Umdwebo Zhostovo. Elements Zhostovo imidwebo. ifektri Zhostovo Umdwebo zokuhlobisa

Emangazwe izinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene imibala, ashaya phezu abamnyama noma ezinemibala emathileyi Zhostovo imidwebo amafomu egqamile amaphethini ezimibalabala, ehlotshiswe imininingwane ayetholakala. rose ocolekile poppy ebomvu, daisy cornflowers elula ethinta inhliziyo, peonies kanye abaqhoshayo Aster ekhazimulayo kuhlangene izimbali elingaziwa kodwa akukho ngaphansi amahle. Izinyoni izimvemvane, ezihlukahlukene izithelo kanye izithelo ibukeke abahlala ezinjalo, izinto ezincane zosuku nosuku efana emathileyi. Bangaki-ke kangizidingeli, ngeke ukuthole yimiphi ugqoko efanayo - ngamunye uhlukile! Sasizitholaphi ukuza art ezinjalo, njengoba ukwenza izinto ezimangalisayo, lapho ungathatha izifundo Zhostovo imidwebo? Mayelana nalesi futhi mayelana nezici yokudweba ku metal, isici abaculi abavela eMoscow Zhostovo, kulesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngako.

Umlando nesenzakalo lacquer imidwebo

Bokuqala, ngokusho idatha umlando nemivubukulo, kahle ubuciko lacquer Umdwebo Chinese. izinkulungwane eziningana edlule ngesikhathi Shang Yin, izakhamizi Chinese ehlotshisiwe lacquer imidwebo izinto yasendlini futhi izinto zangamalanga, izikhali nezitsha isiko.

Ngemva China lacquer imidwebo yobuciko amazwe yanqoba ka Indochina, iPheresiya neNdiya, Japan kanye Korea. In ngamunye izifunda lacquer imidwebo amasu athuthukiswe ngokuzimela, esekelwe emasikweni abantu art, kodwa nangenduduzo zokweboleka isipiliyoni abaculi abavela kwamanye amazwe.

Njengoba lacquer Umdwebo weza eRussia?

abathengisi YaseYurophu ngo XVI-XVII eminyaka, nokuhwebelana amazwe aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, baletha izibonelo elimangalisayo izitsha zokhuni zokuhlobisa zaveza ezweni lenkaba yawo. Eshukunyiswa ubuhle futhi okwakhe ezihlukahlukene ngesimo, ngenhloso izinto Oriental, ehlotshiswe izithombe lacquered, master emazweni amaningi aseYurophu ayaqala ukuba wenze nihlobise ezihlukahlukene izinto ku "Chinese" nesitayela.

ukuthuthukiswa Serious zezikhonzi ukukhiqizwa, lacquer ehlotshiswe imidwebo, emazweni ase-European ezifana Holland, eNgilandi, Germany neFrance, kwenzeka ekhulwini XVIII.

usozimboni Ural Nikita Akinfievich Demidov babehamba kakhulu eYurophu, lapho balithanda umqondo lacquer imidwebo. Ngo 1778, esifundeni esise-Ural, Nizhny Tagil, Urals baqala ukuvela ukudoba imbali Umdwebo metal.

Izehlo Zhostovo ukuvenisha Painting ku Metal

Made esise-Ural, ehlotshiswe lacquer zaveza metal bele futhi emathileyi, izimbiza kanye amabhakede, nezinye izinto zangamalanga kwathengiswa hhayi kuphela SMME zendawo Krestovskaya Irbit, kodwa futhi eNational Makarevskoy fair e Nizhny Novgorod.

Mhlawumbe ibizwa lapha kubonakala imikhiqizo amakhosi Ural ephefumulelwe abazalwane Vishnjakova ku lacquer ngesineke metal emathileyi. Vishnjakova ibhizinisi lomndeni kusukela 1825 ithuthukiswe ikakhulukazi njengoba umdwebo lacquer imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene eyenziwe papier-Mache - isinemfu amabhokisi, amacala usikilidi, ama-albhamu, ushukela endishini amabhokisi.

