Alexei Gorky. Maxim Gorky. U-Aleksey Maksimovich Peshkov: Biography, lokusungula

Uma ucela: "Ucabangani ngomsebenzi Alekseya Gorkogo", bambalwa kakhulu abantu bazokwazi ukuphendula lo mbuzo. Futhi akusiyo ngoba laba bantu musa ukufunda, futhi ngenxa yokuthi akubona bonke bazi futhi khumbula ukuthi lena umbhali odumile Maxim Gorky. Futhi uma unquma nakakhulu izinkinga umsebenzi, buza ngemisebenzi Alekseya Peshkova. Lapha ngokunembile ambalwa nje uzokhumbula ukuthi igama langempela Alekseya Gorkogo. Kwakungekhona nje umbhali kodwa futhi isibalo somphakathi asebenzayo. Njengoba wazi, sizogxila umlobi kazwelonke ngempela - Maxim Gorky.

Izingane kanye nentsha

Iminyaka yokuphila Gorky (Peshkov) Alekseya Maksimovicha - 1868-1936. Bafika-ke isikhathi ezingokomlando ezibalulekile. Biography Alekseya Gorkogo engenakulibaleka, uthome kakhulu zasebuntwaneni bakhe. Idolobhana emzini owayiloba Nizhny Novgorod. Uyise, Maxim Peshkov, eyayiphethe inkampani steamship, washona eneminyaka engu-3 ubudala. Ngemva kokufa unina umyeni Alesha washada. Akusikho, lapho eneminyaka engu-11 ubudala. imfundo eyengeziwe Alexei abasha eyingoduso Umkhulu.

Njengoba umfana oneminyaka engu-11 ubudala, umbhali ngekusasa uye "yiya abantu" - wazakhela isinkwa sakhe. Ngubani yena nje ayisebenzi: kwakukhona wombhaki, isithunywa usebenza esitolo, a Umshini wokuwasha izitsha endaweni yokudlela. Ngokungafani Umkhulu esikebheni, ugogo wayengowesifazane ezinhle nokholwa kanye Umxoxi okukhulu. It wayengadlali owafaka Maksimu Gorkomu uthando lokufunda.

Ngo-1887, umlobi ezama ukuzibulala azolibhubhisa ukuxhumana imizwa esindayo kubangelwa izindaba sokufa kagogo wakhe. Ngenhlanhla, wasinda - inhlamvu akazange hit inhliziyo, kodwa emaphashini ezilimele, okwabangela izinkinga umgudu wokuphefumula.

Ukuphila umbhali esizayo kwakunzima, futhi kabaze baba lakho ukuma, wabaleka ekhaya. Umfana bazulazula eziningi kulo lonke izwe, babone iqiniso zokuphila, kodwa ngokuyisimangaliso wakwazi ukugcina ukholo Man ekahle. Uchaza ukuphila zakhe zasebuntwaneni endlini kakhokho wakhe ngo "Ukukhuluphala" - ingxenye yokuqala trilogy wakhe ngokuphila.

Ngo-1884, u-Alexei Gorky wazama ukungena University of Kazan, kodwa ngenxa yesimo sabo sezimali bayokwazi ngalokho ukuthi lokhu akunakwenzeka. Phakathi nale nkathi, umbhali esizayo uqala gravitate kuya nefilosofi romantic, owawuthi, umuntu ophelele akafani indoda yangempela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ehlangana theory kaMarx futhi baba lweli imibono emisha.

Ukubukeka isibizo

Ngo-1888, umlobi isikhathi esifushane waboshelwa ngokuqondene umbuthano kaMarx N. Fedoseyev. Ngo-1891 wanquma ukuqala uhambo ngokusebenzisa Russia futhi ekugcineni wakwazi ukufinyelela eCaucasus. U-Aleksey Maksimovich njalo wahlanganyela self-imfundo, ukonga nokwandisa ulwazi lwabo emikhakheni ehlukahlukene. Yavuma ukwenza noma yimuphi umsebenzi futhi zonke ezithandwayo zezingoma okuvelayo kwabo, base uvele izindaba zakhe zokuqala. Ngemva kwalokho, wabiza lesi sikhathi "University wami".

Ngo-1982, Gorky babuyela emakhaya futhi wenze izinyathelo zokuqala emkhakheni etemibhalo njengendlela umlobi izinhlelo kulesiya sifundazwe. Ngokokuqala ngqá leli gama lakhe "Gorky" savela kuyi-mnyaka iphephandaba "Tiflis", esanyatheliswa indaba yakhe "Makar Chudra".

