Umdwebi isiRashiya, inkosi nemidwebo nezimpawu Gury Nikitin: Biography, nobuciko kanye amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Russia bekulokhu idume isiko laso ocebile futhi ibutho elikhulu amathalenta njalo. Gury Nikitin - omunye izibalo edume kakhulu futhi ebalulekile Umdwebo Russian kanye iconography. Life kanye Umsebenzi wakhe kwenzeka ekhulwini XVII kwesokunxele nokuncane elikhanyayo umlando kwamasiko Russia. Nakuba ubufakazi umdwebi, okuyinto behlele namuhla, eyayivela kakhulu, umsebenzi wakhe, isitayela ngabanye iyohlale ingokomoya eliphezulu ngesikhathi sokugcina ezikhumbuzo.

biography

I babelwazi usuku oluqondile lokuzalwa ayaziwa Gury Nikitin. Cishe kwaba ekuqaleni konyaka 1620/1625. Idolobhana ikhaya umdwebi esizayo kwaba Kostroma. Nikitin - iyona mbumbulu umdwebi, noma kunalokho, igama phakathi (Nikitich - Nikitin). Igama lakhe langempela - Kineshemtsev. Ngaphambi Ekuphakanyisweni yakhe 'ubhedu kwezobuciko, bekatsatsa eziningana bezitolo e usawoti nenhlanzi kwababusi.

umndeni

Ubaba Gury Nikitin (Nikita Kineshemtsev) washona ngo 1653 ngesikhathi sesifo, ngakho inhloko unina umndeni Solomonic. Ngo umzalwane Guria sika Luka, noma njengoba lalibizwa kanjalo ekhaya, Auchka. Yena eyingoduso walokho ukwakha izicathulo.

Ngaphezu unina nomfowabo, e Guria, babeyizihlobo uMikayeli Fedor. Kwakumelwe kuqhathaniswa nabantu kahle. Ngemva kokufa Gury Nikitin njengefa izitolo edolobheni e Fur, uboya bezimvu bungabathinti, nenhlanzi kwababusi.

Mayelana nokuphila iconographer yakhe siqu eyaziwa ngokuba wayeqiniseka ukuthi ashade futhi cha fanele ntwana. Lokhu kufakazelwa i entry encwadini Landratskoy wenza eside ngemva kokufa kwakhe. Icacisa ngonyaka ubulawe we umdwebi isithonjana (1691) kanye nokuntuleka izindlalifa.

ekudalweni

Gury Nikitin kusukela zisencane ukuba ithalente zokudala. Lapho wafundiswa, akwaziwa. Umseshi avelele umsebenzi wakhe VG Bruce tiveta kutsi Nikitin kungaba Vasily Ilyin - Kostroma umculi eyaziwa futhi umdwebi yesikhathi.

Kodwa ngezindlela eziningi wanikela ekukhuthazeni umama yokudala iconographer esizayo. Egxilile emhlabeni wabo, Guri abasebasha Indlu kanokusho, ukudla, kanye nomndeni enobungane. Futhi ezikhathini ezinzima ukwakha abesifazane efanayo Russian kwesokunxele ngaphandle ukwesekwa, kwakunzima. Kamuva, umfanekiso abesifazane nomama uzothola indawo ekhethekile umsebenzi Nikitin.

Indlela yakhe yobuciko Kwakungelula. Ngemva Guri wayevela emkhayeni elula zokusebenza kwekilasi, kude le iconography. isipiliyoni eside umdwebi wathola lapho ingxenye yepulazi iye zaveza amasonto Kostroma eMoscow (zintathu Church, Ekulu Cathedral eMoscow ezibiyele). Ngaphezu abaculi kusukela Kostroma, khona wasebenza abadwebi abanamakhono of Yaroslavl, Novgorod, eMoscow.

