Al-Farabi: Biography. Ifilosofi sazi empumalanga

yezazi zasendulo-Arabhu, washiya ifa elikhulu zesayensi kanye zokudala, ohlonishwa ezweni lanamuhla. Mhlawumbe eminye imibono yabo kanye imiqondo kubonakala akusebenzi namuhla, kodwa ngesinye isikhathi bathumela abantu ohlangothini isayensi nemfundo. Omunye walezi zazi okukhulu kwaba Al-Farabi. Umlando wakhe has kwaqala emzini Farab (insimu banamuhla Kazakhstan) e 872.

Life is sefilosofi enkulu

Abu Nasr Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Tarhan Ibn Uzlag, eyaziwa emhlabeni wonke njengoba Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, waphila isikhathi eside, eshiya imisebenzi eminingi kumafilosofi, nezibalo, isayensi yezinkanyezi umculo nesayensi.

Abaphila Besikhathi ngokuthi uthisha umuntu omkhulu wesibili, okusho ukuthi u-Aristotle waba ngowokuqala. Biography Al-Farabi inikeza ukwaziswa okuncane kakhulu, ngobe kuphila kwe- usosayensi othile lapho kungekho muntu onaka kule, futhi yonke imininingo etholakalayo zathathwa bit by bit emva ambalwa eminyaka ngemva kokufa kwakhe.

: Kuyaziwa

• Wazalwa ngo Farab ngo-870 (abanye bathi 872 g). Izimo zethu zihluke kakhulu idolobha elikhulu eliseduze endaweni lapho Syr Darya futhi Arys axhunyiwe. Kamuva, lonke idolobha lase kabusha Otrar, futhi namuhla Amanxiwa alo kungabonwa eningizimu Kazakhstan e Otrar wesifunda.
• Ubaba wesazi sefilosofi esizayo futhi isazi sasihlonishwa ku nomholi wezempi omkhaya lasendulo Turkic.
• Nakuba eseyinsizwa, Abu Nasr al-Farabi, ogama biography alisho lutho eminyakeni zakhe zasebuntwaneni, zibuye zesabe imicimbi yezenhlalo wachitha isikhathi esiningi ngitadisha imisebenzi lika-Aristotle uPlato.
• Okwesikhathi esithile wayehlala eBukhara, Samarkand futhi Shash, lapho afundela khona futhi wasebenza ngesikhathi esifanayo.
• Qedela ukwakheka Al-Farabi (biography ekutshela ngakho kabanzi) isinqumo eBaghdad. Ngaleso sikhathi-ke laliyinhloko-dolobha Arab sompristi esiyinhloko kwamasiko nesayensi.
• Endleleni eya Baghdad, usosayensi osemncane, obazali ezingeni lolwazi ngesikhathi kungenziwa ngokuthi emadolobheni encyclopedic futhi wavakashela ezifana Isfahan, Hamadan futhi Ray (Tehran yesimanje).
• Ukufika e-dolobha ngonyaka 908, i-Al-Farabi (biography akukuniki idatha okuqondile) uyafundelwa logic, imithi, isayensi, isiGreki, kodwa lokho ncamashi othisha engaziwa.
• Njengoba ayehlala eBaghdad iminyaka engu-932 ubudala, washiya kuwo futhi baba vele usosayensi odumile.

Life eDamaseku nodumo international

Lo mnyakazo kwaba Umfutho ukuqhubeka ithalente zefilosofi nezesayensi usosayensi, kodwa ukuphila kwakhe siqu ngaleso sikhathi cishe lutho waziwa.

• Ngo 941, isazi sefilosofi bathuthela eDamaseku, lapho kungekho muntu owazi ukuthi noma yini ngakho. Iminyaka yokuqala kuleli dolobha kwakunzima ngempela ngoba kwadingeka ukuba basebenze engadini, futhi ebusuku ukubhala azibhala lwakhe olukhulu.
• Ngaleso sikhathi, Abu Nasir Al-Farabi (biography akubonisi nezinsuku ngqo) wavakashela Syria, lapho eseneminyaka nomvikeli Sayf al-Dawla Ali Hamdani, owasiza ososayensi abaningi futhi abaculi bangaleso sikhathi.
• It is ukuthi 949, usosayensi wayeseGibhithe ezaziwayo.
• Kunezinhlobo ezimbili izinguqulo ukuthi wafa kanjani sefilosofi okukhulu. Imithombo ethile ithi wafa azifele eneminyaka engu-eminyakeni engu-80, ngakolunye - wabanjwa inkunzi wabulawa eya Askalan.

Kwaba njalo impilo Abu Nasr al-Farabi, Biography emfushane lapho aluphumeleli yaphelela kobukhulu bakhe ayikwazi wathi ngomsebenzi wakhe.

