Ukuhlela ukwakheka Bazhenov: amaqiniso athakazelisayo. Moscow izakhiwo nengxenye kwekhulu le-18 yesibili

Indaba mayelana nesimo sesakhiwo esikhulu edolobheni laseMoscow ngeke ibe ephelele ngaphandle kokukhuluma igama abavelele wezakhiwo Russian njengoba Vasiliy Ivanovich Bazhenov.

Gothic Ngokucophelela - lena isitayela iningi imisebenzi abasindile Bazhenov. Ngale ndlela, lesi sakhiwo yakhiwe Tsaritsyno. Iningi izakhiwo kanye netakhi kakhulu abathintekayo ngezikhathi ezithile, kodwa umsebenzi wokubuyisela olwenziwa phakathi kweSoviet futhi post-Soviet izikhathi, wasiza ukubuyisela iningi labo.

Esakhula

Indawo eqondile kanye nosuku lokuzalwa akwaziwa Vasily Bazhenov. Wazalwa 1 Mashi, 1737, noma 1738, washona ngo-August 2, 1799. Omkhulu wezakhiwo Russian wayevela emkhayeni olusemthethweni encane esontweni. Ngokusho kweminye imithombo wazalwa e Moscow, ngakolunye - e Maloyaroslavets futhi bathuthela eMoscow ngo yobudala ezinthathu. Ngo 1753 Vasily langena abafundi ukuba Dmitry Uhtomtsevu. Kusukela kuye wathola izifundo zakhe kuqala izakhiwo kanye nokwakhiwa. Qedela ukuqeqeshwa esizayo wezakhiwo Bazhenov akuzange kudlule isimo esinzima kwezezimali omkhaya kwamphoqa ukuba bangayeki ezifundweni zakhe futhi ukuya emsebenzini. Ngo 1755 waqala ukutadisha ngesikhathi Moscow State University. Umbhali womlando Bazhenov kuqala, Metropolitan of Kiev Eugene Bolkhovitinov, wabhala ukuthi Basil futhi wafunda Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. abacwaningi okwalandela, lokhu qiniso ngawo atholakala engenabufakazi. Mhlawumbe, ngale ndlela umuntu ongokomoya ezama ukukhulisa isithunzi izikhungo subordinated ke.

ukubonakaliswa ithalente

Ngo 1758 Vasily Bazhenov phakathi phezulu abafundi 16 ngesiphakamiso Ivan Shuvalov wathunyelwa Petersburg ngo-Academy asanda kusungulwa of Fine Arts. Ukuhlola kuqala umfundi abanamakhono Vasily Bazhenov lidlule lolungenamaphutsa futhi yaphuma phambili simo ukusebenza. I nomklami oyinhloko we-Russian Admiralty Chevakinsky waba umfundisi siqu ethembisa kakhulu, uyakwazi kakhulu futhi ehlakaniphile nsizwa.

Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu Vasily Bazhenov futhi Anton Losenko baba abafundi lokuqala Academy of Arts, umklomelo scholarship.

Ngaphezu kwalokho umsebenzi zenzeka e-Paris studio kaCharles de Wailly. Ngemva kwalokho, umakhi Bazhenov kwaba umgqugquzeli oyinhloko we neoclassicism French eRussia kanye emibonweni yabo De Wailly elibekwe uhlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli wesitayela eMoscow neoclassical.

Waphindela eRussia ngo-May 1765 nge testimonial elikhazimulayo mayelana izimfanelo zakhe lihle professional kanye zokuziphatha. Noma kunjalo, ukuphathwa entsha Academy owabeka ukuba kuhlolisiswe zamandla umsebenzi ezidingekayo bese unikele entsha project mqondo umsebenzi. I abasha wezakhiwo Russian sibonwe nge uCatherine II nendodana yakhe uPawulu. I indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi, ngaphambilini Bazhenov kudvweba nekwakhiwa inxuluma ku Stone Island, futhi ngo-1766 UGrigory Orlov wamyala ukuba ukwakhiwa kwalesi Arsenal. Kulesi umsebenzi Vasily Ivanovich Petersburg iphelile. Ukuhlela ukwakheka Bazhenov kuhanjiswe ku Moscow, lapho ababehlala futhi besebenza kuzo kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe.

