WamaSonto uMphathi waseConstantinople: umlando kanye nencazelo

Yayisekelwe Kuyinkolelo-ze Engcwele lisitshela ukuthi St Umphostoli Andrey Pervozvanny e '38 sezizonke ongumfundi wakhe ngegama Stachys njengoba umbhishobhi eByzantium edolobheni, isayithi lapho emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva ezintathu eyasungulwa iConstantinople. Ngalezi zikhathi kuvela esontweni, eliholwa eminyaka amaningi babe izinzalamizi, owasizalela isihloko WamaSonto.

Ilungelo bokuphakama phakathi kwabantu abalinganayo

Phakathi wezinkawu nanhlanu autocephalous ekhona manje, ie ezimele, Amasonto Orthodox zendawo, "le esiphakeme phakathi kwabantu abalinganayo" ubhekwa Umbhishobhi omkhulu waseConstantinople. Lena ukubaluleka kwalo ngokomlando. isihloko Okugcwele lomuntu ophethe okuthunyelwe esinjalo sibaluleke - Bungcwele Kwaphezulu-Archbishop waseConstantinople - okusha eRoma futhi WamaSonto uMphathi weSonto.

Ngokokuqala ngqá ukhishwa isihloko WamaSonto uMphathi waseConstantinople Akaki kuqala. Kube nesisekelo esingokomthetho sokuthethelela lokhu kwaba isinqumo lweSine (Chalcedon) WamaSonto Council, owawuse-451, futhi ukuhlanganisa isimo amakhanda yeSonto waseConstantinople okusha eRoma WabaBhishobhi - Lesibili kubalulekile wabaBishobhi ka eSontweni LamaRoma.

Uma ekuqaleni, efana ukusungulwa kuphikiswa ngokwanele ngendlela elukhuni wahlangana emibuthanweni ethile kwezombusazwe nakwezenkolo, ekupheleni kwekhulu esilandelayo uma waqinisa isikhundla yenzalamizi ukuze indima yakhe uqobo in ikhambi zekhethelo isonto izindaba ikhonye. Nokho, ekugcineni waqinisekisa nesihloko aluhlaza ngakho futhi wordy.

Umfundisi omkhulu wesonto - isisulu iconoclast

History of the Church WaseByzantium uyazi igama eziningi izinzalamizi phakade bangena kuyo, futhi kwabangcwele abagcotshwa. Omunye wabo St Nicephorus, uMphathi omkhulu waseConstantinople, owayenguyise isihlalo sobunzalamizi nge 806 by 815 ngonyaka.

Phakathi nesikhathi sokubusa kwayo kwaphawulwa umzabalazo ikakhulukazi abanolaka ezilwiwa Abasekeli iconoclasm - inhlangano ethile yenkolo, enqabe nokudunyiswa imifanekiso nezinye izithombe engcwele. Isimo zaba zimbi ngenxa yokuthi phakathi abalandeli lo mkhuba kwaba eningi abantu abanethonya futhi wakuthola, futhi ngisho ababusi ambalwa.

Ubaba uMbhishobhi Omkhulu Nicephorus, uMbusi uConstantine V njengonobhala ekunyusweni nokudunyiswa kwezithombe ophelelwe umsebenzi futhi wadingiselwa e-Asia Minor, lapho wafela ekudingisweni. njengoba Nikifor yena, ngemva konyaka 813 sobukhosi lamiswao umbusi iconoclast Leo Armenia, yena waba yisisulu inzondo yakhe izithombe ongcwele, futhi yaphela izinsuku zakhe ngonyaka 828 isiboshwa omunye zezindela ezikude. Ngezimpawu namasevisi omkhulu eBandleni, kamuva abagcotshwa. Namuhla, uMphathi waseConstantinople St Nicephorus lihlonishwa hhayi kuphela ekhaya kodwa futhi emhlabeni Orthodox lonke.

