Wethule ulwazi kwikhompyutha: sebenzisa izibonelo

Uma umuntu ukwenza isifundo computer akuyona eligcizelela ukubukeka kwangaphandle, kodwa ngokungathi sína, kumelwe nakanjani ube uyazi ukuthi kukhona ezahlukene izinhlobo zolwazi computer. Lo mbuzo eliyisisekelo, ngoba hhayi kuphela ukusetshenziswa software olusebenzisayo, kodwa futhi uhlelo isimiso okusekelwe lezi Ahazi.

Isifundo "Isethulo kolwazi computer": izisekelo

Ngokuvamile, imishini computer ngendlela uyasibona ulwazi noma imiyalo, oguqula wabayisa ngamafomethi futhi inikeza umsebenzisi yi okuphelele uhlukile imiqondo ezivamile.

Iqiniso lokuthi yonke izinhlelo ekhona esekelwe opharetha okunengqondo ezimbili kuphela - "iqiniso" futhi "false» (iqiniso, amanga). Ngomqondo elula kuba "yebo" noma "cha."

Kuyaqondakala ukuthi isayensi amazwi ikhompyutha akaqondi ukuthi kungani indlela ekhethekile digital ngekhodi okunemibandela sidalwe ekuqaleni ubuchwepheshe bama-computer, lapho imvume iyunithi efanele, nokuphika - zero. Yilokho kanye uvele okubizwa ngokuthi ukumelwa kanambambili ulwazi kwikhompyutha. Kuye inhlanganisela abathandekayo futhi amaqanda uzimisele futhi ubukhulu into idatha.

Iyunithi ezincane kunazo zonke zalolu hlobo ngobukhulu kancane - kancane, okungaletha ukubaluleka noma 0 noma 1. Nokho, izinhlelo yesimanje enezinto eziningi ezincane ayisebenzi, futhi cishe zonke izindlela lokunikeza ulwazi kwikhompyutha ziyancipha ekusebenziseni izingcezu eziyisishiyagalombili nje, okuyinto ndawonye bakha amabhayithi (2 emandleni lwesishiyagalombili). Ngakho, ngo-Byte olulodwa zingenziwa iyiphi wekhodi uhlamvu 256 kungenzeka. Futhi ikhodi kanambambili iyona nesisekelo esiqinile sezindinganiso iyiphi into ulwazi. It kuyothathwa kuqondwe, indlela esibukeka ngayo umkhuba.

Informatics: nokuhlinzekwa kolwazi computer. inombolo esinqunyiwe-iphuzu

Njengoba ekuqaleni ukhuluma ngani izinombolo, sisuke sicabanga ngendlela ohlelweni abaphathe ngayo. Ukumelwa kolwazi zezinombolo computer namuhla zingahlukaniswa zibe ukucutshungulwa izinombolo nge iphuzu esinqunyiwe kanye elintantayo. Uhlobo lokuqala kungabuye kuchasiselwe integers abavamile, ngubani emva iphuzu zamadesimali kuwufanele zero.

Kukholakala ukuthi izinombolo yalolu hlobo kungathatha 1, 2, noma 4 amabhayithi. Okubizwa ngokuthi ikhanda ibhayithi unesibopho uphawu inombolo, kuyilapho uphawu omuhle okuhambelana kuqanda, futhi omubi - iyunithi. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, ukumelwa 2-Byte we ububanzi bamanani lezinombolo omuhle ku uhla kusuka 0 kuya 2 ¹⁶ -1, okuyinto 65535, futhi izinombolo engemihle - -2 ¹⁵ 2 ¹⁵ -1, okuyinto okulingana leenomboro kusuka -32768 ukuze 32767.

ukumelwa Floating-iphuzu

Manje cabangela uhlobo lokuzijabulisa izinombolo yesibili. Iqiniso ukuthi izifundo esikoleni esivamile ku "Ukubikwa kukhompyutha" (grade 9) izinombolo elintantayo-iphuzu awacatshangwa. Operations nabo abasakwazi eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi asetshenziswa, isibonelo, imidlalo ye-computer. By the way, kancane thikazisa isihloko, kufanele kusho ukuthi ihluzo yesimanje amakhadi omunye izinkomba main of ukusebenza ijubane ukuthengiselana unawe izinombolo ezinjalo.

