Alende Salvador: Biography, izithombe, izingcaphuno. Ubani egumbuqela Salvador Allende?

Salvador Allende - ngubani? Wayevela 1970 kuya 1973 kwaba umongameli we-Chile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo yena lavuselelwa okungavamile eU.SSR futhi Bloc Soviet. Yini yabakhanga abantu Salvador Alende? Umlando Omfushane lokhu indoda okungavamile, kanye nenqubomgomo lapha ngenzansi.

umsuka

Lapho kwazalelwa Salvador Allende? Umlando wakhe waqala e Santiago Juni 26, 1908 ku umndeni lezihlakaniphi nabezombusazwe. Lakhe ukhokho ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 kwaba i umhlobo O'Higgins, inhloko ukuvukelwa Chile ngokumelene Spanish ekhona ngaphansi kombuso wamakoloni. Umkhulu uRamon Salvador Allende kwaba usosayensi yezokwelapha, medfakulteta dean University of eChile, kanye udokotela ohlinzayo owaba nengxenye War of the Pacific ngokumelene eBolivia nasePeru, ihlelwe ibutho wezokwelapha lempi. uyise Salvador isazimthetho, leftist.

Esakhula

Lapho eqala ukutadisha futhi ngakhulela Salvador Allende? Umlando wakhe uye waqhubeka ezifundazweni ezahlukene eChile, e-El Salvador, lapho uyise izikhathi abaningana bathuthela nomkakhe nezingane ezine befuna ukuthi ibe yindawo engcono nokumela. Ekugcineni, wamiswa wokulungisa izivumelwano edolobheni eliyitheku eValparaiso. Lapha Allende Salvador iziqu esikoleni sobudokotela. Kakade esemusha wabonisa ukuthambekela nokuhileleka kwezombusazwe, ulibangise umfelandawonye abafundi basekolishi '. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-30-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule waya uSantiago langena Faculty of University.

Socialist Republic Chile ngo-1932

Lesi simo owawukhona nje kwamasonto ambalwa ehlobo lika-1932 futhi kwavela isimo nciphisa ophelele wokuphila nezomnotho kuleli zwe ngenxa Okukhulu Kwezomnotho. Amandla eChile kuye kwathonya iqembu olukhulu lempi kwesokunxele-nomqondo eliholwa noMarmaduke Grove (waba umngane kayise, Salvador Allende, nomfowabo Grove wayeshade udadewabo), owayengakaze wamemezela inhloko yabangamashumi Revolutionary Uhulumeni we Socialist Republic of Chile. Uhulumeni omusha ohlelweni lwakhe wamemezela endleleni kwathatha ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni, ukusungulwa amabhizinisi amasu kanye namabhange, ubunikazi lilonke amabhizinisi amancane, ukudluliswa sendawo abalimi, ushwele iziboshwa zezombusazwe, zazifakwa zazo babebaningi ngemuva kokwanda olwathatha odlule ethandwa.

Salvador Allende ngokuthi abafundi enyuvesi ukusekela inguquko. Kodwa kwathi ukuba eyesikhashana kwaphela ikhulu leminyaka, kukahulumeni wamavukelambuso lanqotshwa, baboshwe amalungu aso, futhi abaningi kwabangcwele basekela uhulumeni omusha. Waboshwa futhi umfundi kwamuva kwezokwelapha Alende Salvador (ngaphambi nje uyingxenye yokuhlasela okwabakhona kusukela, wathola iziqu zakhe yezokwelapha), okuyinto equkethwe emabhalekisini Housing Carabinieri (analog Wezangaphakathi Umbutho), bese wazama yinkantolo yezempi.

Ngalesi sikhathi ku Valparaiso wavela kokufa kukayise, bese-El Salvador walethwa esigadiwe ekhaya lakhe ukuze uyise nendodana ngithi goodbye. Njengoba wayekhumbula kamuva, kule sikhathi edabukisayo kwafika ukuzimisela ukulwa ngenxa yalokhu kunqoba yobulungiswa kezokuhlalisana engqondweni yakhe.

Ngenhlanhla Allende egumbuqela kukahulumeni wamavukelambuso amavukelambuso ngokushesha ngokwabo balahlekelwa amandla, futhi lihlale linemibhikisho ke eziningana, kuze umongameli zesikhashana Figueroa ayizange yamemezela ushwele iziboshwa zezombusazwe. Ukuze nokuhileleka kwezombusazwe ebuyela ubheke -Easter Island noMarmaduke Grove, wadedelwa futhi Alende Salvador.

