Uyini Incwadi Olubomvu? Kuyini ewusizo kukodwa amabhere?

Man luyingxenye yobuntu, kodwa ngasizathu simbe ngokuvamile ukhohliwe. Ngokuvamile, imvelo ehlushwa abantu ngokwabo ophilayo. izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe amaningi, khona lapho singazi ngisho usola, uzama ukuvikela isintu, kuyindida ukuthi ngokwakhe.

Yini IUCN ukwenza lokho inhlangano

Isibalo izinkampani kwemvelo zihlanganisa International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN esifushanisiwe. He qamba nge UNESCO supply 1948 futhi ingenye emhlabeni engenzi-nzuzo ngobukhulu futhi inhlangano ezimele. Ngezansi kubalwe ezinye zezincwadi eziningi enyatheliswa yi-Union - Red Book. Yebo, yebo, okufanayo, ukuba khona lapho sifunda esikoleni, futhi ekugcineni - ukukhohlwa. Uyini-International Red Incwadi? Akukhona umthetho, akanayo siqashelwe ngokomthetho, umane athwala izincomo zalawo mazwe lapho kukhona usongo izilwane zasendle. Umculu wenchubomgomo ka IUCN, okuyinto eyaba olusemthethweni ngo-1979, iyona "World Conservation Strategy". IUCN - Inhlangano endala, yakhiwa 78 States futhi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ososayensi 12,000 kanye nochwepheshe abavela emhlabeni jikelele. Yamazwe ngamazwe Red Incwadi ibekwe uhlu oluphelele lwazo zonke kwezinhlobo zezinyoni ezingavamile futhi amancane kakhulu yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene.

Ukuba ukufinyelela eliphakeme ezingeni lamazwe omhlaba, Nature Conservation Union silungele ukubambisana nanoma iyiphi enye inhlangano, inhlangano noma iqembu lezisebenzi zokuzithandela, ogama imisebenzi zihlanganisa ukugcinwa nokuvikelwa kwemvelo. Injongo eyinhloko ye-IUCN - njengoba kahle ngangokunokwenzeka futhi ethengekayo ukuletha imibono yabo ukuze sonke isintu futhi, ngenxa yalokho, zenze ngcono isimiso sokuthutha yokuvikela imvelo, kungakhathaliseki ezombusazwe futhi umehluko emphakathini.

Uyini Incwadi Red

Umqondo we-kunyatheliswa incwadi, angathathwa waqoqa yonke iyisilwane esisengozini izilwane nezitshalo kwaba yisikhathi eside, ngakho ngokushesha nje ezakhiwe IUCN, ku zezinyoni ezingavamile nemvelo, uKhomishane sekuqalile ukuthuthukisa salolu shicilelo. Usihlalo uPetru Scott ikhomishana ahlinzekwa ngimbiza "Red" futhi ikhava ukwenza nombala ofanayo - uphawu kutsi imvelo esongelwa yokuqothulwa. Ukuze umbala kanye kakhulu isihloko sencwadi ethi wenza abantu becabanga sengqondo esingalungile maqondana nemvelo, ukubhujiswa kwalo ngesihluku.

Uyini Incwadi Olubomvu? Enombono alondoloze osizungezile, International Union for Conservation of Nature ngo-1963 eshicilelwe Red Book, eyayibonakala baqoqa atholakala kakhulu akuvamile zinhlobo zezilwane. -Edishini Kwatholakala ngempela voluminous - imiqulu emibili, kodwa ukuzungeza lalilincane kakhulu, futhi abanikazi kwamakhophi okuqala baba kuphela abanye ababusi bezwe ososayensi abaqavile.

Kancane kancane kwakukhona izinguquko isimo ... The Book Red ukuthi zibhaliwe kane (ngaphambi 1980). Phakathi nalesi sikhathi irrevocably gone 14 zezilwane, izinyoni, izilwane ezihuquzelayo, kwezinhlanzi nezilwane eziphila ezweni. Uma ezinye izinhlobo zawo futhi zenyathi izilwane, izinyoni nezilwane ezihuquzelayo usubuyiselwe, izinhlanzi nezilwane eziphila ezweni kungekho inhlanhla.

Umbala timphawu

Sencazelo "lokho Red Book" zingatholakala kunoma iyiphi i-encyclopedia noma isichazamazwi. Leli bhuku engavamile iqiniso lokuthi Amakhasi ayo lowehlukile, kuncike esigabeni aqoshwe ishidi ethile zezinto eziphilayo noma zenyathi yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene. Ukuze kube lula zonke izinhlobo ehlukana nokuthi niyotshela elibonakala izimpawu ezilandelayo:

1. Black umbala:

• EX - yokuqothulwa;
• EW - namanje walondoloza, kodwa bahlala ekuthunjweni.

2. Red - kuthiwa zisengozini yokuqothulwa:

• CR - isikhundla ezibucayi;
• EN - ngaphansi usongo lokuqothulwa;
• VU - abasengozini khulu.

3. oluhlaza - obuncane:

• CD - ingashabalala ngaphandle kokunikezela izinyathelo ezidingekayo Ukuvikelwa;
• NT - kakade eduze iqembu "engozini";
• LC - ingozi ekhona, kodwa ubuncane.