ezibiyele Palace

Catherine ukusikisela umqondo ukulungiswa kwezigodlo agugile YaseMoscow Kremlin. Bazhenov ngentshiseko isethwe ukuthi isebenze. Kakade ngo-1767 lapho ethulwa ukucabangela esiphezulu design kumnandi of Big ezibiyele Palace. Orlov wangabaza zibheke ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo kangaka, kodwa umakhi embonweni wakhe sokuhlala imperial wahlala ngenkani futhi ekupheleni ehlobo 1768, kuphelile ukusungulwa iphrojekthi. Ngokusho icebo lakhe kwaba ukuze ujike zesigodlo yaseYurophu ngobukhulu, wabulawelwa isitayela neoclassical. Yena bekumele esikhundleni ezibiyele ubudala ngokuphelele. I ingashintshiwe kuhlelwe ukugcina kuphela amasonto, okuyinto eyaba ayibonakali emfuleni, ngoba ikusasa labasibekela izindonga lwesigodlo. Ngaphansi kohlelo, zonke eningizimu ebhekene, okusho shestisotmetrovuyu udonga Konstantinovskaya umbhoshongo empumalanga kuya entshonalanga nezintathu Borovitskaya eminye kanye odongeni esentshonalanga Arsenal kuyo inyakatho, kwadingeka ukuba esisha sokuhlala esinezitezi ezine-esigodlweni. Bazhenov ayehlelile ukubeka ngqo emthambekeni emaweni phakathi ithafa futhi le ezibiyele udonga, okuyinto kwakufanele ukuba ngisithwale. Umakhi enikeziwe emakhiyubhi itshe buttresses ukuvimbela ngokuhambisa isakhiwo emfuleni. Baceba ukuqinisa ogwini yashayisa unqenqema futhi izingodo ngetiyela.

Ngokwe-project zomlando lombhishobhi endaweni iyagcinwa, futhi ingxenye esempumalanga yalesi ezibiyele yephula entsha. Wayeqale komunye umgwaqo omusha osabalalayo, ayesuka maphakathi enyakatho, enyakatho-ntshonalanga bese enyakatho-mpumalanga. Lesi sigodlo Kwakuhlelwe phandle Tverskaya Street. Le phrojekthi kwakufanele abe ekuqaleni sesimanje lonke eMoscow. Ngo 1775, imizamo ngokuhlanganyela ngaphansi kobuholi UNikolai Kozhin Legrand uhlelo Peter wase ebekwa sivunyiwe.

Tsaritsyno

Ehlobo lika-1775 Bazhenov uye wazakhela uhlaka lokuqala Tsaritsyno, okuyinto kuze kube manje engakaze balondolozwa. Buildings Bazhenova babe isethi esingaguquguquki izakhiwo khulula-emi Russian isitayela neo-classic. Ngemva kokuphela nokuvunywa iNdlovukazi we plan sivunyiwe. Isihloko evelele wawuzoba esigodlweni, ehlanganisa izakhiwo ezimbili, yokuxhuma somculo. Iphiko lelinye besihloselwe Catherine, kanti eyesibili - indodana yakhe nendlalifa uPawulu. Ngenxa design kuhlelwe bendabuko Russian amathayili anemibala ngemihlobiso. Catherine wenqaba futhi ephikelela elula version - udonga ngezitini ezibomvu ngemihlobiso emhlophe nephuzi amathayili ezicwebezelisiwe ophahleni.

Bazhenov waqala ekwakheni isakhiwo nomugqa phambi kwezakhiwo ezincane, namasango, amabhuloho, ehlotshiswe sekugcineni esihle nenhle ukuthi ilahlekile kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Ngo 1776, ke eliphelele lagcina liqedwe zokuhlobisa kwebhuloho elinemifanekiso phezu umhosha. Imisebenzi kwakunzima ngenxa yokuntuleka ngezisebenzi eziyizingcweti nangezinto ukuphazamiseka ngezimali.