Umfundisi omkhulu wesonto Photios - obonwa ubaba isonto

Eqhubeka indaba abameleli ovelele Sabefundisi omkhulu waseConstantinople, ngeke bakhumbule abavelele semfundiso yenkolo WaseByzantium uMbhishobhi Omkhulu Photios, owayehola umhlambi wakhe 857 nge 867 ngonyaka. Ngemva Ioanna Zlatousta futhi Grgoriya Bogoslova ungubaba yesithathu neyaziwayo yesonto, ababethi uma waseConstantinople.

kokuzalwa kwakhe, usuku oluqondile engaziwa. Kukholakala ukuthi weza ezweni kule minyaka eyishumi yokuqala yekhulu IX. Abazali bakhe zinothile futhi enza izinto ezihlukahlukene abantu abafundile, kodwa phakathi nokubusa Theophilus - yokucindezelwa iconoclast abanolaka -podverglis waya ekudingisweni. Esikhathini esifanayo, bafa.

Umbhishobhi omkhulu Photios emzabalazweni kanye nopapa

Ngemva ukubusa yesihlalo sobukhosi kulandela uMbusi, uMichael III ingane, UPhotius Waqala inkambo yakhe ekhaliphile - lokuqala njengoba uthisha, bese ngesikhathi imisebenzi yasehhovisi zenkolo. Ngo 858, usinikeza ehhovisi eliphakeme e nayiziphathimandla zesonto. Kodwa impilo elokuthula kwakhe akusizi ngalutho. Kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala uMbhishobhi Omkhulu Fotiy Konstantinopolsky kwaba shí emzabalazweni amaqembu ahlukahlukene ezombusazwe kanye nokunyakaza zenkolo.

Ngokwezinga elikhulu isimo zaba zimbi yi ngeziqu zamehlo Western Church, kwadala impikiswano ku yomthetho phezu eningizimu ye-Italy kanye Bulgaria. Umqalisi we izingxabano kwaba uPapa. Umfundisi omkhulu wesonto Konstantinopolskiy Foty wakhuluma ukugxekwa kwakhe abukhali, ngoba ngalo esontfweni ngupapa, abakhiphe ebandleni. Engafuni ukuhlala izikweletu, uMphathi Photios futhi anathematized ophikisana naye.

Kusukela kwabezazi nokunxusa

Kamuva, kakade esikhathini kombusi esilandelayo, Basil mina, Photios waba isisulu wezingobe udala enkantolo. Ithonya enkantolo wagijimela abasekeli amaqembu ezombusazwe ephikisayo, kanye noMbhishobhi ngaphambilini wagudluzwa Ignatius I. Ngenxa yalokho, Photios, bantula ukuba bacabangisise upapa, yaxoshwa uMnyango, exosha nabenzi futhi wafela ekudingisweni.

Ngemva kweminyaka engu-ezingaba yinkulungwane, ngo-1847, lapho hlobo lwezinkawu yeSonto waseConstantinople kwaba Umfundisi omkhulu wesonto VI Anthimus, kwabezazi inzalamizi edlubulundayo isusiwe, futhi, ngenxa imisebenzi eminingi yamandla eyenziwa ngaso ethuneni lakhe, yena waba abagcotshwa. Nokho, iRussia ayibonwa isenzo ngoba ngenxa yezizathu eziningana, okuyinto kwaholela ezingxoxweni phakathi abamele iningi amasonto zomhlaba Orthodox.

isenzo Legal, ingamukeleki Russia

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi iSonto LamaRoma amakhulu amaningi eminyaka enqabe khona ukuqaphela isonto waseConstantinople unendawo ehloniphekile kathathu. Ubaba yaguquka kuphela ngemva e 1439 inyunyana okuthiwa yasayinwa eMkhandlwini Florence - isivumelwano ekubumbaneni le amasonto obuKatolika Orthodox.

Lesi senzo wanakekela igunya obuphakeme uPapa, futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo ulondoloze isimo esontweni Eastern imikhosi yabo, yamukela izimfundiso zamaKatolika. Kungokwemvelo ukuba isivumelwano esinjalo iphikisana nezidingo Charter of Russian Orthodox Church, sinqatshiwe eMoscow, futhi abeke isignesha yakhe Metropolitan Isidor bancishwa isithunzi.

izinzalamizi Christian in the state amaSulumane

emashumini engaphansi kweyodwa nengxenye. Ngo-1453 uMbuso WaseByzantium zigoqiwe ngaphansi ukuhlaselwa kwezinhloko zamaviyo Turkish. Okwesibili waseRoma wawa, ulahlekelwa yindawo yakhe eMoscow. Kodwa-Turks kulesi simo baye babonisa ukubekezelelana ephawulekayo abashisekeli benkolo. Yakha zonke izikhungo kahle kwemandla embuso ku nezimiso yamaSulumane, basuke Nokho, sisavunyelwe ukuba sibe khona kuleli zwe ngempela umphakathi enkulu yobuKristu.