Uyini Red Encwadi Russia

Uhlelo lokuqala "Red Incwadi USSR" sihlehlela kusukela ngo-1978 .. Kamuva yaqala ukunyathelisa Red Data Books republic Union zihlukanise izifunda elinezinkathazo kakhulu nezindawo.

umthelela zomuntu emvelweni ezindaweni enabantu abaningi eRussia kwenzakala yokuthi uhlobo oluthile izilwane nezitshalo kwakungeyona into engaphansi - bona wanyamalala ngokuphelele ebusweni bomhlaba. izinkambo - isibonelo, izilwane kanye ezinkulu wahlala ensimini ka-Russia. Laba bantu, efana inyathi kwadingeka nokukhula okukhulu, ukuphakama kwazo ngesikhathi buyabuna safinyelela ngamamitha amabili. Ngokwemvelo, zingabantu inyamazane athandwayo yabazingeli. Isibalo imizuliswano unqabile ngokushesha ngakho izikhulu Tsarist Russia bahlabe umkhosi, futhi wakhipha umyalo phezu ukuvikelwa kwalezi zilwane futhi ukuvinjelwa ngezizathu azo okuzingela kwesikhulu. Kodwa akazange asize, kanye izinkambo babe yamuka.

Zabulawa ezehlela eyisihlobo ihhashi Przewalski - tarpan. Babehlala asemaqeleni kanye ihlathi asemaqeleni Russia, kodwa izifiki waqala ukulima ezweni engashiyanga amathuba okusinda Tarpanam. Uma kungekho reserve "Bialowieza Ihlathi" yasungulwa, inyathi jeza zabulawa. Uhlu izilwane ezingasekho eRussia liyaqhubeka likhula, ngeshwa. Futhi manje, 22 zinhlobo phezu sonqenqemeni lokuqothulwa, 25 zezinyoni, omunye silwane, ezintathu izinhlobo, 16 ezingenamgogodla, futhi izitshalo zibe yikhulu.

Ngesisekelo zoMthetho Federal "Ngo-Environmental Protection" (1991) kanye "On Wildlife" (1995) yanyatheliswa ngo-2001 "The Red egwalweni Russian Federation:. Nezilwane"

Manje Red Encwadi Russia kuyinto Incwadi engokomthetho phezu ezisengozini yokuqothulwa zezilwane nezitshalo, zazo 533 kukhona on the esengozini yokuqothulwa.

Uyini Incwadi Red of Plants

I izinhlelo zokuqala ezinhlanu Incwadi Red besishumayela kuphela izilwane ezisengozini yokuqothulwa futhi ezingavamile kwezilwane, futhi kusukela ngo-1963 yanyatheliswa Red Encwadi izitshalo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kwencazelo "lokho Incwadi Red", ukushintsha umugqa lapho ezishiwo uhlu eziyivelakancane hhayi kuphela isilwane, kodwa futhi flora

izitshalo Inombolo befa liyakhula ngesilinganiso yokuthi namuhla eNcwadini Olubomvu kwaba ngisho nalabo izinhlobo muva wakhula yonke indawo ezindaweni ezinkulu. Lezi kungaba kakade ukubalwa phakathi galanthus nivalis, cornflower Dubyansky, Corydalis Marshall et al.

Uyini Red Incwadi izigaba? Indlela eyamukelwa division eRussia

1. Isigaba 0. Leli qembu kuhlanganisa labo zezitshalo nezilwane, futhi azikaze ukubonwa. Igama iqembu - "Cishe yokuqothulwa."

2. Isigaba 1. Lezi zinhlobo Usufike usayizi ezibucayi, kungenzeka ukuzibala ngamunye ngamunye. Lokhu izilwane ezisengozini (omunye walabo kuyinto ihlosi laseSiberia.) Futhi izitshalo.

3. Isigaba 2 kuyehla ngesibalo. Abakwazi nganoma isiphi isikhathi singene esisodwa sezigaba ezimbili zokuqala, uma ungenawo wababeka indawo evikelwe sokuba kube nokuqondisa okuqinile izinombolo. Olubonisa leli qembu duck Mandarin.

4. Isigaba sesithathu - zezinyoni ezingavamile. Bahlala ezindaweni elinganiselwe futhi, ngokuba unamandla amancane. Muva nje, edolobheni slipper womfazi akumangalisi muntu, futhi abantu eqoqwe ezithelo, ujabulela ubuhle bayo engavamile. Manje kuba zezinyoni ezingavamile.

5. Isigaba 4 ayinakho isimo. Lezi izinhlobo okuyinto Ochwepheshe kuphela ukwazi; akhawunti bona izitshalo 10 kuphela futhi 40 abameleli nezilwane.

6. Isigaba 5. Lezi zilwane yaleli qembu nje ajabule inhliziyo. bona "ukubuyisela noma kabusha" ngokuthi. Ngenxa yemizamo, izinhlobo ezithile ukususa londoloza.

7. Isigaba 6. Kuyinto eziningi kunazo zonke kulokhu okungenhla. Ziyakwazi ngaphansi kolawulo esiqinile nokugada umuntu.

Manje siyazi ukuthi iNcwadi Red. eqaphela ngemiphumela sengqondo umthengi maqondana imvelo kuphela, singafunda ukujabulela, lapho izitshalo nezilwane ungashiyi ezweni lethu, futhi Red Encwadi ikhasi.