Uyini Sonnet? Inkondlo, a Sonnet. Abalobi sonnets

Intandokazi izimbongi futhi izinkondlo abalandeli Sonnet is owehla evela imisebenzi Provencal troubadours, owadala wokuziphilisa isosha esihlatshelelwayo futhi aba phakathi kwabantu bokuqala ukuba aqambe izingoma ngolimi lomdabu kunokuba ngesiLatini. Igama uhlobo itholakala ngokuba sibuyele emuva Provencal izwi sonet - sonorous, ingoma sonorous.

Uyini Sonnet? Umlando nesenzakalo

Yama-Albigenses neMpi (1209-1229) ezimboze eningizimu yeFrance, ophoqelelwe troubadours eziningi ukuthuthela Sicily, lapho 1200s eNaples e-imbongi enkantolo futhi nomvikeli noFrederick II, kwamiswa izinkondlo esikoleni. abameleli balo ziye zaba nomthelela tingucuko Sonnet - ke Italian yayenze SONETTO - uhlobo okuholela yomsebenzi wakhe. izimbongi Sicilia wajabulela lwesigodi Tuscan, okuyinto vele ekuqa- 13-14 eminyaka kwakheka isisekelo ulimi Italy. Abaningi geniuses Yenguquko wabhala sonnets: Petrarch, Dante, Boccaccio, Per De Ronsard, Lope de Vega, Shakespeare ... futhi ngamunye kubo kuletha nokuqukethwe izinkondlo into entsha.

Amatshwayo wobujamo

Sonnet Classic siqukethe amavesi nane. Ngenkathi Italian nesiFulentshi Renaissance imbongi enkondlweni yalotshwa njengezingoma zohlobo oluthile of quatrains ezimbili (quatrains) kanye ezimbili Terzigno (ezintathu), futhi phakathi English - quatrains kwamathathu kanye nowesifazane oyedwa couplet.

Inkondlo-Sonnet emangalisayo Musically, kumelula ukuqamba umculo ngoba. isigqi ezithile yafinyelelwa sibonga alternation imilolotelo wesilisa futhi njengabesifazane, uma ukucindezeleka ewela yokugcina, futhi ngenxa yalokho, kwi ilunga penultimate. Abacwaningi bathola ukuthi Sonnet classical iqukethe 154 uhlamvu, kodwa leli siko engalandelanga yonke izimbongi. E-Italy, eFrance naseNgilandi - sombuso ezintathu we asesimweni senkondlo. Abalobi sonnets - babevela ezweni ngalinye - baye wenza izinguquko ezithile ifomu kanye nokwakheka.

umqhele sonnets

Leli fomu ikakhulukazi kule nkondlo yavela e-Italy ngekhulu le-13. Ngo sonnets wakhe 15, kanti isixuku esikhulu iyisihloko esiyinhloko kanye nomqondo ezinye nane. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, siye baqala umsebenzi ekupheleni. Esikhathini Sonnet lweshumi nanhlanu Ibaluleke ngala mavesi ezimbili zokuqala, futhi ngokwemfundiso yesiko, the Sonnet lokuqala kumelwe nakanjani baqale umugqa wokuqala kanye ukuqeda nge yesibili wokugcina. Ayikho ezithakazelisayo kancane kukhona nezinye izingxenye lezimbali-inkondlo. Enye nantathu sonnets umugqa wokugcina odlule isidingo sokuthi kube emgqeni wokuqala olandelayo.

Izimbongi Russian emlandweni izincwadi emhlabeni ukukhumbula amagama Vyacheslava Ivanova futhi Valery Bryusov. Bona kahle ukuthi yini Sonnet, ngakho abonisa isithakazelo umqhele sonnets. ERussia, lolu hlobo lokubhala umsuka ekhulwini le-18. Genius Valeriy Bryusov wayesazi kahle lolu hlobo, nilalele izisekelo aqine. inkondlo yakhe eledlule umqhele omuhle sonnets ( "Doom uchungechunge") iqala emigqeni:

"Nane ukungitshela ukuthi kwakudingekile

Amagama izinkumbulo ozithandayo uyaphila! "

, Udinga ukuchitha ukuhlaziya kangako uhlobo Ukwakheka yayiqondakala ngaphezulu. Ngu isiko, esigaba yokugcina Sonnet lokuqala liqala futhi liphethe - yesibili; Sonnet lwesithathu iqala emgqeni wokugcina sangaphambilini, kuleli cala - "! amagama izinkumbulo ozithandayo uyaphila" Kungaba wagomela ukuthi Valeriy Bryusov safinyelela ekupheleleni lolu hlobo. Kuze kube manje, 150 amagoda ezimbali etemibhalo abalwa sonnets izimbongi isiRashiya, futhi kukhona abangaba ngu-600 emhlabeni zezinkondlo.

Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374). Italian Renaissance

Bambiza ngokuthi umuntu wokuqala Yenguquko kanye umsunguli we kolimi classical. Franchesko Petrarka wafundiswa ummeli, waba umpristi, kodwa akazange aphile ngokuvumelana nesimiso of theocentrism. Petrarch uhambo kulo lonke elaseYurophu, enkonzweni Cardinal waqala umsebenzi wakhe etemibhalo edolobhaneni Vaucluse eningizimu yeFrance. Kikho koke ukuphila kwakhe wabachazela imibhalo yesandla yasendulo futhi ayethanda zabuna lasendulo - Virgil futhi Cicero. Abaningi izinkondlo zakhe, kuhlanganise sonnets, Petrarch afakwe iqoqo "Canzoniere", ngokwezwi nezwi elisho ukuthi "Incwadi Yezingoma". Ngo 1341 wempumelelo yakhe etemibhalo ethwele umqhele umfire.

art Izici

Isici esiyinhloko Petrarch - othandweni nasemisebenzini sokuthandwa, kodwa ukuthi uthando akufanele kungagcini abesifazane kodwa futhi ukuba abangani, umndeni, uhlobo. Lo mbono kwaba labonisa emsebenzini wakhe. Incwadi yakhe "Kantsonere" libhekisela ngezenzo Laura de ezisanda, indodakazi knight sika. Collection yabhalwa cishe konke ukuphila kwadingeka izinguqulo ezimbili. Sonnets incwadi yokuqala abizwa ngokuthi "Ngokuba umphefumulo womzimba Laura," yesibili - ". On kokufa Laura" Sekukonke, iqoqo - amavesi 366. I 317 sonnets ka Petrarch waphawula Dynamics temporal of imizwa. Esikhathini "Canzoniere" umbhali ubona umsebenzi izinkondlo silokhu sithi Madonna amahle ngesihluku. Yena idealizes Laura, kodwa akaphelelwa izici zayo zangempela. The hero lyrical ihlangabezana bonke ubunzima of uthando unrequited futhi ahlupheke, okwakungelayo eziphula isifungo esingcwele. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke Sonnet kumbhali - 61, lapho wakujabulela ngeminithi esichithwe othandekayo wakhe:

"Makatuswe izikhala zosuku, inyanga, ehlobo, ihora
Futhi okwamanje lapho amehlo bami bahlangana labo amehlo! "

Ukuqoqwa Petrarch - ukuvuma olusankondlo, lapho ubonisa inkululeko yakhe kwangaphakathi futhi ukuzimela ezingokomoya. Uyaphuma uya ngokusebenzisa, kodwa Akazisoli uthando. Wayebonakala ukuze bathethelele akhazimulise uthando yasemhlabeni, ngoba ngaphandle uthando, umusa ngeke siphile. Ivesi, Sonnet ibonisa lo mbono, futhi liyaqhubeka ukusekela izimbongi amuva.

Dzhovanni Bokkachcho (1313-1375). Italian Renaissance

Isikhova i-great Renaissance umbhali (aziwa kakhulu ngomsebenzi wakhe othi "Decameron") kwaba mntwana wesihlahla, ngakho waqale waba baphathwe ngendelelo, kodwa ithalente lanqoba futhi imbongi abasha wayebhekwa. Ukufa Petrarch Boccaccio yathutha ukuze Waloba Sonnet yokumbonga, eveza le impermanence nomqondo wokuphila kwasemhlabeni.

"Ngu Sennuchcho ukuba Chino wajoyina,

Futhi Dante, naphambi kwakho

Khona-ke sitheza us zaziletha ngokwazo batshengise. "

Dzhovanni Bokkachcho abazinikezele sonnets Dante Aligeri nezinye geniuses, futhi okubaluleke - abesifazane. thandeka wabiza igama elilodwa - Fiametta, kodwa uthando lwakhe akuyona ephakeme njengoba Petrarch, nokuningi phansi emhlabeni. Yena kancane okushintsha uhlobo Sonnet futhi igubha ubuhle ebusweni, izinwele, izihlathi, izindebe, ubhala mayelana ukukhangwa yakhe ukuba ubuhle kanye uchaza izidingo bokuphila. Dodger futhi oluthandayo abesifazane balindele bagcinelwe elibuhlungu: wamdumaza kanjani isimo izidalwa amahle ukukhashelwa wahlupheka, Boccaccio e 1362 wathatha oda ongcwele.

Per De Ronsard (1524-1585). The French Renaissance

Njengoba ayezalelwe emkhayeni ka abazali abadla izambane likapondo kanye ezihloniphekayo, Per De Ronsard wayenawo wonke amathuba ukuze imfundo enhle. Ngo-1542, wanikeza olungaphelele entsha izinkondlo French amamitha poetic nemilolotelo ngoba egade kufanele ngokuthi 'senkosi yezimbongi. " Maye, impumelelo wakhe kabi ezikhokhelwayo isithulu yakhe, kodwa akazange ashiye nenkanuko self-ngcono. Advanced imbongi yamandulo eyakubiza ayecabanga ngoHorace Virgil. Per De Ronsard wawuqondiswa umsebenzi amandulela: wayazi ukuthi Sonnet, futhi wachaza ubuhle abesifazane, uthando lwakhe ngayo. Le mbongi Muses ezintathu: Cassandra Marie Elena. Kwelinye sonnets, Uyavuma uthando lwakhe intombi ethile emnyama asebegugile kanye brown amehlo, futhi wamqinisekisa ukuthi asikho redheads noma svetlookie zamenza ke imizwa ukukhanya:

"Enginakho brown amehlo ephila kanye elangabini lomlilo,
Enginakho amehlo grey ubone Angifuni ... "

Translations sonnets eyenziwa lo mbhali abalobi Russian kwekhulu lamashumi amabili - Vilgelm Levik futhi Vladimir Nabokov.