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, Umbhishobhi omkhulu waseConstantinople, isonto ilahlekelwe ngokuphelele ithonya zalo zezombusazwe, wahlala, nokho, abaholi benkolo yobuKristu emiphakathini yabo. Ukugcina ukalwe indawo okwesibili, beswela izinto ezibonakalayo futhi cishe akukho bazitholele okokuziphilisa, zaphoqeleka ukuba balwe naso isidingo kakhulu. Kufika ukusungulwa e 1589 we sabefundisi eRussia, uMphathi waseConstantinople wayeyinhloko Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia, futhi umnikelo elinomusa izikhulu eMoscow wamvumela ukuba ngandlela-thile izidingo zomkhaya.

Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, Umbhishobhi omkhulu waseConstantinople futhi abazange baqhubeke izikweletu. Kuyinto loMfula i-Bosphorus lanikezelwa isihloko sokuqala Russian Tsar u-Ivan IV the Kubi, futhi uMbhishobhi Omkhulu Ierimiya II wabusisa ngesikhathi ukubusa kuze kube isihlalo wokuqala eMoscow uMphathi weSonto uJobe. Lokhu kwaba isinyathelo esibalulekile entuthukweni wezwe, okuyinto wafaka Russia belingana kwamanye amazwe-Orthodox.

Isifiso sokuvelela salezi ze- ezingalindelekile

Ukuze eminyakeni engaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu, Lezinzalamizi esonto waseConstantinople idlalwe kuphela indima zezinhloko imiphakathi yobuKristu zitholakala ngaphakathi enamandla uMbuso WaseTurkey ngenxa umphumela kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala esingavunyelwe waphula nesizotha. Emphilweni isimo, kuningi osekushintshile, ngisho dolobha yakhe yangaphambili kweConstantinople ngo-1930 iqanjwe kabusha Istanbul.

On amanxiwa amandla owawuke waba namandla Sabefundisi waseConstantinople ngokushesha kwaqina. Kusukela maphakathi nawo-eko kwekhulu elidlule ubuholi bayo ngenkuthalo lelisu umqondo, owawuthi Umbhishobhi omkhulu waseConstantinople kufanele benawo amandla kwangempela futhi uthole ilungelo hhayi kuphela ukuba siphile ukuphila benkolo wonke Orthodox ayehlakazekele, kodwa futhi ukuthatha ingxenye ekuxazululeni izinkinga sangaphakathi Ngaphanga amanye amabandla autocephalous. Lesi sikhundla ifikile ngaphansi umlilo emhlabeni Orthodox futhi wethiwa igama elithi "popery empumalanga."

isikhalazo yeKambiso Umbhishobhi

Ungene ngo-1923, iSivumelwano Lausanne lwanika nciphisa yoMbuso WaseTurkey futhi osungulwe imingcele ulayini kulo mbuso omusha. Wabuye wabhala isihloko WamaSonto uMphathi waseConstantinople njengoba, kodwa uhulumeni wezwe yesimanje Turkish enqaba ngayo ukuqaphela. Inikeza imvume kuphela ukuqashelwa Umbhishobhi omkhulu emphakathini Turkish Orthodox.

Ngo-2008, Umbhishobhi omkhulu waseConstantinople waphoqeleka ukuba isikhalazo eNkantolo YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu nge icala Government of Turkey, omunye iphathe zokukhosela Orthodox ku Buyukada Isiqhingi oLwandle Marmara. Ngo-July walowo nyaka, ngemva kokuhlaziya icala, inkantolo yanelisekile ngokugcwele isikhalazo, futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, wenza isitatimende ukuqashelwa isimo zayo ezingokomthetho. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi le Kwakuqala ngqa ukuthi hlobo lwezinkawu yeSonto waseConstantinople ziqondiswe izinkantolo European.