Ezemfundo Socialist Party

Entwasahlobo ka-1933, eziningi nezinhlangano sezenhlalo ngubani iqhaza izenzakalo-mbuso ka-1932, lwabuthana futhi kwakheka Socialist Party yeChile, ogama umholi baba noMarmaduke Grove (ephethwe inhlangano amashumi amabili eminyaka kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1954), futhi omunye amalungu kunazo asebenzayo - Allende El Salvador. Ngokushesha edala inhlangano ye-Socialist Party ku Valparaiso. Ngo-1937, Allende wakhethwa ukuba National Congress esifundazweni Valparaiso.

Ngo-1938, Allende icala umkhankaso we Popular Front, okhethwe ukhetho lwabo kamongameli we olukhulu Pedro Aguirre Cerda. Popular isiqubulo Front "Isinkwa, indawo yokuhlala, kanye nomsebenzi!". Ngemuva kokuwina ukhetho Cerda Alende Salvador baba Ungqongqoshe wezempilo kuleli ashisekela izinguquko Popular Front uhulumeni, okuyinto yayibuswa ezizivelelayo. Ngezinye post yakhe, wathuthukisa ukwamukelwa yetinhlobo letibanti letehlukene tematheksthi yezinguquko okuqhubekayo nomphakathi, kuhlanganise imithetho yezokuphepha nokuvikela abasebenzi namafemu, impesheni ephakeme abafelokazi, nokubeletha Protection Act kanye nokwethulwa ukudla khulula zesikole.

umsebenzi Yezombangazwe 40-60s

Ngemva kokufa uMongameli Aguirre Cerda e-1941, Allende kabusha akhethwe ilungu ephalamende, futhi ngo-1942 waba unobhala-jikelele we Socialist Party. Kusukela ngo-1945 kuya 1969, Allende wakhethwa yilungu lephalamende kusuka nezifundazwe ezihlukahlukene Chilean, futhi ngo-1966 eba umongameli laseChile iSigele. Phakathi 50s wathuthukisa ukwethulwa komthetho owadala laseChile National Health Service, uhlelo lokuqala e-United States ukuze ziqinisekise ukunakekelwa kwezempilo jikelele.

Kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-50s Allende alwa kathathu wangaphumelela ngoba kusho iHhovisi likaMengameli. Zonke izikhathi ezintathu, wayengumuntu ozobhapathizwa Front "Popular Isenzo", adalwe Socialists futhi bangamakhomanisi.

Ukhetho 1970

Esikhathini ngokhetho labetibambile lowo mnyaka iwine ozobhapathizwa a Bloc entsha yokhetho "Ubumbano Kuzwelonke" (sakhiwa Socialists, bangamakhomanisi kanti ezinye amaqembu isikhungo kwesokunxele) Salvador Allende Goossens. Winning kwabonakala obukholisayo kakhulu - ke kukora amaphesenti 36,2 nje wamavoti, kanti lowo oyimbangi yakhe abaseduze, owayengumongameli laseChile Jorge Alessandri wathola amaphesenti 34,9. Kodwa Olwa lwesithathu, owaba nengxenye amakhetho kusho iChristian Democratic Party, uvotela lonke abavoti, ngokuba nesimiso esihlanganisa useduze "Ubumbano Kuzwelonke". Ngakho ungacabanga ukuthi umphakathi laseChile babe esivuna ushintsho. Ngokwe laseChile kuMthethosisekelo, National Congress evunyiwe njengoba umongameli ikhandidethi abathola yisibalo esikhulu sabasebenzi esingakaze amavoti, isb. E. Allende.

Ukuguqulwa period kamongameli

Kwake kwathi ngo-amandla, Allende waqala ukufeza "umgwaqo laseChile ukuba ndawonye." Kwaphela iminyaka emithathu uhulumeni we "Ubumbano Kuzwelonke" uhulumeni, okungukuthi, etandleni isimo izinsiza eziyinhloko zemvelo zezwe: .... Copper yensimbi nsimbi, imali amalahle, nitrate, njll engxenyeni kahulumeni yadalwa, ezazihlanganisa share sengonyama of the laseChile umkhakha. Ngaphansi kokulawula isimo kwaba kwamabhange kanye namanye amazwe. Allende uhulumeni abuyiselwe elala Cuba kanye amnestied kweziboshwa zezombusazwe.

State uthole izandla zabo phezu izinsiza imali eningi okuyinto wayeke wahlamba ngesimo inzuzo ezandleni abanikazi bamabhizinisi. Kungenzeka kakhulu ukukhulisa izinga lokuphila. Ubuncane inkokhelo yangempela abasebenzi zokukhiqiza iye kunyuke ngo-56% ngesikhathi sokuqala sonyaka ka-1971, ngenkathi esikhathini esifanayo, ngempela umholo ophansi "collar white" iye kunyuke ngo-23%. Ngenxa yalokho, amandla wokuthenga sabantu kunyuke ngo-28% esikhathini kusuka Novemba 1970 kuya ku-July-Okthoba 1971. Emali kwehle kusuka 36.1% ngo 1970 kuya ku-22.1% ngo-1971, kuyilapho isilinganiso inkokhelo yangempela sakhula ngo 22.3% ngesikhathi 1971. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukusheshisa emali e eminyakeni 1972-1973. libukelwa phansi ingxenye yokuqala amaholo anyuswe ngo-, namanje wakhula (ngokwesilinganiso) ngokwezibalo zangempela, futhi kule minyaka.