I yesayensi Indlela yokufunda

Ngakho kwahlelwa ukuba umqondo Al-Farabi (biography akatsheli ngakho) ukuthi yayihamba ezindaweni zocwaningo eziningana yokutadisha yabo kanye nentuthuko. Wayelethwa kahle eziningi owaziwa phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi kanye neSayensi zonke wabo waphumelela.

Umsebenzi wakhe waqala ngokubutha ukutadisha imisebenzi zo enkulu ngesiGreki. Ukunika amazwana kubo, wazama imicabango yabo ngolimi elula anhlobonhlobo abantu. Ngezinye izikhathi, ngenxa yalokhu anakho lokuveza konke lokhu ngamazwi akho. Enye indlela yesayensi, esetshenziselwa Al-Farabi - uhlaziyo azibhala enkulu endala ukufingqwa enemininingwane lokuqukethwe zabo. Yikuphi kungenziwa kunqunywa imibhalo yesandla lapho usosayensi arabic shiya amarekhodi abo, okungase cishe ihlukaniswe ezintathu izinhlobo:

• ehlaziya Eside, eyayisekelwe nesitatimende nomfundisi lasendulo ne incazelo eningiliziwe ngalokho umlobi ayefuna ukusho. Lo msebenzi wenziwa nge isahluko ngasinye noma ingxenye indatshana.
• imibono Ephakathi, lapho athathwa kuphela umusho wokuqala yokuqala, futhi bonke abanye Amelelani Al-Farabi. Biography usosayensi akusho adlulisele okushiwo kulo msebenzi.
• Ukuphawula kafushane kungenziwa ngokuthi isethulo imisebenzi lasendulo egameni lakhe siqu. Kulokhu, i-Al-Farabi kungaba sihlanganise imisebenzi eminingana lika-Aristotle, uPlato ukuze abonise le abafundi okushiwo ifilosofi yabo.

Isifundo namazwana misebenzi hhayi kuphela ukukhuthaza nabo uquqaba ezibanzi zabantu, kodwa futhi uqondise wacabanga isazi Arab ngoba amakhanda eminye yale mibuzo zefilosofi.

Umnikelo ekuthuthukiseni isayensi

Ngenxa Al-Farabi Kazakh National University uqalile ohlangothini olusha yentuthuko kwezobuciko nesayensi yesikhathi. Babaziwa Ngokungenisa umsebenzi wakhe eyala ezifana nefilosofi, umculo, ulwazi ngezinkanyezi, izibalo, logic, natural sciences, kolimi kanye nabanye. imisebenzi lakhe kwezesayensi yathonya izazi medieval ezifana Ibn Sina, u-Ibn Baja, u-Ibn Rushd nabanye. Okwamanje, kukhona abangaba ngu-130 imisebenzi usosayensi, futhi udumo inhlangano futhi ukusungulwa umtapo Otrar.

Biography Al-Farabi Kazakh National University ngesiRashiya libonisa ukuthi wayengumuntu bakwazi ukufunda futhi ubeke amazwana pheze yonke imisebenzi ka-Aristotle, kanye zo ezifana uPtolemy ( "Almagest"), u-Alexander Afrodeziysky ( "On the Soul") futhi Euclid ( "Jiyomethri)". Nakuba azibhala yamaGreki asendulo ukuthonywa ukuthuthukiswa yokucabanga zefilosofi nezesayensi Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, iningi lemisebenzi yakhe - kuyinto yakhe ucwaningo intelligence isipiliyoni esiwusizo.

Ukuthengiselana yefilosofi Al-Farabi

Zonke imisebenzi yesayensi ye isazi Arab zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo eziningana:

• imisebenzi Okujwayelekile zefilosofi ukuthi besishumayela imithetho yonke, izindawo zabo nezigaba.
• IziNyathelo eyayikhuluma izici umsebenzi abantu nezindlela zabo ukwazi emhlabeni.
• Izindatshana azibhala mayelana nalolu daba, ukutadisha impahla yayo, kanye nemikhakha efana nesikhathi nendawo. Lezi zici zihlanganisa umsebenzi kwi-mathematics, geometry nesayensi yokuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi.
• imisebenzi ekhethiwe (Biography Al-Farabi ukhuluma) enikelwe izinhlobo nezakhiwo imvelo nemithetho yayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa umsebenzi imisebenzi abantu biology, i-physics, i-chemistry, imithi kanye yokukhanya.
• ukunakekelwa okukhethekile ikhokhelwa usosayensi ukutadisha uhlelo setepolitiki, ezindabeni zokuziphatha nemfundo, imfundo, kanye izimiso zokuhle.