Kusukela 1830, iningi izitolo elise emizaneni zintathu lesifunda, njengoZiqu-zintathu, Khlebnikov futhi Zhostovo liphela izinto ezenziwe papier-Mache, futhi bashintshele ukukhiqizwa futhi zaveza metal emathileyi.

Budebuduze enhlokodolobha ukudoba kuvunyelwe ukwenza ngaphandle abaxhumanisi futhi abe emakethe intuthuko engatheni, kanye ezingabizi ukuthenga izinto ezidingekayo.

Umlando yentuthuko ukuhweba

Kusukela-yalolucwaningo 30 kwekhulu XIX ukwenza nihlobise lacquered emathileyi of okuhlinza zensimbi cishe yonke emaphandleni aseduze. Ngalesi sikhathi Zhostovo Umdwebo wazibonela esiqongweni kwayo. Eminyakeni emva kwempi isidingo imikhiqizo Zhostovo amakhosi kwehle kakhulu, okuholela ubunye abaculi disparate e wokubambisana encane okhokhelwayo.

Ngo-1928, zonke wokubambisana ezincane-zintathu Ongcwele, Novosiltsev Zhostovo nakwamanye amadolobha eziseduze babeza ndawonye "Metallopodnos" ezikhethekile ubambisane isikhungo control e Zhostovo.

Isikhathi esinzima kakhulu Zhostovo imidwebo, njengeminye yezandla kakhulu, 40-50s steel kwekhulu elidlule. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi is kakhulu kwehle ukukhululwa kwe emathileyi, kodwa izikhathi ezimbalwa anda ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yokudoba izingane okungezona core sika. Umdwebo Zhostovo izingane - ezincane zokhuni metal ugqoko, amabhakede namafosholo, ehlotshiswe izakhi ngabanye.

umlando wanamuhla

"Ncibilika" Khrushchev sika wenza umehluko omuhle ezimpilweni lokudoba. Ngo-1960, i- "Metallopodnos" wokubambisana kwaba ihlelwe kabusha bese lethiwa samanje - Zhostovo imboni Umdwebo zokuhlobisa. Ukunakwa kusukela kuhulumeni, ukubambisana amakhosi nezazi wahlanganyela nemibukiso ahlukahlukene kokubili ezifuywayo angaphandle baye bavumela yokudoba ukuphuma crisis eside.

Namuhla ifektri is isebenza, imisebenzi abasebenzi somlobi abaculi wakhe kuhlobisa nokucacisa eminyuziyamu amaningi emhlabeni wonke, kanye emzini abanegama isiko, isayensi kanye nezombusazwe.

Izici kumiswa

Njengoba sekushiwo, Zhostovo Umdwebo esakhiwe ngaphansi kwethonya the Ural imbali Umdwebo metal. Kodwa Zhostovo amakhosi ekuqaleni kusetshenzwe futhi zokuhlobisa izinto ezihlukahlukene eyenziwe papier-Mache, bakwazi ukudlulisela abakutholile zobuchwepheshe ku metal emathileyi. Ukuze amajazi abo, basebenzisa izingoma zabo, kanye copal ukuvenisha ekhethekile.

umthelela Ayikho encane zokudoba nokuthuthukiswa laliseduze maphakathi lukutinskih lacquer emincanyana. Ukuze ukwakheka okwengeziwe wesitayela Zhostovo Umdwebo ukuthonywa Rostov koqweqwe lwawo kanye motifs ezimibalabala Ivanovo ukotini yezicathulo, iphosilini imidwebo, wenziwa phezu izimboni suburban.

Kulokho futhi kanjani emathileyi?

Modern Zhostov emathileyi zenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili: ngezitembu futhi ekwakheni.