Lapha sisebenzisa ifomu lomchazi, lapho isikhundla iphuzu zamadesimali kungashintshwa. Njengoba ifomula eziyisisekelo, okubonisa umfanekiso wanoma iyiphi inombolo wamukela A _{^{elandelayo: A = m A * q P}} , lapho m _A - iyona ^P mantissa, q - kuyinto Isisekelo sesistimu yezinombolo, futhi P - weenomboro.

I mantissa kumele bahlangabezane nemfuneko q ^-1 ≤ | m _A | <1, ke kufanele kube ingxenyenamba kanambambili efanele eliqukethe idijithi emva iphuzu zamadesimali, okuyinto ihlukile zero, kanye oda - inombolo yonke. Futhi iyiphi inombolo idesimali kwesejwayelekile kungaba lula impela ukucabanga ngefomu lomchazi. Futhi isibalo lolu hlobo babe Usayizi 4 noma 8 amabhayithi.

Ngokwesibonelo, inani ledesimali 999.999 ngokuvumelana ifomula nge mantissa kwesejwayelekile izobukeka 0,999999 _~ 10 ^3.

Ukubonisa idatha umbhalo: kancane umlando

Iningi bonke abasebenzisi zekhompyutha zisebenzise ulwazi test. Futhi ukubuka ulwazi iqalisa kule khompyutha oluhambisana okufanayo kanambambili izimiso ikhodi.

Nokho, ngenxa yokuthi namuhla singaqiniseka eziningi izilimi emhlabeni, ukumela Imininingwane umbhalo usebenzisa lokubhala ngobumfihlo ekhethekile uhlelo noma ikhodi amatafula. Njengoba sekunama-MS-DOS kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso ndinganiso eyisisekelo ikhodi CP866, namakhompyutha Apple Mac izosebenzisa ejwayelekile lalo. Ngenkathi ekhethekile ISO 8859-5 wekhodi wethulwa isiRashiya. Nokho, ukuthuthukiswa ubuchwepheshe ezidingekayo kukhompyutha ukwethula amazinga amasha.

ezihlukahlukene lokubhala

Ngokwesibonelo, ngasekupheleni kwawo-90-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule kwakukhona jikelele wekhodi we-Unicode, okuyinto angakwazi ukusingatha idatha umbhalo hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi alalelwayo video. engavamile yayo wukuthi uhlamvu olulodwa labelwa ezingaphezu kweyodwa kancane, kodwa ababili.

Kamuva ngabo, kukhona ezinye izinhlobo. Ukuze izinhlelo Windows-based, esetshenziswa kakhulu CP1251 ukuqonda, kodwa isiRashiya futhi isasetshenziswa ngu koi-8P - ukuqonda, okuyinto eyaba khona ekupheleni 70, futhi engu-80 sika ayematasa wasebenzisa ngisho izinhlelo Unix ezisekelwe.

Ulwazi kakhulu ofanayo kombhalo umfanekiso ikhompyutha okusekelwe etafuleni ASCII, kuhlanganisa isizinda kanye ingxenye engaphandle. Eyokuqala ihlanganisa amakhodi kusuka 0 kuya 127, owesibili - kusuka 128 kuya 255. Nokho, okokuqala ububanzi amakhodi 0-32 kuhoxiswe ngaphesheya izimpawu ukuthi wabelwe izihluthulelo ikhibhodi evamile okhiye umsebenzi (F1-F12).

Graphics: izinhlobo ezinkulu

Ngokuqondene ihluzo, okuyinto kabanzi Ezweni lanamuhla elisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe, kukhona ezinye umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama. Uma ubheka i-ukumelwa ecacile ulwazi kwikhompyutha, kumelwe sizinake izinhlobo ezinkulu izithombe. Phakathi kwabo kukhona izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko - vector kanye raster.

Vector ihluzo esekelwe ukusetshenziswa Umumo bakudala (imigqa, imibuthano Curves, ngemapholigoni, nokunye. D.), Umbhalo amabhokisi igcwalisa umbala othize. Bitmaps zisekelwe ukusetshenziswa matrix elingunxande, isici ngasinye othiwa ngephikseli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-element ngayinye, ungabeka kokugqama nombala.

vector isithombe

Namuhla, ukusetshenziswa Vector has indawo elinganiselwe. Ziyakwazi ezinhle, isibonelo, uma udala imidwebo lobuchwepheshe kanye imidwebo, noma ezimbili-ntathu noma onobuhle ngakuthathu lezinto.