Ukuze wakhe kweminyaka engu-80 ye-Al-Farabi ushiye ifa elikhulu bangaleso sikhathi ngezindlela eziningi. It akhange alise kube lusizo futhi okusebenza esikhathini sethu.

Ngesisekelo ukuphila ngokuvumelana nezimfundiso Al-Farabi

Usosayensi omkhulu wabeka izisekelo ifilosofi yesimanje, owawuthi konke okukhona emhlabeni uhlukaniswe izigaba 6, xhumanisa ngu ubudlelwano imbangela nemphumela:

• Isigaba sokuqala - iyona imbangela ukubukeka zonke izinto, kungani nokuthi ubani yayihloselwe.
• Esesibili - kuphela ukubukeka.
• Isigaba sesithathu - iyasebenza futhi ekuthuthukiseni ingqondo.
• Okwesine - umphefumulo.
• Isigaba sesihlanu - ifomu.
• Okwesithupha - ezibalulekile.

Lezi zinyathelo ngesisekelo konke ezungeze umuntu kanye nososayensi lubahlukanise ku 2 izinhlobo:

• Izinto nemibandela alibiza ngokuthi "engalokotha ilethe yenziwe", ngoba imvelo yabo ngaso sonke isikhathi kubangelwa isidingo khona kwabo.
• Okwesibili, ngokuphambene nalokho, njalo aziphilele ngawodwa abe yizinto futhi zibizwa ngokuthi "ezidingekayo ukuze yenziwe."

Imbangela iyimpande al-Farabi (biography emfushane futhi ujwayele imisebenzi yakhe ibonisa lokhu) obizwa nguNkulunkulu, njengoba nje lowo yokuphelela nokungapheleli esakuzuza ubunjalo, kuyilapho abanye ngezigaba eziningi.

Isizathu sesibili - kuyinto ukuvela amaplanethi nezinye izindikimba zasezulwini, ngemvelo zabo ezihluke ngawo amafomu eliwumhlaba. Isinyathelo sesithathu we-Al-Farabi kuchazwe intelligence cosmic ukuthi uyayikhathalela izilwane zasendle futhi ufuna ukuletha izwe ekupheleleni.

3 izigaba zixhumene ne ezweni lethu, futhi usosayensi akuniké ukunakwa kakhulu. Ngombana bekumnyama tshu yoke imisebenzi kaNkulunkulu okwenzekayo emhlabeni impahla, kanjalo nokukhawulela kokungenela yayo ezimpilweni zabantu, ubanika inkululeko nentando. Wakwazi vumela amandla ndaba, emnika iphakade.

Ubudlelwano ifomu futhi ndaba

Baningi abayinakanga ubuhlobo academic ifomu ndaba. Ngokwesibonelo, kunikeza incazelo yaleli fomu njengoba ubuqotho isakhiwo kanye udaba - njengoba essence isisekelo zonke izinto. Nguye waveza ukuthi ifomu ungakwazi kuphela khona sibonga khona daba futhi akukwazi ngaphandle komzimba. Matter, esikhundleni salokho - kuyinto substrate, okuyinto kumelwe sisetshenziselwe okuqukethwe (ifomu). Lesi sazi omkhulu ubhala emsebenzini wakhe "On the ndaba futhi ifomu" futhi "Treatise emibonweni izakhamuzi eziningi zakuleli dolobha nokuqotho."

unkulunkulu

Nobuhlobo noNkulunkulu-Al-Farabi kwakuminyene yesayensi kuka zenkolo. Abalandeli bakaJesu abaningi izimfundiso, bese abaholi benkolo Arab, athi Muslim kweqiniso, chtivshim emasikweni Islam. Kodwa imisebenzi ngokusho kwendoda ehlakaniphile ithi wazama limazi uNkulunkulu futhi ohlakaniphile akamane akholelwe kuyo.

Shono ezwa ngalo ezingeni wangcwatshwa ngaphandle iqhaza abefundisi in udwendwe. Too ngokugqamile babe Al-Farabi izitatimende mayelana nesakhiwo zomhlaba nakuzo zonke izinto.

Imfundiso kaZiqu-ekahle edolobheni-state

A lot of ukunakwa ikhokhelwa izici yesayensi wokuphila, efana injabulo, ukuziphatha, impi kanye nenqubomgomo kahulumeni. Kubo wanikezela imisebenzi enjalo:

• "Treatise on ukuphishekela injabulo";
• "Izindlela Injabulo";
• "Treatise on impi nokuthula";
• "Treatise emibonweni izakhamuzi eziningi zakuleli dolobha enobuhle";
• "Civil Ezombusazwe";
• "Treatise on isifundo esiphathelene nomphakathi";
• "I nezindinganiso zokuziphatha nokuqotho."