Allende uhulumeni expropriated zonke izigodi ukuthi idlule ayisishiyagalombili "umongo" ha, ngakho ukuthi isikhathi esiyizinyanga eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili bonke latifundia laseChile (emafeni amakhulu ezolimo) abangu uyekwa.

izimpesheni ezincane kukhuphuke ngo-inani elilingana kabili noma kathathu izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali. Emkhatsini wa-1970 kanye 1972, unyaka kwezimpesheni ezinjalo ziye kukhuphuke ngo ingqikithi 550%.

Ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila Allende eside Imiphumela kwezomnotho ingahluphi kakhulu: 12% ukwanda kwezinga lemikhiqizo yezimboni nokwenyuka-GDP, 8.6%, ephelezelwa ukwehla esikhulu izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali (kusuka 34,9% kuya 22.1%) kanye nezinga (kufika ku 3.8% ).

Allende ukumelwa we okushiwo intando yeningi

UMongameli we-ndawonye namakhomanisi cishe idealist ngokwemvelo is ngikukholelwe ukuthi abanikazi yangaphambili amafa uhulumeni uzoya iyiphi hambisa uwabuyise. Yini elindeleke kusukela ukuguqulwa Salvador Allende? Ucaphuna izinkulumo zakhe zibonisa ukuthi wayekholelwa endabeni kusebenta intando yeningi. Ngakho, wathi: "intando yeningi laseChile kuyinto ukunqoba bonke abantu akukho indalo noma isipho amakilasi ukusizakala, futhi uyobavikela labo abenza imihlatshelo, zanqwabelana phezu izizukulwane eziningi, wamngenisa .....". T. E. Alende babekholelwa ukuthi izikhungo zombuso, ngokuvumelana nemigomo yentsandvo yelinyenti, siyofeza intando Iningi labantu (isb. E abampofu ingxenye yayo) njengoba kuqhathaniswa izithakazelo abambalwa propertied. Umlando uye wabonisa ukuthi wayenza iphutha.

Ubani egumbuqela Salvador Allende?

Ngokusobala ngasese ngokumelene "Ubumbano Kuzwelonke" inqubomgomo kahulumeni wenza uhulumeni wase-US e umfelandawonye US izinkampani ezinkulu. Zagijima ngokushesha kwaqala umkhankaso nomaka kwezomnotho kukaHulumeni omusha Chilean. Ekwakhiweni kwemigwaqo ukubolekisa ngokushesha labeka imingcele, okuyinto ezabekwa phansi iqhwa ukubolekisa kusuka eU.S. ngokwayo hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi kuwo wonke izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe zezimali lapho i-United States bese, futhi manje ingafeza lukhulu.

umkhakha laseChile ukulo ukuvinjelwa ku Izimpahla of izinto zokusetshenziswa kanye izingxenye ezisele. US kwekhabhoni ukumaketha izinqolobane ekahle ithusi, liwile off intengo yaleli metal, esangenza ukudayiswa main exchange angaphandle ngemali yengcebo Chilean. Abathengi zethusi laseChile wamcindezela engakaze ibonwe ukubaphoqa ukuba amemezele ukuvimbela ku yokufuna yayo, kuhlanganise nalezo ezineminyaka amanani ukuthi sebevele semikhumbi athula. Umhlahlandlela laseChile ukuze zonke izicelo zabo nokwakha kabusha izikweletu zangaphandle zanqwabelana ohulumeni langaphambilini, lithole nokwenqaba categorical.

Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-1972 izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali eChile ifinyelele 140%. Isilinganiso GDP yangempela kwehle phakathi kuka-1971 no-1973. ngesilinganiso yonyaka ka-5.6% ( "ukukhula omubi"); futhi uhulumeni isabelomali kusilela anda, kuyilapho exchange angaphandle izinqolobane wawa.

ngokushesha United States wathatha ukudidiyelwa oqondile zamabutho imfihlo sezombusazwe emelene Allende, futhi babanike ezezimali kanye nezeluleko. Izwe wangena iqembu CIA ejenti laqala ukuhlela ukuvukela umbuso. American abetshalwe eChile obala baqhatha izikhulu laseChile ukungamlaleli uhulumeni.