Ngenxa ezivamile uthayela emishinini ekhethekile mechanical wenze izikhala ngoba emathileyi Umumo ejwayelekile nosayizi. Ngokulandelayo, i cindezela kagesi esebenzisa isikhunta akhethekile isitembu kuhlanganiswe wayebaphathele seaming imiphetho - interlining. A bead ugqoko babe elukhuni, ubenza kweqa.

Abaculi Zhostovo Umdwebo ingasebenza asigcini nje ngokulalela okushiwoyo ejwayelekile emathileyi amafomu. Ukukhetha kwabo kukhona 26 amafomu ejwayelekile kuyiphi ukukhetha design okufaneleka kakhulu kunokunye. Farrier Khona-ke, uma uhlukile, imbangela esithathwayo (wensimbi), silwenza kokuzihlanganisa ugqoko. Kuze kube yimanje, eziningana amashidi lensimbi isandla sikelo ukusika ubakaki, okuyinto kamuva, ngaphansi kwethonya isando edonswa angqongqoze. Lapho seaming onqenqemeni wafaka ugqoko izintambo ekhethekile, esinikela amandla ayo bese qondanisa uqobo isando onqenqemeni.

Njengoba emathileyi zilungiselwa imidwebo?

Uma emathileyi lalifundwa ukuma seamed, basuke primed zombili putty ehlanganisa wokulinganisa, buhlanjululwe emafutheni omiswe. Uma ugqoko primed omisiwe kuhhavini ekhethekile, master gruntovschik wokucwebezelisa ebusweni nge lokukhuhla, bese osebenza ngesinye isendlalelo putty. Ngaphambili ugqoko ehlanganiswa amabili omnyama primer ungqimba ehlanganisa kaolin ubumba, iziketekete umule Dutch namafutha. Wayekholelwa ukuthi ungqimba ngalunye omisiwe futhi iphucuziwe ngokucophelela. Namuhla, indlela yendabuko primer akuyona isicelo, isetshenziswa esikhundleni kulimaze kusukela Sprinkler ifektri inhlabathi ensundu. Ngemva iphele primed shpaklyuyut ugqoko yomiswa. Khona-ke putty ugqoko ngesandla iphucuziwe ngetshe ilula.

Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho sisetshenziswa ungene ugqoko black upende ngesisekelo turpentine, futhi ngemva iphele kanye ngo 2-3 izingqimba camera black uwoyela ukuvenisha. I omisiwe futhi ehlutshiwe ugqoko olwadluliselwa mculi ku lo mdwebo.

kanjani nezizinda anombala emathileyi?

ifektri Zhostovo Umdwebo zokuhlobisa, ngaphezu emathileyi ngoludala kanye isizinda black, iveza imikhiqizo, okuyizinto nezizinda obomvu, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye. Ukwakha kwabo phezu ugqoko ukuvundulula ungqimba ezondile lacquer yokukhanya. Kuze kube yomiswe, ufafaze ngethusi noma aluminium powder. Uma isizinda metallized esomile, uyipende umbala ufuna lessirovochnomu opende, ngalokho lunikeze okukhulu enamandla egcwele, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ube anombala ocwazimulayo, efana ingemuva ayevumela.

Ukudweba on isizinda umbala kudinga ushintsho umbala njengoba izici namacebo. Ngakho, nguye kuphela kancane esiqokiwe ukukhanya nezithunzi kancane ungenisa.

Art Umdwebo Zhostovo ugqoko

Zhostovo izingcweti enze ekhethekile squirrel Umdwebo emabhulashini namafutha upende buhlanjululwe turpentine namafutha linseed. umculi ngamunye kanyekanye abasebenza kwemikhiqizo embalwa. Ukuze okuzuza nomhlobiso esetshenziswa upende omhlophe nge ukuvenisha (gulfarba), ufafaze powder aluminium, noma okuthiwa igolide encibilikisiwe - buhlanjululwe in turpentine noma okusobala lacquer igolide powder.

