya noma imikhumbi surface, eliqhutshwa amandla ye-athomu.

izitshalo amandla

Kukhona Kunezinhlobo eziningi lolu hlobo ophendulayo, kodwa kabanzi bamukela umklamo wamanzi ukukhanya. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, ingasetshenziswa emanzini Umfutho noma amanzi abilayo. Esimweni sokuqala ketshezi umfutho ophakeme ukufuthelana ngu ukushisa core bese engena generator umusi. Lapho, yokushisa okuvela eyinhloko circuit yesibili sidlulile, eminye ehlanganisa amanzi. Isitimu elakhiwe ekugcineni ukhonza njengoba uketshezi ukusebenza emjikelezweni umusi ophephela.

I ophendulayo uhlobo ukubila isebenza isimiso ngqo amandla umjikelezo. Amanzi edabula core, alethwe ngamathumba phezu naphakathi ingcindezi ezingeni. umusi ayegcwele sidlula uchungechunge separators kanye dryers okungadingeki e isitsha ophendulayo, okuholela esimweni saso sverhperegretoe. Esishisa bhé umusi lisetshenziselwa njengoba uketshezi esebenzayo, ophephela ligijima.

High-izinga lokushisa igesi selehlile

High-izinga lokushisa ophendulayo igesi selehlile (HTGR) - a enuzi, isimiso wokusebenza kusekelwe ukusetshenziswa graphite njengoba inhlanganisela fuel amafutha kanye microspheres. Kukhona imiklamo emibili ukuncintisana:

• German "Okuxekethile ukugcwalisa" uhlelo, olusebenzisa izakhi fuel eyindilinga 60 mm ububanzi, ehlanganisa ingxube amafutha kanye graphite in a igobolondo graphite;
• version American we amaphrizimu graphite olunezinhlangothi ukuthi interlock ukudala ekujuleni kwenhliziyo.

Kuzo zombili lezi zimo, uketshezi ukupholisa siqukethe helium kwengcindezi lube ngu-100 eziphindwe. I-German uhlelo helium sidlula izikhala ungqimba eyindilinga izakhi fuel, futhi US - ngokusebenzisa ukuvuleka e-amaphrizimu graphite wahlela kanye eksisi eyinhloko core ophendulayo. Bobabili ongakhetha ongasebenza ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu, ngoba graphite ine Sublimation lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu, ne-helium inert amakhemikhali ngokuphelele. helium Zezıhlabane ingasetshenziswa ngqo njengoba uketshezi usebenza a ophephela igesi ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu noma ukushisa lingasetshenziswa yokwenza amanzi umusi umjikelezo.

Liquid-metal enuzi ngokuhlakaza: wesifunda futhi isimiso ukusebenza

sikhungo okusheshayo sodium kokupholisayo akunakwa esijana 1960-1970 sika. Khona-ke kubonakala sengathi ukuphela ikhono ukusebenza kwawo ukuze likhiqize fuel zenuzi esikhathini esizayo esiseduze ziyadingeka zokukhiqiza uphethiloli okwesikhathi umkhakha yenuzi ngokushesha socwaningo. Lapho kuba sobala ukuthi ezinalweli Kuyiphutha, intshiseko kwancipha 1980. Nokho, e-United States, e-Russia, France, Britain, Japan kanye eJalimane eyakhelwe uchungechunge sikhungo yalolu hlobo. Iningi lazo ukusebenza uranium dioxide noma inhlanganisela plutonium dioxide. Nokho, e-United States, impumelelo enkulu yafinyelelwa ngophethiloli metal.

iCandu

Canada uye wagxilisa imizamo yayo phezu sikhungo, asebenzisa i-uranium zemvelo. Lokhu kungabi nesidingo nokunonophala yayo ukusebenzisa ezinkonzweni kwamanye amazwe. Waba yini umphumela walesi Inqubomgomo kwaba ophendulayo deuterium-uranium (iCandu). Lawula futhi iyapholisa yathela amanzi esindayo. Design kanye ne-operation ye-enuzi ngokuhlakaza ukusebenzisa ithangi D abandayo ₂ O at umfutho womoya. endaweni Active kwakwande amashubhu of zirconium ingxubevange kukawoyela uranium zemvelo, lapho ukhiphela ukupholisa amanzi elisindayo. Ugesi ikhiqizwa sokuhlukanisa ukudluliswa ukushisa in esindayo amanzi Isibandisi, okuyinto lalikhona ngokusebenzisa generator umusi. Isitimu kumjikelezo yesibili bese sidlula a ophephela umjikelezo ezivamile.