On emashalofini sezedlule ukudla eyisisekelo (hoard zabanikazi), okwaholela ukwanda ngomgunyathi we irayisi, ubhontshisi, ushukela kanye ufulawa. EPhalamende, izinkantolo, le zombuso zokulawula ye uhulumeni yoniwa. Abezindaba okungeyikho abantu, Basakaza amahemuhemu umongameli nobutha, eqhutshwa uvalo esiphikisayo zokungabi uhulumeni omusha. Isimiso ngaphansi abambisane wezempi kahulumeni, isibonelo, induna yempi Carlos Prats, ngubani, ngaphansi ukucindezela abezindaba waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye isikhundla sakhe. Kulokhu, ukwesula abakhulu bakhe kwabasebenzi ngenkuthalo athonya laseChile Army Augusto Pinochet, ngubani bakhuluma ngomlomo nje ubulungisa ezweni, kodwa eqinisweni ayenethemba umqondo kombuso wezempi. Futhi ngaphambi kokushiya Prats Kunconywa ukuba umongameli angene esikhundleni sakhe. Alende Salvador Pinochet ngokushesha amashumi eminyaka ambalwa abe nezimpawu engenakususwa imicimbi yesikhathi esizayo olunegazi Chilean.

Ngakho, ubani egumbuqela Salvador Allende? Kwaba mva lempi Chilean, kusekelwa uhulumeni wase-US.

Coup 1973

Ehlobo lika-1973 isimo kuleli zwe iye yawohloka. Ekupheleni kuka-June, kwakungekho umzamo wokuqala ngesikhathi umbuso wezempi, elalilisha ngalesosikhathi bakwazi ukusinqanda. Phakathi lo mzamo, Allende wabiza izisebenzi ukuba luthathe izimboni, izigodi nezakhiwo zomphakathi. Kwezinye izingxenye zezwe kwamiswa abaseSoviet lamaphini abasebenzi abalimi 'asebethathe amandla ezandleni zabo siqu.

Ukuphendula isiteleka uqalile izinkampani Trucking. Izwe ngacishe ngayeka ukudla emzini. Uhulumeni requisitioned abanikazi izimoto. Ngemva kwalokho, kulo lonke izwe waqala izenzo zobuphekula, ukuqhuma, izintambo zikagesi kanye namapayipi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo uJenene Pinochet wachitha in the Army futhi Navy we ingashiswa yangempela abaphathi bamahhovisi kanye amasosha usekela "Ubumbano Kuzwelonke" ngasese. Bona ezazishushumbisiwe Valparaiso port, lapho aqhubeka ngesikhathi ku ophethe imikhumbi yempi, behlupha.

Ekupheleni kuka-August, umongameli eyakhuluma ngokumelene ephalamende, uhulumeni wamemezela lizwe ngokungemthetho. Ekuqaleni kuka-September 1973 umongameli ezihlongozwayo umbono zokuxazulula inkinga ngokomthethosisekelo ngu nhlolo-vo. Inkulumo ezichaza ikhambi elinjalo ayezokusho ngo-September 11 ngokwayo Allende Salvador. I kombuso, okuyinto ngalolu suku wenza lempi Chilean, eholwa Pinochet, ukukhansela plan.

Alende Salvador: ukufa nokungabhubhi

Ngaphambi nje kokuba ama bamba by izihlubuki La Moneda (kaMongameli Palace), ne isibhamu namabhomu kwakuzwakala ngokugqamile ngemuva, Allende wathi ku inkulumo emsakazweni yokuvalelisa, ekhuluma ngaye ngokwakhe esikhatsini lesengcile, yothando lwakhe Chile futhi ukuthi wayenokholo oluqinile Ngokuzayo yezwe. Wathi,

"Abasebenzi yezwe lakithi, Nginalo ukholo e-Chile kunye ne nomgomo. Okunye amadoda ngeke unqobe lo mzuzu onzima futhi sidabuke ngokweqile lapho ukuvukela umbuso ofuna ukuwina imali. Khumbula ukuthi maduze indlela enkulu eyovulwa futhi, futhi uyobakhulula abantu ukwakha umphakathi ongcono . Bayede Chile! Bayede abantu! Bayede, ume njalo abasebenzi! ".

Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, ukubhubhisa lezi zihlubuki wamemezela ukuthi Allende wazibulala, nakuba izimo sokufa kwakhe Namanje okuxoxwa ngochwepheshe. Ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, yayithwetshulwa izikhathi eziningana ngesibhamu sohlobo lwe-AK-47, Uthole isipho kusukela Fidel Castro. Futhi wahlala phakade inkumbulo abantu baseChile, Salvador Allende, isithombe okuyinto eziboniswe ngenhla. UMongameli, hhayi ukuba zikhothamele mbuso.