Bonke kuthinte ezibalulekile ngesikhathi izici ngesihluku Ephakathi, njengoba uthando kumakhelwane wakhe, ukuziphatha okubi kwamadoda impi futhi isifiso esingokwemvelo sabantu ukuze zithole injabulo.

Uma uhlanganisa le misebenzi, kungenzeka ukudweba isiphetho esinjalo kusukela ifilosofi umbhali, abantu kumele bahlale ezweni zobuhle nokulunga, ukulwela nentuthuko engokomoya nemfundo ngokwesayensi. Wafika up emzini lapho kwakuhlala khona ukuphathwa kuyinto beqondiswa abahlakaniphileyo nezazi zefilosofi, labahlali bawo ukwenza okuhle nokuphana, asilahle okubi. Ngokuphambene, umphakathi enhle, umlobi uchaza umuzi, esibuswa umona, isifiso sengcebo nokuntula kwabo ingokomoya. Okwesikhathi yayo kwakuwumyalezo ukubukwa zezombusazwe kanye zokuziphatha ngokugqamile.

mayelana umculo

Ukuba unekhono konke, al-Farabi (Biography of the ulimi Kazakh kuqinisekisa lokhu) Ngachitha isikhathi esiningi musicology. Ngakho, wanika umqondo imisindo zomculo, ukuchaza ubuntu babo futhi bafunda ezinye izigaba futhi izakhi kwanoma iyiphi ucezu umculo yakhiwe.

Kwaletha ucwaningo nokubhala umculo ezingeni elisha. Wethula abanye abantu ngomculo we-East, eshiya amapheshana "izwi umculo" futhi "On the ngezigaba isigqi." Ngokungafani isikole we Pythagoreans, lapho kuzwa yayingabalulekile ukuhlukanisa imisindo, kodwa ikakhulukazi kulesi sibalo kukhona Al-Farabi wayekholelwa ukuthi kwakuwumsebenzi amahemuhemu ikuvumela ukuthi uchaze imisindo ukuhlanganisa nabo kuvumelane.

Theory yolwazi

Esinye sezici ezibalulekile emisebenzini usosayensi ukuhlola isigaba ezifana uhlobo kwengqondo cognition. Uthi, lapho kwakukhona ulwazi ngobuhlobo babo ngokoqobo kanjani umuntu ubona okungokoqobo. Ngokwesibonelo, ubunjalo Al-Farabi Kazakh National University labetibambile into sesifundo somuntu, njengoba bonke abantu ulwazi uthole ngaphandle, ukubukela izwe ihamba. Efanisa izakhiwo ezahlukene izinto kanye izenzakalo, kwekuwahlolisisa eyodwa uzuza ingqondo.

Lena yindlela isayensi kuye kwaholela abantu Ukukuqonda kahle ukuthi leli zwe elisizungezile. Ukhuluma umphefumulo amandla endoda, okungukuthi, idivayisi kwengqondo yakhe, ukuthi abantu azibonayo amaphunga, ukuhlukanisa imibala kanye nomuzwa ehlukahlukene. Lena ejulile emisebenzini okuqukethwe, kuhlanganise nethi "ngesisekelo sokuhlakanipha" lapho khona umbhali uhlola izigaba ezifana izinto abazithandayo nabangazithandi, kanye izimbangela zazo.

Logic njengoba uhlobo ulwazi

Usosayensi alalelwa kakhulu kule isayensi njengoba logic. Wayebheka ke impahla ekhethekile ingqondo, khona okwasiza abantu ukwahlulela iqiniso futhi uyifune Ucwaningo. Logic Ubuciko Al-Farabi Kazakh National University - yikhono ukuhlukanisa kwamanga izigaba kweqiniso usebenzisa ubufakazi ukuthi wayengenaso nhlobo evamile nezimfundiso nezinkolelo zakhe.

Ososayensi East nakwamanye amazwe baye bayisekela umsebenzi wakhe "Introduction to Logic" futhi "Treatise yesingeniso ku yini enengqondo." Logic - iyithuluzi ngawo abantu angakuthola ulwazi ngokoqobo. wacabanga Ngakho usosayensi omkhulu.

Imemori usosayensi omkhulu

Namuhla, hhayi kuphela Arabic, kodwa futhi wonke emhlabeni yesayensi ihlonipha inkumbulo lo muntu omkhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhona biography Al-Farabi Kazakh wayehumusha kuya Emigwaqweni yasemadolobheni namanyuvesi banikwa amagama. E Almaty, Turkestan namatshe ezikhumbuzo, futhi ngo-1975 kwase kugcwele ayegubha 1100th ngonyaka iminyaka engu-Al-Farabi wazalwa. Biography (kazaksha) ayihambisi zonke yobukhulu lo muntu yokuhlakanipha.