Ngo 1777 Bazhenov kudilizwe indlu ezindala zamapulangwe nabanikazi yangaphambili indawo yethu futhi waqala ukwakhiwa isigodlo esikhulu. Yakhiwa phezu iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili. Izidumbu ezimbili eziyinhloko ingezwe eyodwa ngaphezulu - central izingane kaPawulu. UMbusi James Bruce, owayevakashela Tsarina ngo-1784, waba axakwe engekho omkhulu, isakhiwo olusemthethweni. Kepha yize kunjalo wathumela umbiko nomdlandla noCatherine.

Ukumisa umsebenzi wokwakha Tsaritsyn

Ngo-June 1785, uCatherine savakashelwa Tsaritsyno wahlala unganeme lonwabu umsebenzi. Empress Palace ahlolwa njengencenye engafanele ephilayo: a amakamelo ezimnyama, Uphahla lwangaphakathi ongaphakeme, ezitebhisini emincane. Kulo nyaka, ubudlelwano phakathi Catherine noPawulu itjhuguluko engekhe yalungiseka sawohloka. UMbusikazi eyingoduso ezindabeni ngokulandelana. Futhi Palace lomkhuba twin baba ayilungile kwezombusazwe. Catherine ngaphambilini ukuthi lowo muntu adilize isakhiwo bese wakha isigodlo esisha main. Bazhenov futhi Kazakov sayalwa ukuba sibe nezinhloli ukuthuthukisa amaphrojekthi amasha. Ukuhlela ukwakheka Bazhenov ethulwa project yakhe kuze kube sekupheleni 1785, kodwa sinqatshiwe, futhi uVasili sichithiwe. Ekaterina Kazakova abakhethiwe phrojekthi. esigodlweni Bazhenov sika ladilizwa ehlobo lika-1786. Kukholakala ukuthi uCatherine akazange athathe iphrojekthi Bazhenov ngenxa kufanekisa Masonic futhi isitayela Gothic. Akukwazi kweqiniso, njengoba Cossacks kumaphrojekthi wakhe ihlale igcinekile futhi ngokuphindaphindiwe Gothic futhi Masonic izimpawu.

ikhishi Isakhiwo

Ngo Tsaritsyno wahlala omunye ngaphezulu isakhiwo Bazhenova - isakhiwo ekhishini, noma Isinkwa House. Kuyinto isakhiwo isikwele nge ajikelezayo ekuqaleni yakhelwe emakhishini, emafektri, nokwamafutha engcebeni nezindlu abasebenzi. Okufakwayo zenziwa kuwo ngaphakathi - ukuze ezihlukahlukene zomnotho nenceku ukuhambisa yonkana iso izivakashi nabendawo Manor. Esitezi zamatshe uphahlwe izinguzunga zeqhwa mhlophe ukuthi umkhulu ukugcina lokushisa. Yonke lalolu hlangothi olungaphambili lihlotshiswe izimpawu ezihlukahlukene :. Izinkwa lwesinkwa Castors, izibuko nemiklamo, umugqa Masonic, njll Okwamanje, Isinkwa House isetshenziselwa amakhonsathi neminye imicimbi yamasiko. Ngezinye izikhathi, zikhona amadili.

okulingene Palace

Indlu ye-Opera, noma Ephakathi Dvorets Ekateriny, nge izinkozi kabili ephethwe ku uthango mbumbulu wayeqondeni zisebenzisa i-reception encane esemthethweni, kanye amakhonsathi nokusebenza ehlobo. Kwaphela isikhathi eside esigodlweni esihlatshiwe lingasetshenziswanga nganoma iyiphi indlela. Kusukela naye kwakukhona izindonga kuphela. Ngo-1988 waqala eneminyaka eyisishiyagalombili nomsebenzi wokuvuselela umhlaba ngemva. umsindo kahle kakhulu isakhiwo kuyivumela amakhonsathi. Kukhona futhi isingatha nemibukiso imisebenzi yobuciko.