Izibonelo umile Vector nomumo izakhiwo ezifana PDF, WMF, PCL. Ukuze ezihambayo Umumo ikakhulu esetshenziswa Macromedia Flash ejwayelekile. Kodwa uma sikhuluma izinga noma befeza imisebenzi ebudisi ngaphandle isikali esifanayo, kungcono ukusebenzisa raster nezakhiwo.

bitmaps

Nge raster izinto luyindida kakhulu. Iqiniso lokuthi isethulo kolwazi kuleli matrix ngendlela yokunikezelana encike kwikhompuyutha kuhilela ukusetshenziswa imingcele engeziwe - umbala ukujula (inkulumo ambalwa of Iphalethi imibala) e izingcezu, futhi ubukhulu-matrix (inombolo yama-pixels intshi ngayinye, ukubizwa ngokuthi DPI).

Lokho, palette kungaba kuqukathe 16, 256, 65.536 noma 16.777.216 imibala, matrix ziyahlukahluka, kodwa ezivame kakhulu ibizwa ngokuthi isinqumo 800x600 Amaphikseli (480 000 Amaphikseli). Ngokusho ngalezi zinkomba ukucacisa inombolo izingcezu edingekayo ukugcina into. Ngokuba lokho sikusho wokuqala ukusebenzisa ifomula N = 2 ^Mina, lapho N - inombolo imibala, futhi mina - kuyinto ukujula umbala.

Khona-ke kubalwa inani Imininingwane. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubala usayizi wesithombe ifayela eliqukethe 65.536 imibala kanye matrix 1024x768 pixels. Isixazululo simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

• I = ungene ₂ 65536, okungukuthi 16 izingcezu;
• inombolo yama-pixels 1024 _* 768 = 786 432;
• wememori 16 izingcezu _* 786 432 = 12 582 912 bytes, okuhambelana 1.2 Mb.

Okunhlobonhlobo alalelwayo: isiqondiso eyinhloko yokuthola izinhlelo zamagama

Isethulo kolwazi endaweni computer, okuthiwa ama audio, kuncike izimiso ezifanayo eziyisisekelo eziye ezichazwe ngenhla. Kodwa, njengoba i-kunobe nguluphi luhlobo lwekusebentelana Imininingwane letigcogcwe ngaphambilini ukumela umsindo, futhi, wasebenzisa izici lwabo lolwengetiwe.

Ngeshwa, eliphezulu reproduction umsindo wavela ubuchwepheshe bama-computer ezinsukwini zokugcina kakhulu. Nokho, uma ukudlala uchume kabi, ukuhlanganiswa kwezici yomculo real-ukuzwakala zomculo kwaba cishe engenakwenzeka. Ngakho-ke, ezinye izinkampani irekhodi sethule izindinganiso zazo. Namuhla, i-kabanzi kunazo, synthesis FM nethebula wave indlela.

Esimweni sokuqala-ke kusho ukuthi noma yimaphi umsindo wemvelo, okuyinto eqhubekayo, kungenziwa ukubola zibe ukulandelana ezithile (ukulandelana) le Harmonics elula usebenzisa indlela izibonelo zalokho futhi ukukhiqiza isethulo kolwazi kwimemori computer okusekelwe ikhodi. Ukudlala ukusetshenziswa inqubo reverse, kodwa kulokhu, ukulahlekelwa ongenakugwenywa ezinye izingxenye ukuthi ivele izinga.

Lapho nethebula wave zamagama Kusolwa ukuthi kukhona itafula zangaphambi wadala izibonelo nomsindo izinsimbi bukhoma. Izibonelo ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuthi amasampula. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukudlala iqembu MIDI (izinsimbi zomculo Digital Interface) isetshenziswa njalo ngokwanele ukuze abone kusukela uhlobo yomculo, iphimbo, ubude, umfutho umsindo kanye namandla okubakhona ushintsho, izilungiselelo imvelo kanye nezinye izici ikhodi. Ngenxa lolu hlobo umsindo beseduze eduze zemvelo.

ifomethi yesimanje

Nakuba ngaphambili ukuthi siyini isisekelo WAV ejwayelekile likhishiwe (eqinisweni, umsindo kakhulu futhi ngesimo igagasi), ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwaba esingesihle kakhulu, uma kuphela ngenxa yokuthi amafayela igxile isikhala esiningi kuyi-ezigcina.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ubuchwepheshe cindezela lesi sakhiwo. Ngakho, washintsha futhi Luhlela ngokwabo. Ezaziwa kakhulu namuhla kungenziwa ngokuthi MP3, Ogg, WMA, FLAC nabanye abaningi.

