Ukunikeza amaseli nge amandla. imithombo yamandla

Kusukela amaseli eziphilayo wonke ophilayo, ngaphandle amagciwane. Zinikeza konke ababekudinga ukuze ukuphila izinqubo we isitshalo noma isilwane. Cell futhi ingase ibe umzimba ehlukile. Futhi ngingabalahla kanjani isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezifana ukuphila ngaphandle amandla? Lutho neze. Ngakho kanjani ukuqinisekisa kukhona iseli amandla? Kusekelwe izinqubo okuzoxoxwa ngezansi.

Ukunikeza amaseli amandla: Kwenzeka kanjani?

Bambalwa amaseli uthole amandla awo ngaphandle, ukukhiqiza wona ngokwawo leyonto. amaseli Eukaryotic abe uhlobo "iziteshi". Futhi ungumthombo wamandla kuseli iyona mitochondria - organelles ukuthi lenza. Kuyinto inqubo cell kwezimila. Ngenxa-ke, futhi kukhona yesondlo kwamaseli amandla. Nokho, zikhona kuphela izitshalo, izilwane kanye nesikhunta. Ngo amaseli entula amagciwane mitochondria. Ngakho-ke, kufanele kuqinisekiswe amandla cell ngokuyinhloko ngenxa inqubo ukuvutshelwa, kanye akaphefumuli.

Isakhiwo mitochondria

It dvumembranny organelle ezavela yeseli eukaryotic e inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngenxa ukumuncwa yayo zikanokusho amaseli prokaryotic. Lokhu kungase kuchaze lesi yokuthi esikhathini mitochondria ukwethula DNA yayo siqu futhi RNA kanye ribosomes mitochondrial ezikhiqiza wayefisa amaprotheni organelles.

Ulwelwesi kwangaphakathi has protuberances elibizwa i crista noma emikhulu. Christie futhi inqubo cell kwezimila.

Kuyini ngaphakathi ulwelwesi ezimbili, ngokuthi matrix. It ahlelwe amaprotheni, ama-enzyme ezidingekile ukusheshisa zamakhemikhali, kanye RNA molecule, iDNA ribosomes.

kwezimila yeselula - ngesisekelo ukuphila

Kuthatha indawo izigaba ezintathu. Ake sibheke ngalinye kulawa kabanzi.

Isigaba sokuqala - wokulungiselela

Phakathi nalesi sigaba, abaphukile eziyinkimbinkimbi organic compounds phansi lula. Ngakho, amaprotheni ukubola ku-amino acid, amafutha - ukuze acid carboxylic futhi glycerol, nucleic acid - ukuba ama-nucleotide, kanye carbohydrate - ukuze glucose.

glycolysis

It isigaba anoxic. Ihlala eqinisweni lokuthi izidakamizwa etholwe esigabeni sokuqala, abaphukile phansi eminye. Imithombo oyinhloko wamandla asetshenziswa iseli kulesigaba - amangqamuzana glucose. Ngamunye wabo e inqubo glycolysis ubola ezimbili molecule pyruvate. Lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi elandelanayo zamakhemikhali eziyishumi. Ngoba zokuqala ezinhlanu, glucose kuyinto phosphorylated, bese Ihlukana ezimbili phosphotriose. Esikhathini ukusabela ezinhlanu ezilandelayo ezinyatheliswa ezimbili molecule ATP (adenosine triphosphate) kanye ezimbili molecule STC (pyruvic acid). Amandla amaseli bese kugcinwa ngesimo ATP.

Yonke inqubo ye glycolysis kungenziwa lula ukuveza kanje:

2ADF 2NAD + 2H ₃ PO ₄ + C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ → 2H ₂ O + ^2NAD. + 2C ₂ H ₃ H ₄ O ₃ + 2ATF

Ngakho, usebenzisa eyodwa molecule glucose, ezimbili molecule Adp futhi ezimbili wali band acid, iseli uthola ezimbili molecule ATP (amandla) futhi ezimbili molecule pyruvic acid, sizosebenzisa esinyathelweni esilandelayo.