ucwaningo izindawo

Ukuze ucwaninge enuzi ngokuhlakaza uvame esetshenziswa, isimiso esakhiwa ngo ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi Ukupholisa ipuleti kanye nokwe-uranium-fuel izakhi ifomu emabandleni. Okwazi ezisebenza anhlobonhlobo amazinga amandla avela kilowatts abangamakhulu ambalwa megawatts. Njengoba amandla isizukulwane akuyona inhloso eyinhloko sikhungo ucwaningo, basuke libhekene energy ezishisayo elakhiwe, kanye kwabantu core okuzisholo amandla neutrons. Kuyinto lezi nemingcele kuzosiza kwezakhi ikhono a ophendulayo ucwaningo ukuze afeze izifundo ezithile. Low-amandla izinhlelo bathambekele usebenze emanyuvesi kanye asetshenziselwa ukuqeqeshwa, namandla okusezingeni eliphezulu kuyadingeka laboratories ucwaningo ukuhlola izinto kanye nezici, kanye ucwaningo jikelele.

Okuvame kakhulu ucwaningo enuzi, isakhiwo kanye Umgomo we operation kanje. endaweni yayo asebenzayo itholakala phansi enkulu pool ezijulile yamanzi. Lokhu kusiza observation isiteshi Kwabiwa lapho imishayo neutron kungenziwa iqondiswe. Emazingeni aphansi amandla asikho isidingo ukumpompa le Isibandisi, silondoloze isimo ephephile ezisebenza we Ukubika Inkinga YeWindows engokwemvelo kokupholisayo kuqinisekisa eyanele ukushabalalisa ukushisa. I umzimba ukushisa ngokuvamile itholakala phezu noma engxenyeni engenhla wechibi lapho amanzi ashisayo zanqwabelana.

ukufakwa umkhumbi

ukusetshenziswa Original futhi eyinhloko Kuneziteshi zamandla enuzi ukusetshenziswa kwabo ngwenya. inzuzo yabo eyinhloko ukuthi, ngokungafani kuya ombiwa phansi amandla omlilo systems ugesi bona angadingi emoyeni. Ngenxa yalokho, ngwenya yenuzi ingahlala ngaphansi kwamanzi isikhathi eside, futhi ezivamile ingenakukwazi kagesi ngwenya kumele ngezikhathi ifike kwamanzi, ukusebenzisa umoya wabo izinjini. amandla enuzi ihlinzeka amasu inzuzo Navy emikhunjini. Ngenxa wakhe, asikho isidingo ukuba ifake uphethiloli izintuba angaphandle noma emathangini avuzayo kalula sengozini.

Umgomo we operation ye enuzi ngokuhlakaza ku umkhumbi oluthathwa. Nokho, kuyaziwa ukuthi e-USA lisebenzisa i-uranium abasizakali kakhulu, kanye deceleration kanye nokupholisa amanzi ukukhanya. Umklamo we ophendulayo lokuqala ngwenya yenuzi USS Nautilus ukuthi kakhulu ukuthonywa ukufaka ucwaningo enamandla. Sici Its ihluke eliphezulu kakhulu reactivity wekhasi, ukuhlinzeka enkathini eyisikhathi ukusebenza ngaphandle refueling kanye nekhono kabusha ngemva kokumisa. Ugesi esiteshini ngwenya kumelwe abe ethule kakhulu, ukuze bangabanjwa. Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezithile amakilasi ezahlukene ngwenya onobuhle ezahlukene zezitshalo amandla sezisunguliwe.

US Navy on yezinkampani izindiza wasebenzisa amandla enuzi ngokuhlakaza, isimiso okukholelwa ukuthi lathathwa ngwenya ngobukhulu. Imininingwane ukwakhiwa yabo futhi engakaze ishicilelwe.