Pashkov indlu

Vasily Bazhenov - umakhi owadala olunye lwezimpawu elidume umhlaba wonke, eMoscow. Yakhiwa eminyakeni 1785-1786 Pashkov House. isakhiwo liyabonakala ngokuvamile itholakala ku imidwebo, ukuqopha, ngifaka, izitembu zokuposa, amabhokisi uswidi, njll Ngemva ukususwa kwiphrojekthi "Tsaritsyno" Vasiliy Ivanovich Bazhenov wathatha ikhomishini yangasese kusuka Muscovites ocebile. Ngakho, entabeni Vagankovsky wakha Isigodlo esihle zamatshe amhlophe ngoba induna-uLieutenant Semenov ibutho nomkakhe. isakhiwo olungaphambili lwesonto ubukeka maqondana Starovagankovsky kwindlela, kanye ezibiyele waphenduka ohlangothini lwawo emuva. Kusolwa ukuthi ngale ndlela umakhi yabonisa yokucasukela yakhe iNdlovukazi Tsaritsyno.

Ngemva kokufa abanikazi engenabantwana Pashkov House ngofuzo isihlobo esikude, ngubani, ngokujabula ukushada nomuntu indlalifa yowesifazane, indodakazi Gold Mining wakwazi aqukethe ilungelo isakhiwo. Ngenxa yalokho, lo Pashkov House ithengiswe yengcebo.

Russian Revival isitayela bokwakha

adherent Russian esikoleni neoclassical bokwakha, umculi ingcaca, theoretician izakhiwo kanye uthisha Vasiliy Ivanovich Bazhenov nozakwabo nabafundi Matvey Kazakov no-Ivan Starov ukudala isiRashiya kazwelonke yezakhiwo ukuthi waphazanyiswa uPetru I. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukuthuthukiswa Russian ezisemadolobheni ukusetha ithoni abaklami angaphandle - Quarenghi, Rinaldi, Cameron nabanye.

Isiphetho edabukisayo wezakhiwo abanamakhono

Kuvele ukubonakaliswa yokuqala yaleli ithalente wezakhiwo Bazhenov waholelwa kwesiyingi ocebile igunya tycoons nabezombusazwe, yizikhonzi. Ulwazi kwezohwebo nakwezomthetho Ukuhileleka okubangelwa izinhlekelele emikhakheni yemisindvo zokuphila Vasily Ivanovich. Amabili imiklamo yayo esemqoka ukwakhiwa bashiywa ngezizathu zombusazwe noma zezimali. Wayengasakwazi ukulimisa afeze lowo msebenzi wakhe wokwakha kabusha Grand ezibiyele Palace. IHlalankosi e Tsaritsyno, okuyinto eyayizoba umnyombo zonke Tsaritsyno eziyinkimbinkimbi labhujiswa uCatherine II. Enye iphrojekthi, isakhiwo eMoscow State University, emenza izingxabano elibukhali osizayo wangaphambili, wezakhiwo, Prokofiev Demidov, futhi kwaholela ekutheni izikhulu zibonise ucabanga ephelele Bazhenov. Ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, Vasily ukhathazekile kakhulu ngekusasa izingane zabo, ngokuba wayemesaba funa bazithola ahileleke ibhizinisi ukwakhiwa, okuyinto ayekubheka njengento indaba yokungathembeki futhi iyakhohlisa.

Legacy Bazhenova

Bazhenova ifa namanje uhlala ayiqondakali ngokuphelele. Kukhona ukungabaza mayelana ubuqambi isibaluli kuye ezinye izinto. Ikakhulukazi, ukuthi isakhiwo Bazhenov Architect Pashkov House? Kukholakala ukuthi lokhu umsebenzi abafundi bakhe, labo ayewulungiselele kweminyaka eminingi nokufundisa kileso Academy of Arts. Ngemva kokufa Catherine uPawulu ngamisa Vasily Ivanovich iphini lakhe le-Academy. Isifundo yefa lakhe abacwaningi abaningi, ikakhulukazi, Igor Grabar, Shvidkovskiy DO Siyabonga kubo okuningi, kodwa hhayi yonke into ecacile. Ngo "Amanothi izinto eMoscow" Karamzin eqhathanisa Bazhenova amaprojekthi kaPlato Republic Thomas More wayesebenzisa sika Utopia. Mhlawumbe yingakho bona atikasetjentiswa.