Uilyam Shekspir (1564-1616). isiZulu Renaissance

Ngaphandle comedies okukhazimulayo kanye netinhlekelele efakwe endaweni yengcebo izincwadi zezwe, Shakespeare wabhala 154 sonnets, okunabileko wesimanje abahlaziyi bemibhalo. Izinto azibhala zaba batshelwa ukuthi "lo khiye, wavula inhliziyo yakhe." Kwezinye sonnets umbhali wabelane nakho kwakhe ukuthanda izinto ezingokomoya, nakuba abanye ayekade izibambe usinga. Shakespeare enikelwe chetyrnadtsatistrofnye inkondlo kumngane wakhe elimnyama Lady. Sonnet ngamunye inombolo eyinqaba, ngakho-ke kulula ukubona ukushiyana kwezidalwa imizwa kombhali: uma ngemisebenzi yokuqala iqhawe lyrical Uyazazisa ubuhle, emva 17 sonnets ukuza nokucela reciprocity. Ezinkondlweni ngaphansi inombolo 27-28, umuzwa - akuyona injabulo kodwa ukuthanda.

sonnets kaShakespeare zalotshelwa hhayi kuphela uthando izindikimba: ngezinye izikhathi umbhali uba sefilosofi, ukuphupha ukungafi, futhi wagwetshelwa izenzo ezimbi. Noma kunjalo, lona wesifazane naye - kukhona ephelele, futhi kuphephile ukusho ukuthi ubuhle imiselwe ukuba ngisindise izwe. Esikhathini Sonnet abadumile 130 Shakespeare Uyazazisa ubuhle emhlabeni othandekayo wakhe: amehlo akhe musa ziqhathaniswa nezinkanyezi, ukubonakala ikude umthunzi obucayi rose, kodwa uthi ku couplet zokugcina:

"Kodwa nokho wamnika ngakho neze,

Ubani ngokuziqhathanisa Lush kabi. "

IsiNtaliyane, isiFulentshi nesiNgisi sonnets: letifanako kanye netintfo letehlukile

Renaissance, kuye kwanikeza isintu yobuciko eziningi izincwadi. Njengoba waqala e-Italy ngekhulu weshumi nantathu, enkathini kwesikhashana uye wathuthela eFrance, futhi ngemva kweminyaka engamakhulu amabili - e-England. Njalo umbhali, ngokuba ongowokuzalwa ezweni, uletha ngesimo a Sonnet izinguquko ezithile, kodwa waqhubeka izihloko efanele - silokhu sithi abesifazane ubuhle nothando wakhe.

Classic Italian Sonnet quatrains ebhaliwe ku imilolotelo ezimbili, Terzetto uvumelekile ukuba abhale njengoba ezimbili noma ezintathu, futhi ngaphakathi alternation of imilolotelo iduna nensikazi kwaba ozikhethela. Ngamanye amazwi, ugcizelela esigaba angawa zokugcina, futhi ilunga penultimate.

EFrance, umzalwane wavinjelwa ukuphindaphindwa kwamagama kanye nokusetshenziswa imilolotelo eyahumusha. Quatrains kusukela tercets ngokuqinile sihlukile kwezinye olungile ngamunye. Izimbongi Yenguquko eFrance wabhala sonnets desyatislozhnikom.

emisha yethulwa e-England. Izimbongi ukwazi ukuthi Sonnet, kodwa esikhundleni ifomu yakhe evamile, ehlanganisa quatrains zimbili TERCET kwadingeka quatrains kwamathathu kanye nowesifazane oyedwa couplet. Okuphetha vesi kubhekwa ukhiye futhi Sibhalwe ekhululekile Maxim aphoristic. Ithebula ubonisa izinguqulo kwesejwayelekile ka imilolotelo emazweni ahlukahlukene.

Sonnet namuhla

Chetyrnadtsatistrofnaya ifomu ivesi yokuqala uye savela ngempumelelo futhi umsebenzi abalobi wesimanje. Ngo zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili, lo esivame kakhulu imodeli French. Ngemva Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak lolungenamaphutsa elihunyushwe sonnets kaShakespeare, abalobi unesithakazelo ifomu ngesiNgisi. Lesi sakamuva ziphoqa ngisho kwamanje. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi wonke sonnets kwahunyushwa geniuses ovelele izincwadi, isithakazelo kule uhlobo uhlala efanele kuze kube yilolu suku: ngo-2009 u-Alexander Sharakshane eshicilelwe iqoqo ne ukuhumusha sonnets kaShakespeare.