Alias awuzange ekhethwe ithuba: wayebhekisela "ebabayo" ukuphila Russian kanye neqiniso lokuthi umlobi batawubhala kuphela iqiniso, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi okumunyu kungenzeka. Maxim Gorky wabona izimpilo zabantu abavamile futhi ayikwazanga nge ishede yayo uhlamvu ukuziba ukungabi nabulungisa ubelokhu ingxenye amakilasi ocebile.

umsebenzi nempumelelo Early

Alexei Gorky imatasa ze, ngoba ayezoba ngaphansi kweso njalo amaphoyisa. Nge Korolenko e 1895 indaba yakhe "Chelkash" lanyatheliswa magazini ngobukhulu Russian. Ukulandela ezanyatheliswa "Old Isergil", "Ingoma Falcon," "abantu zangaphambili". Kwakungafanele ikakhulukazi kusukela iphuzu kwezincwadi buka, kodwa kahle kuhambisana ukubukwa elisha lezombusazwe.

Ngo 1898 wamkhulula incwadi yakhe "tindzaba tekuticambela nematheksthi Stories", okuyinto waziphatha ngokuhlakanipha okungavamile, futhi Maxim Gorky beqashelwa zonke isiRashiya. Ake izindaba zakhe babengekho kwezobuciko kakhulu, kodwa kuchazwa ukuphila zabantu abavamile, kusuka phansi kwakhe ukuthi baletha Alekseyu Peshkovu ukuqashelwa njengoba umbhali kuphela ubhala isigaba aphansi. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwaba ethandwa kakhulu ngendlela L. N. UTolstoy futhi A. P. chehov.

Esikhathini kusuka 1904 kuya 1907 kwalotshwa play "AmaFilisti", "I-Lower Ngokujula", "Izingane Sun", "Summer Folk". Imisebenzi yakhe bokuqala ebengeyena orientation emphakathini, kodwa izinhlamvu khona baneHholo izinhlobo uhlamvu ezihlekela futhi unesimo sengqondo ekhethekile ekuphileni, okuyinto kakhulu efana abafundi.

umsebenzi wamavukelambuso

Umlobi u-Alexei Gorky khona umsekeli oshisekayo intando yeningi kaMarx yomphakathi, ngo-1901 wabhala: "INgoma Stormy Petrel", okwenza kube ukuvukela uMbuso. Ekunyusweni evulekile izinyathelo zokuguqula umbuso, waboshwa futhi badingiselwa kusuka Nizhny Novgorod. Ngo-1902, Gorky wahlangana Lenin ngonyaka efanayo ukhetho yakhe njengoba ilungu Imperial Academy of belles-Ama-eReaders sahoxiswa.

Umlobi kwakunguJohane futhi umhleli omkhulu: kusukela 1901 yena waba inhloko yalawa ukushicilela indlu "Ulwazi", okuyinto eyanyatheliswa abalobi engcono kwesikhathi. Wasekela ukunyakaza wamavukelambuso ngokomoya hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi ngokwezimali. Le ndlu yomlobi esetshenziswa njengoba indlunkulu ngoba wabaholi phambi izenzakalo ezibalulekile. Ngezinye efulethini lakhe Petersburg waze wakhuluma Lenin. Ngemva Disemba kuvukela ahlomile ngo-1905, Maxim Gorky ngoba besaba ukuboshwa ngesikhathi, watimisela kuya Russia.

Ukuphila phesheya

Alexei Gorky waya Finland futhi ukusuka lapho - ziye eNtshonalanga Yurophu okwesikhashana ne-United States, lapho eqoqwe izimali ukulwa amaBolshevik. Ekuqaleni, kwahlangana naye amiably: umbhali svol ajwayelane uTheodore Roosevelt futhi Mark Twain. EMelika, ishicilelwe le noveli yodumo "Umama". Nokho, kamuva, amaMelika waqala ukungakuthandi izenzo zakhe zezombangazwe.

Esikhathini kusuka 1906 kuya 1907, Gorky wahlala esiqhingini Capri, lapho aqhubeka ukusekela amaBolshevik. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwakha theory olukhethekile "unkulunkulu wokwakha". Iphuzu laliwukuthi ukuthi nemagugu emasiko abaluleke ukudlula athi, zezombusazwe. Lo mbono kwaba ngesisekelo "Ukuvuma" kule noveli. Nakuba Lenin sinqatshiwe lezi zinkolelo, umbhali baqhubeka sizilandele.