Lokhu ukuhamba cwe zokudala kwenkathi kwakufanele isinyathelo sokuqala Nikitin ngokuqinile emlandweni yobuciko. Wazibonakalisa njengoba umdwebi onekhono, Guri wamenywa eziningi kusukela amasonto Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia futhi Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich ngoba yasezindongeni kanye newekubhala / ekubuyiseleni kwemifanekiso.

isitayela ngabanye

Ekhuluma ubukhazikhazi umfanekiso isithonjana Russian imidwebo, a baxgeki njalo ukhombe wayeyisazi ehlukile kwaba Gury Nikitin. imidwebo yakhe - kuba ukuxuba eziyingqayizivele decorativism futhi monumentality kwelinye umkhiqizo. Akukhona ukuthi kumane kuqondane le zezimbali lakhe lokusungula kwaqondana kuyanda yobuciko zokuhlobisa kanye omkhulukazi e-Russia (uhhafu kwekhulu XVII yesibili.)

Zonke umsebenzi ovelele lomculi bese isithonjana umdwebi has a style eyingqayizivele, isitayela ngabanye. Ubasa ukubunjwa imidwebo isimiso ukwenza isibuko wesimethri, isicelo ukuqhathanisa obangelwa ukukhanya nethunzi. Abagxeki baveza Dynamics kwangaphakathi, umuzwa isigqi e enquma izithombe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nemidwebo Gury Nikitin ukumboza anhlobonhlobo imibala, okuyinto nakanjani sithuthukisa umphumela zokuhlobisa of the izingoma.

imisebenzi eqaphelekayo

Yisho zendalo yokuqala kwezobuciko Nikitin libhekisela 1650. Lihlobene nokubhekana ubuso yokudweba kompheme ibandla ukuvuka Holy Trinity Cathedral Kostroma. nemidwebo edume kunazo Gury Nikitin at Holy Cross Cathedral Romanov (manje Tutaev) (cela. 1650-yalolucwaningo.), in lezindela Danilov e Pereslavl (1662-68gg.), in Cathedral of kweNyuka (Rostov ezibiyele, 1670) futhi Church of Eliya, nomProfethi (Yaroslavl, 1680). nezimpawu iholide abangu ngesineke ukuze Nikitin zokugcina.

1666 kwaba nzima, ukuvula isikhathi isonto Russian. Nikitin wathatha ingxenye esebenzayo ukuvuselelwa imidwebo lombhishobhi sika. Izandla zakhe basonta izithombe amasosha ukholo futhi kusele izingxenyana eziningana omkhulukazi Ukwakheka 'Ukwahlulelwa kokugcina ".

iconography

Indlu umdwebi futhi isithonjana umdwebi, engasekude Cathedral of the Epiphany. Yiqiniso, leli qiniso uhileleke ngokuqondile e umhlobiso ethempelini Guria. Ecwebezelayo kakhulu imidwebo, imifanekiso Gury Nikitin ngoba lombhishobhi ziyiminyaka 1667-1672.

Phakathi nale minyaka engu ebhala * nomkhoba alo imifanekiso ethunywe ngoba iNdlovukazi uMary I Ilinichny. Ukwakheka wethulwa nabo ngendlela yokuthi isikhungo ivezwe isithombe Virgin Kazan, ngakwesokudla - Nikolaya Chudotvortsa, futhi kwesokunxele - 'ukholo Agrippina futhi Evdokia. Futhi selidaliwe imifanekiso eziyisikhombisa Bishop of Antiyokiya Macarius.

Baningi izithonjana abangu zaveza ngu Nikitin ngoba kweNyuka Cathedral. Phakathi kwabo: "The Last Judgment", "Omen", "Descent of the Holy. UMoya "," Kazan ezimangalisweni. "

Umsebenzi wakhe wokugcina ubhekwa icon "iTestamente Elidala zintathu" Gury Nikitin ngoba zintathu-Sypanovskogo Cathedral Kostroma, abhalwe 1690.

imisebenzi kuchasiselwe

Kunezindlela eziningana imisebenzi yobuciko kabani ubuqambi isibaluli Gury Nikitin. Noma kunjalo, abazange bathole isichasiso okwanele. Lezi zihlanganisa "uTheodore Isithonjana UnguNina KaNkulunkulu ne legend" (1680), "Abafel 'ukholo Kirik futhi Iulita" (1680s), "I Elevation Wesiphambano" kanye Umfanekiso we Ipatiev Monastery e Kostroma. Ngokusho umlando, ezinye zazo (isib, "uTheodore Icon ...") kungukuthi kahle usebenza umdwebi, futhi nomsebenzi wokuvuselela umhlaba ngemva unamakhono ngaphambili.

amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo

Gury Nikitin wahlala oseyintombi futhi ukungashadi, kodwa umndeni wakhe wayengacabangi abefundisi ubudala. Yebo, futhi umdwebi akazange athathe izifungo. Lesi sinqumo ayikaziwa besikhathi umdwebi sika. Nokho, isikhumbuzo irekhodi uhlobo Nikitin emva kosuku lokufa kayise ka umndeni waqanjwa Helena-skhimnitsy. Abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi leli gama esontweni Guria unina (Solomonic), okuyinto vele zisencane eziphambili waya esigodlweni sezindela.

Ngo-1659, lapho eMoscow yafuna abadwebi abanamakhono for Umdwebo lombhishobhi, kusukela Kostroma ngaya Yemelyan Pushkarev. Noma kunjalo, izinyawo obukhulu, futhi ngokushesha wayesebika ibuyise. Ekubuyeleni kwakhe e-watusa eziningana okuyinhloko-bakubo, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona Gury Nikitin. Umdwebi isidlulile isitifiketi ngempumelelo, futhi 1660 wathola isimo isihloko isithonjana umdwebi mina.

Gury Nikitin kwaba nemantshi (noma induna) Artel Kostroma abadwebi. Naphezu inombolo amalungelo kokuthunyelwe, umculi aphathwe njengento ebaluleke kakhulu emsebenzini wabo futhi ngeke akwazi ukukhululeka, ukusebenza ngendlela efanayo ontanga futhi nakakhulu. Lapho senza Ipatiev Monastery neBandla ka-Eliya, nomProfethi, yena abekwa wabuka nemidwebo yabo esikhathini esizayo futhi dorisovki ngabafundi abasala.

Igama elithi "Guri" kusho ngokoqobo "isisebenzi nesineke." Kwaba ngaleyo ndlela futhi Gury Nikitin. Umlando wakhe patchy, kodwa izinkumbulo ababephila ngesikhathi zisikisela ukuthi umdwebi wayeyindoda zenzisa futhi owesaba uNkulunkulu. Ngokubhala imifanekiso njalo wasondela ngendlela efanele futhi ohlangothini kwezobuciko nezingokomoya. Icala lapho eqala ukubhala isithombe Our Lady of the uTheodore yokuHlawula, ngemva wokuvuma wenhlanganyelo. Kamuva, ngesikhathi udwendwe zenkolo e Yaroslavl, lesi sithombe yabonisa izimangaliso zokuphulukisa.

ngokuvamile Gury Nikitin kwakudingekile ukuze kubuyiselwe izithonjana ubudala futhi yasezindongeni. Angalinakekela emagugu emasiko zomlando, ngakho ugcine lezi izinkondlo nezici zendlela yokubhala umsebenzi ngaphambili, kokubili izibalo ezinkulu nokunyakaza ukuzibamba. Yingakho abanye imisebenzi umdwebi yaqhubeka ingaziwa.

Abagxeki lilinganise igama Gury Nikitin ohlwini omkhulu Russian isithonjana abadwebi. Kanye Theophanes esiGrekini, Andrei Rublev futhi Simon Ushakov , ayenakho kunethonya elikhulu endleleni iconography Russian futhi basithole endaweni udumo phakathi amakhosi of izikebhe zabo.

Namuhla

yobuciko eminingi Gury Nikitin ngasinda. Yakhula kakhulu futhi ezibalulekile ekhaya umculi e-Kostroma. Ngakho, manje zintathu Ipatiev futhi ababhishobhi ungathola uhambo futhi ufunde mayelana izikhumbuzo esiyingqayizivele bokwakha Russian nokudweba. I mhlobiso, yebo, owanikwa sekubuyeketwa nemidwebo Gury Nikitin.