Idokodo lomthetho ngo-2010

Enye incwadi ebalulekile zomthetho ngezindlela eziningi kunqunywa isimo samanje Umbhishobhi omkhulu waseConstantinople, kwaba esithathwe nguMkhandlu ePhalamende ngo-January 2010, uMkhandlu WaseYurophu. Lo mbhalo esidinga ukwakhiwa kwamakomidi inkululeko engokwenkolo amalungu non-Muslim zonke ezincane abahlala Turkey naseMpumalanga Greece.

Ukulungiswa efanayo wacela uhulumeni Turkish ukuhlonipha isihloko "WamaSonto" njengoba umbhishobhi omkhulu waseConstantinople, uhlu okuyinto iphindela abangamakhulu amaningana abantu, eligqoke ngesisekelo kwezinkambiso zomthetho ezifanele.

I hlobo lwezinkawu samanje iSonto waseConstantinople

ubuntu Bright yokuqala Umbhishobhi omkhulu waseConstantinople noBartolomewu mina, ekubekweni eyaqedwa ngo-October 1991. Igama lakhe wokuziphilisa - Dimitrios Arhondonis. NgesiGreki ngobuzwe, wazalwa ngo-1940 esiqhingini e-Imbros okuqondene Turkey. Ukuthola jikelele imfundo yesibili futhi iziqu Halki sabefundisi, Dimitrios, lapho izinga igosa, wakhonza njengomdala sebutho Turkish.

Ngemva demobilization uqala ukunyukela eziphakemeyo ulwazi zenkolo. Ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu Arhondonis abaqeqeshiwe emanyuvesi e-Italy, eSwitzerland nase-Jalimane, futhi umphumela waba ukuthi kuba udokotela wezenkolo womfundisi we-Pontifical Gregorian University.

Polyglot esitulweni wezinzalamizi

Amandla sokwetshisa ulwazi lo muntu umane lokukwazi. Eminyakeni ezinhlanu zokutadisha kwabafundi lapho yingcweti isiJalimane, isiFulentshi, isiNgisi Italy. Lapha kubalulekile ukuze ungeze ngolimi lwakhe lwendabuko isi-Turkish nezazi - Latin. Ngemva kokubuyela e-Turkey, Dimitrios waya kuzo zonke izigaba sabaphathi zenkolo, kuyilapho ngo-1991 wakhethwa Primate yeSonto iConstantinople.

"Green uMbhishobhi Omkhulu"

Emkhakheni wezingalo imisebenzi ngamazwe eNgcwelengcwele uMbhishobhi Omkhulu noBartolomewu waseConstantinople atholwe udumo njengoba othanda ukulwa ukuze kulondolozwe imvelo. Kulesi isiqondiso, yena waba umhleli eziningi izinkundla international. It is eyaziwa ukuthi Umbhishobhi uqhuba nokubambisana ezintweni eziningi izinhlangano kwemvelo. Ngenxa yaleso usebenza zonke-ongcwele noBartolomewu wathola isihloko olungekho emthethweni - "Green uMbhishobhi Omkhulu".

Umfundisi omkhulu wesonto noBartolomewu has eduze nobuhlobo obuhle nezinhloko Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia, yena evakashele lapha ngokushesha ngemva kokugcotshwa ngo-1991. Ngokuhamba izingxoxo ke waseConstantinople Primate uzwakalise ukweseka kwakhe Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia YaseMoscow Sabefundisi okushayisanayo yayo ne self-wamemezela futhi kusukela iphuzu ezakha buka, engumlanjwana Kyivan Sabefundisi. Ukuxhumana okunjalo baqhubeka eminyakeni elandelayo.

WamaSonto uMphathi weSonto noBartolomewu, kusho u-Archbishop omkhulu waseConstantinople, njalo waba isinqumo olunezimiso kuzo zonke izindaba ezibalulekile. Isibonelo esimangalisayo lokhu ukusebenza kwakhe kamuva ngo-2004 ngesikhathi mpikiswano Zonke Russian Yabantu Council on ukuqashelwa isimo eMoscow Okwesithathu eRoma kugcizelela ukubaluleka zako khona enkolo nawezombusazwe. Enkulumweni yakhe, Umbhishobhi walahla lo mqondo njengoba untenable ngasohlangothini lwezenkolo futhi iyingozi kwezombusazwe.