Isigaba sesithathu - namachibi

Lesi sinyathelo kwenzeka kuphela uma kukhona i-oksijini. Ukusabela Chemical zenzeka kule qophelo mitochondria. Ukuthi lokhu ingxenye eyinhloko kwezimila yeselula, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho kudedelwa amandla kakhulu. Kulesi sigaba, pyruvic acid, ihlangana oksijini, kuyinto wajinge wanamatsela emanzini ne-carbon dioxide. Ngaphezu kwalokho, it is ukwakha molecule ATP 36. Ngakho, singaphetha ngokuthi imithombo eyinhloko yamandla kumaseli - glucose ne pyruvic acid.

Kufinyeta ukusabela zamakhemikhali, sokukhipha imininingwane, singamtshela yonke inqubo cell kwezimila eyodwa kwesibalo lula:

6D ₂ + C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + 38ADF + 38H ₃ PO ₄ → 6SO ₂ + 6H2O + 38ATF.

Ngakho, ngesikhathi ukuphefumula komunye glucose-molecule molecule eziyisithupha zomoya-mpilo amathathu nesishiyagalombili ka Adp futhi inani elifanayo wali band acid cell uthola 38 ATP molecule lapho ngesimo amandla agcinwe.

Ukuhlukahlukana enzyme mitochondrial

Amandla ngenxa yokuphila iseli esiyithola ngokuguquguquka emishinini yokuphefumula - namachibi glucose, bese pyruvic acid. Konke lokhu zamakhemikhali akakwazanga ukuthatha indawo ngaphandle enzyme - yelikhono begazi. Ake sibheke yibo atholakala mitochondria - organelles obhekene kwezimila yeselula. Konke kwazo babizwa ngokuthi oxidoreductases ngoba isidingo namachibi zokunciphisa ukusabela.

Zonke oxidoreductases zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili:

• oxidase;
• dehydrogenase;

Dehydrogenase yena, zihlukaniswe aerobic kanye anaerobic. Aerobic aqukethe ukubunjwa yabo coenzyme riboflavin ukuthi umzimba uthola kusuka Vitamin B2. dehydrogenase aerobic zimumethe molecule njengoba coenzymes nad futhi NADP.

Oxidases zahlukahlukene ngaphezulu. Okokuqala, basuke ngamaqembu amabili:

• labo equkethe zethusi;
• labo lapho ingxenye yensimbi likhona.

Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka zihlanganisa polyphenol, ascorbate, neyesibili - catalase, peroxidase, cytochromes. Lesi sakamuva, esikhundleni salokho, zihlukaniswe amaqembu amane:

• cytochromes a;
• cytochrome b;
• cytochrome c;
• cytochromes d.

Cytochromes futhi aqukethe ukubunjwa yabo zhelezoformilporfirin, cytochromes b - zhelezoprotoporfirin, c - ukufaka endaweni zhelezomezoporfirin, d - zhelezodigidroporfirin.

Ingaba khona ezinye izindlela ukuze ikhiqize amandla?

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi iningi amaseli ulithola ngenxa emishinini yokuphefumula yeselula, kukhona ama-bacterium anaerobic ukuba khona angadingi umoya-mpilo. Bakha amandla adingekayo by ukuvutshelwa. Lena inqubo ngobugebengu ngesikhathi lapho ama-carbohydrate phansi by enzyme ngaphandle iqhaza oksijini, lapho iseli iphinde ithole amandla. Kunezinhlobo eziningana ukuvutshelwa, kuye ngokuthi umkhiqizo sokugcina zamakhemikhali. Kuyinto acidosis acid, utshwala, udwi otshekele kwesokunxele, acetone, i-butane, citric acid.

Ngokwesibonelo, cabanga ukuvutshelwa oludakayo. Lapha ungakwazi ukusho lesi kwesibalo:

C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ → C ₂ H ₅ OH + 2CO ₂

Okungukuthi, umuntu molecule glucose ephula igciwane komunye molecule ethanol futhi ezimbili molecule (IV) i-carbon monoxide.