Ngaphandle-United States, ngwenya zenuzi zihlale e-UK, France, i-Russia, i-China ne-India. Esimweni ngasinye, umklamo walo hhayi wachazela, kodwa kunenkolelo yokuthi zonke zicishe zifane kakhulu - lokhu is phetho nezidingo okufanayo izici lobuchwepheshe. Russia Ubuye imikhumbi encane ka icebreakers zenuzi, okuyinto kusungulwa ophendulayo efanayo e-ngwenya-Soviet.

ukufaka zezimboni

Ngezinhloso ukukhiqizwa kwezikhali grade plutonium-239 isebenzisa amandla enuzi ngokuhlakaza, isimiso esakhiwa ngo umkhiqizo eliphezulu ongaphakeme ezingeni amandla. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukuhlala kwesikhathi eside plutonium e umnyombo kuholela ekuqongeleleni engadingeki ²⁴⁰ Pu.

ukukhiqizwa tritium

Okwamanje, izinto eziyinhloko itholakala nge izinhlelo ezinjalo kuba tritium ⁽³ H noma T) - ukukhokhiswa hydrogen amabhomu. Plutonium-239 has a eside isigamu-ukuphila iminyaka 24.100, ngakho izwe ngezikhali zenuzi ezisebenzisa lesi sici, njengoba umthetho, yiba nalo kakhulu kubantu kunokuba kufanele. Ngokungafani ²³⁹ Pu, nenxenye impilo tritium Uneminyaka ecishe ibe u-12. Ngakho, ukuze alondoloze yokusungula kudingeka, lokhu IKhompyuthaYami enemisebe hydrogen kumele kwenziwe njalo. E-US, eMfuleni Savannah (South Carolina), isibonelo, has eziningana sikhungo amanzi esindayo, okuyinto ukukhiqiza tritium.

amandla elintantayo

Yakhiwe ngu- Kuneziteshi zamandla enuzi, uyakwazi ukuhlinzeka ugesi kanye umusi Ukushisa ukususwa ezindaweni eziqhelile. ERussia, isibonelo, sathola amandla izinhlelo ezincane, eziklanyelwe ukuze bamukele nemizana Arctic. EChina, izimpahla 10-megawatt isitshalo HTR-10 ukufudumeza nocwaningo amandla kagesi sikhungo, lapho itholakala. Kutfutfukiswa sikhungo encane elawulwa ngokuzenzakalela ne amakhono efanayo abazenzi eSweden nase-Canada. Phakathi 1960 futhi 1972, iButho Lempi Lase esetshenziswa sikhungo amanzi compact ukunikeza elisekela ezikude Greenland kanye Antarctica. Bona kwathathelwa indawo uphethiloli uwoyela izitshalo amandla.

ukuhlola umkhathi

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulesi sikhungo yayiklanyelwe amandla ukunyakaza emkhathini. Esikhathini kusuka 1967 kuya 1988, iSoviet Union wasungula ukufaka encane yenuzi phezu "Kosmos" iziphuphutheki ukuze awunikeze imishini futhi telemetry, kodwa le nqubomgomo isibe okuqondiswe ukugxekwa. Okungenani eyodwa yalezi iziphuphutheki langena emkhathini woMhlaba, okubangela kwazo imisebe ezicezile Canada. I-United States umkhankaso satellite eyodwa nje kuphela amandla enuzi ngokuhlakaza ngo-1965. Nokho, imiklamo ngokusebenzisa emkhathini ohambweni ezijulile, ucwaningo bavimba kwamanye amaplanethi noma esisekelweni unomphela kwenyanga ziyaqhubeka zisungulwa. Lona isiqiniseko ukuba ophendulayo igesi selehlile noma uketshezi-metal yenuzi, izimiso zabo ezingokomzimba okunikeza ephakeme kakhulu izinga lokushisa ezidingekayo ukunciphisa usayizi kurediyetha. Futhi, isikhala ophendulayo imishini ukuba njengoba icwecwe ngangokunokwenzeka ukunciphisa inani ezazisetshenziselwa ukwenza lo ukuzivikela, futhi ukunciphisa isisindo ngesikhathi kwethulwa futhi isikhala indiza. umthamo Okokhelekayo kuzoqinisekisa ukusebenza kwe-ophendulayo kuze kuphele isikhathi indiza emkhathini.