Umdwebo Zhostovo yenziwa ngezigaba ezimbili: zamalevka futhi poise. Ngo isinyathelo zamalevki ububanzi ibhulashi umculi udonsa main ngalé Ukwakheka phezu ukusebenza ugqoko. Ukuze nokuqaliswa kwalo isebenzisa alulaze (razbelennye) upende. Khona-ke ugqoko isicelo zamalevkoy womile amahora 12 iKhabhinethi omiswe.

Ngemva kwalokho, uqala master bese udvweba Ukuthela izindawo elikhanyayo, ziwumthwalo izithunzi anemibala futhi ukukhanya sinquma ukuthi ivolumu lidlulisele kokuqanjiwe. Stamens izimbali namaqabunga streaks silhouetted imigqa mncane. Izingxenye ezinkulu Zhostovo imidwebo, ezifana izimbali ezinkulu, elihlobene ne ezincane neziqu, utshani kanye nezinye izingxenye kwengoma. Okwamuva idili nomhlobiso ebhodini.

Iphele umsebenzi ezintathu ophucuziwe nge ukuvenisha yomiswa e Ohhavini ke ebusweni ngesandla otpolirovyvayut a licwebezele njengesibuko.

Basic Umdwebo Motifs

Ngokuvamile Zhostovo abaculi enze amalungiselelo flower elula ngesimo sezimbali, okuyinto atishaye kushintshana engadini enkulu izimbali zasendle encane. Ngokuvamile, izingoma base bakha izimbali eziningana ezinkulu, ezifana rose, Aster, peony, Tulip dahlia noma sizungezwe okuxekethile izimbali amancane efihlekile futhi oxhumene mncane sifanamsindvo, iingojwana amahlamvu. Ngaphezu izimbali emikhulu engadini, abanye abaculi ukuziletha phambi kwaleNdlu ukwakheka nesizotha violets, iminduze, bindweed noma pansies.

Sezimbali like ingadi futhi izimbali zasendle kungenziwa kulekelelwa isithombe izithelo, amajikijolo, izinyoni kanye izimvemvane. Ngezinye izikhathi abadwebi zibonisa emathileyi namanje kuphela Lifes izithelo noma ezithelo amajikijolo ezifana Rowan.

Ngaphezu amalungiselelo flower, futhi indaba kudalwa Zhostovo imidwebo, isithombe ongawabona ngezansi. Njengomthetho, ke okubonisa izigcawu kusukela ukuphila kwabantu abavamile, indawo, namathafa, kanye nehhashi trio. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, Zhostovo Umdwebo (izithombe okusesihlokweni esithi) - ke ngempela kuyikhono.

Ekhululekile kusho Zhostovo osetshenziswayo Ubuciko

Ekuqaleni, ukwakheka ngoba emathileyi ezathathwa imidwebo, kodwa incazelo yabo umculi ngamunye beyiba yakhe. Namuhla amakhosi bona izingoma manje classical, kodwa futhi bafuna ukuthola amasha.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi umsebenzi walowo nalowo Zhostovo Umdwebo izingoma aqoshwe ngolimi indiza futhi axhunyiwe ukwakha ugqoko, bona ngokuphelele adluliselwe ukujula okunemibandela nevolumu ungenisa izinto. Zazibaluleke yokukhuluma Zhostovo art ibhalansi Rhythmic futhi umbala esithombeni.

Ngingakwazi yini ukufunda?

Funda ukuthi Zhostovo imidwebo, indlela ukudweba kule nqubo, kungenzeka ku Zhostovo. Ngesikhathi imboni, umkhiqizo okuyinto edumile emhlabeni wonke, lapho ziqondiswa izinkambo emathileyi Museum kanye master emakilasini ekusondeleni lacquer. Cishe yonke imizi has inkampani yokulungisela abahambayo ukunikela kuyiwe ifektri, lapho ungabona indlela yokwenza Zhostovo imidwebo. Master class ku ibuye olunikezwa ohlelweni. Trip ku Zhostovo kungenziwa ihlelwe ngokuzimela, pre-contact nge Museum nokungeza amahora wokusebenza.