Buyela Russia

Ngo-1913, u-Aleksey Maksimovich abuyela ezweni lawo. Phakathi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, walahlekelwa ukholo emandleni okuhlenga yomuntu. Ngo-1917, ubuhlobo bakhe wabaholi yawohloka, akayijabulelanga ku abaholi inguquko.

Umunyu uyaqaphela ukuthi yonke imizamo yakhe ukulondoloza nezazi angahlangabezani ukusabela amaBolshevik. Kodwa ngemva kokubulawa Lenin ngo-1918, ubona izinkolelo zabo ezingalungile, futhi wabuyela kubo amaBolshevik. Ngo-1921, naphezu umhlangano siqu Lenin, akakwazi ukuzisindisa kubo ekubulaweni komngane wakhe, imbongi UNikolai Gumilyov. Ngemva kwalokho, washiya KwamaBolshevik eRussia.

kabusha ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe

Mayelana nasekuqiniseni ukuhlaselwa isifo sofuba ku Lenin futhi isicelo ophuthumayo Gorky kwesokunxele Russia e-Italy, ukuba emzini Sorrento. Kube eqeda trilogy wakhe ngokuphila. Ekudingisweni, umlobi isesikhathini 1928, kodwa uyaqhubeka ukulondoloza oxhumana ne-Soviet Union.

Ushiya ngasemuva akanayo imisebenzi tetemibhalo, kodwa wabhala kakade ngokuhambisana izitayela ezintsha etemibhalo. Kude nekhaya wabhala inoveli "I Artamonov Lebhizinisi" izindaba. It waqala umsebenzi omkhulu "The Life of Klim Samgin" ukuthi umlobi wayengacabangi isikhathi ukuze uqede. Mayelana kokufa Lenin, umholi Gorky wabhala incwadi zezinkumbulo mayelana umholi.

Buyela ekhaya, futhi iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe

Alexei Gorky nohambo kaningana oluya eSoviet Union, kodwa abazange bahlale khona. Ngo-1928, ngesikhathi evakashele izwe, waboniswa "phambi" ohlangothini zokuphila. umbhali bencoma babhala ama-eseyi iSoviet Union ngamandla amakhulu.

Ngo-1931 waphindela e-Soviet Union, kube kuhle ngezinye isimemo siqu uStalin. U-Aleksey Maksimovich aqhubeka ebhala izinhlamvu, kodwa imisebenzi yakhe yadumisa umfanekiso Stalin futhi ubuholi bonke, ingasaphathwa mayelana yokucindezelwa eziningi. Yiqiniso, eziyimbangela yalokhu akazange ivumelane umbhali, kodwa ngesikhathi izitatimende eziphikisana iziphathimandla, hhayi ibekezelelwe.

Ngo-1934, indodana Gorky iyafa, bese Juni 18, 1936 ngaphansi kwezimo engaqondakali, uyafa ngaphambi kokuphela Maxim Gorky. Uhambo lokugcina umbhali kazwelonke wabona off bonke ubuholi wezwe. I isitsha nge umlotha walo wangcwatshwa odongeni Kremlin.

Izici Nguwe Maksima Gorkogo

Umsebenzi wakhe uhlukile ukuthi esikhathini ngokuwa ne-capitalism, wayekwazi ukuzikhuthaza ayidlulisela ngokucacile isimo emphakathini ngokusebenzisa incazelo zabantu abavamile. Phela, akekho phambi kwakhe akazange aningilize ezifana nokuphila kwezakhi aphansi emphakathini. Kuyinto leli qiniso nqunu isigaba sabasebenzi amenza uthando lwabantu.

Ukholo analo ekutheni indoda kungabonakala imisebenzi ngesikhathi esemncane, wabona ukuthi umuntu angakwazi ngosizo ukuphila kwakhe ukuthanda izinto ezingokomoya ukwenza ukuvukela uMbuso. Maxim Gorky wakwazi sihlanganise iqiniso ababayo eninokholo zonke ezenzekile ezindinganisweni zokuziphatha. Futhi le nhlanganisela elenza umsebenzi wakhe okhethekile, namaqhawe - ongasoze walibaleka, futhi iningi alizange Gorky umbhali ukusebenza.