Nokho, kuze kube manje nemingcele eyinhloko noma yiliphi ifayela umsindo uhlala amasampuli imvamisa (44.1 kHz kuyinto ejwayelekile, nakuba amagugu kungatholakala ngaphansi nangaphezulu), kanye nenombolo ye amazinga isignali (16 izingcezu, 32 izingcezu). Ngomqondo onabile, a Digitising enjalo lingahunyushwa ngalezi zindlela umfanekiso ulwazi uhlobo computer acoustic esekelwe analog isignali oyinhloko (e uhlobo lwanoma yiliphi umsindo ekuqaleni analog).

Isethulo isiqophi

Uma izinkinga umsindo zaxazululeka ngokushesha ngokwanele, yonke into isiqophi wayengekho bushelelezi ngakho. Inkinga yayiwukuthi isiqeshana, i-movie noma imidlalo ye-video lapho ihlanganisa ividyo ne-odiyo. Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi kukhona yini okungazuzisa silula kunaleso ukuhlanganisa izinto ezihambayo image nge esikalini? Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, lokhu nenkinga yangempela.

Zonke lebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ngokombono lobuchwepheshe umbono, ekuqaleni ukukhumbula uzimele wokuqala kwesigcawu ngasinye, ngokuthi ukhiye, bese kuphela ukuba alondoloze umehluko (umehluko wozimele). Futhi iyini buhlungu, zithwetshulwa ngomshini noma amavidiyo wadala etholwe usayizi yokuthi uwugcine kukhompyutha yakho noma imidiya esikhiphekayo kwaba akunakwenzeka.

Inkinga yaxazululeka lapho ebonakala AVI format elimelela esitsheni ezithile jikelele, ehlanganisa iqoqo amabhlogo okuyinto angagcinwa ulwazi ngokungenasizathu, ngaleyo ndlela ngisho onomfutho ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngakho, ngisho amafayela okufanayo format AVI komunye nomunye kungaba nemikhuba yazo ihluke kakhulu.

Futhi namhlanje ungakwazi ukuhlangabezana eziningi nezinye ethandwa ifomethi, kodwa kubo bonke esetshenziswa zabo imingcele futhi wepharamitha, eyisikhulu phakathi okuyinto inani ngesekhondi siqu.

Amakhodekhi futhi decoders

Isethulo kolwazi computer njengoba uhlelo akunakwenzeka ukuba sicabange ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amakhodekhi futhi decoders asetshenziswe kokucindezelwa futhi decompression okuqukethwe kokuqala ngesikhathi sokudlala. kakhulu igama lawo libonisa ukuthi ezinye encode (cindezela) isiginali, kwesibili - okunalokho - is angakathululwa.

Is they banesibopho okuqukethwe iziqukathi banoma iyiphi isayizi, kanye ukucacisa usayizi wefayela sokugcina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indima ebalulekile eyadlalwa ipharamitha isinqumo, njengoba kuboniswe ngoba raster ihluzo. Kodwa namuhla singakwazi ukubhekana ngokuphumelelayo ngisho UltraHD (4k).

isiphetho

Uma ngezinga elithile afingqa ngenhla, kungase kuqashelwe kuphela ukuthi yesimanje tangcondvomshini ekuqaleni ukusebenza kuphela bezibona ikhodi kanambambili (okunye nje abaqondi). Nokusetshenziswa kwayo kusekelwe hhayi kuphela nokunikeza ulwazi, kodwa futhi zonke ezaziwayo izilimi izinhlelo namuhla. Ngakho, ekuqaleni, ukuqonda, kuba njani-ke yonke imisebenzi edingekayo ukuze yokuqonda lokho okushiwo yinkulumo ukusetshenziswa ukulandelana kwezinhlamvu abathandekayo futhi amaqanda.