Ububanzi amagagasi omsakazo kanye esiphelweni sabo

Ngo emabhukutifundvo physics ifomula inikezwe sona ngebanga ngamagagasi omsakazo, okuyinto kwesinye isikhathi ngeke kahle waqonda ngisho nabantu imfundo ekhethekile kanye nesipiliyoni. Le ndatshana izozama ukuqonda okushiwo, ngaphandle yinkimbinkimbi. Eyokuqala eyathola amaza omsakazo, kwaba Nikola Tesla. Ngesikhashana nje lapho kwakungekho imishini zobuchwepheshe, Tesla babengakuqondi ngokugcwele lokho lesi simanga, yena kamuva esabizwa ngesizwe ether. Conductor nge kushintshana kagesi kungukuqala amaza omsakazo.

imithombo ngamagagasi omsakazo

I imithombo yemvelo ngamagagasi omsakazo kukhona izinto yezinkanyezi nombani. Artificial amagagasi Lidlulisela kuyinto umqhubi kagesi ne ezihambayo ngaphakathi kushintshana kagesi. Amandla vibrational of high imvamisa generator abelwa Isikhala ezungezile nge-antenna umsakazo. Umsebenzi wokuqala kwaba umthombo amagagasi Lidlulisela-radio Popov. Kulesi kudivayisi, high-imvamisa high voltage generator umsebenzi drive wenziwa exhunywe kwi-antenna - antenna dipole. amagagasi omsakazo ngemishini asetshenziselwa radars fixed kanye mobile, yezokusakaza, radio yezokuxhumana, ukuxhumana satellite, navigation kanye zekhompyutha.

Ububanzi ngamagagasi omsakazo

Ngokwendlela elisetshenziswe ngayo umsakazo amagagasi ku imvamisa uhla 30 kHz - 3000 GHz. Ngokusekelwe wave ubude imvamisa esiphelweni izici, le ibhendi yomsakazo uhlukaniswe 10 sub-bands:

1. ADD - ende.
2. DV - eside.
3. NE - ophansi.
4. Hf - iDemo.
5. UHF - ultra.
6. MV - imitha.
7. UHF - UHF.
8. SMV - isentimitha.
9. IIM - milimitha.
10. SMMV - submillimeter

Imvamisa ububanzi ngamagagasi omsakazo

radiowaves Spectrum kunemibandela kuhlukaniswe. Kuye nobuningi ubude amaza omsakazo ihlukaniswe 12 subbands. Ububanzi imvamisa ngamagagasi omsakazo kuhlobene ne nobuningi we kushintshana isignali samanje. Imvamisa bands ngamagagasi omsakazo e-International Radio Regulations 12 amagama ethulwa:

1. Elf - eliphansi kakhulu.
2. Elf - ultra-ongaphakeme.
3. Intshi - Subsonic.
4. VLF - aphansi kakhulu.
5. LF - imvamisa low.
6. MF - mids.
7. Hf - High Frequency.
8. VHF - eliphezulu kakhulu.
9. UHF - ultra.
10. UHF - okusezingeni eliphezulu ultra.
11. Ehf - eziphakeme ngokwedlulele.
12. HFO - gipervysokie.

Njengoba kwanda imvamisa amaza omsakazo, ubude bayo incipha nge nokuncipha amagagasi imvamisa radio - iyakhula. Ukusabalala, kuncike ubude bayo - kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu ngamagagasi omsakazo.

Radio wave Lokusakaza 300 MHz - 300 GHz abizwa ngokuthi microwave ultra-high ngenxa imvamisa kwalo kakhulu. Ngisho sub-bands kukhona indawo ebanzi kakhulu, ngakho yena, ihlukaniswe ngezikhawu, okuhlanganisa amabanga ezithile zethelevishini nezomsakazo, zasolwandle kanye isikhala ukuxhumana, phansi futhi emoyeni, kubafuni lokuzula, ukudlulisa idatha yezokwelapha nokunye. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lonke uhla amagagasi omsakazo ihlukaniswe ezindaweni eziqokiwe imingcele ngesimo phakathi kwazo. Izingxenye ulandele nomunye ngokuqhubekayo odlulayo komunye futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuyenzeka ihlangane.

Izici yokusabalalisa ngamagagasi omsakazo

Lokusakaza - ukudluliswa amandla amaningi avela kushintshana ensimini kagesi Kwenye ingxenye isikhala kwenye. Ngo vacuo amaza omsakazo ukuhamba ngesikhathi ijubane lokukhanya. Lapho eyizwa imvelo ukuze amagagasi esiphelweni kungaba nzima. Lokhu kubonakala amasignali ukuhlanekezela ukushintsha esiphelweni isiqondiso, deceleration isigaba neqembu velocities.

wave ngasinye izinhlobo elisetshenziswa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ezide balekela kangcono izithiyo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi bohlu umsakazo kungenziwa ukusakaza emhlabeni indiza namanzi. Ukusetshenziswa amagagasi eside isakazeke ezitsheni kwamanzi kanye zasolwandle, okuvumela ukuba uxhumeke kunoma iyiphi indawo olwandle. Ngezinye nombono amamitha angamakhulu ayisithupha at a imvamisa kwamakhulu amahlanu kilohertz ubukele abamukelayo zonke zezibani neziteshi wokutakula.

Radiowave esiphelweni e amabanga ehlukene kuye imvamisa yazo. Ubude ezincane futhi imvamisa ephakeme, ngqo ngaphezulu kuyoba indlela wave. Ngenxa yalokho, ezincane enkulu imvamisa yayo kanye nobude, ngakho-ke uyakwazi kangcono ukuze agobe azungeze izithiyo. band ngamunye has ubude ayo umsakazo amagagasi esiphelweni izici, kodwa emngceleni bands eduze shintsho olwenzeka isigubhukane izici zayo kuyagcinwa.

Distribution Izimpawu

amagagasi esingeziwe eside futhi eside ahaqe surface iplanethi sika, esakaza ebusweni imisebe wezinkulungwane amakhilomitha.

wave Isilinganiso kuvezwa ukumuncwa eqinile, ngakho ukwazi kuphela yokunqoba ibanga 500-1500 km. Lapho titibonelo letinkhulu tekuvumelana le ionosphere ku ezahlukene kungenzeka ngekwendzawo ukudluliswa isignali ugongolo esihlinzeka ukuxhumana amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziningana.

amagagasi iDemo amabanga kuphela iDemo ngenxa zokuncishiswa kwamandla abo ebusweni. Isikhala uyakwazi ngokuphindaphindiwe kubonakala kusukela surface eMhlabeni kanye ionosphere, bahambe amabanga amade, enifeza ukudluliswa kolwazi.

Ultrashort uyakwazi okuxhunyanwa esiningi ulwazi. amagagasi omsakazo ukuthi ububanzi zingene ionosphere emkhathini, ngaleyo ndlela cishe engafanele izinjongo eliwumhlaba. amagagasi Surface kuthiwa wukukhanya lezi bands emgceni locondzile, hhayi skirting ebusweni iplanethi.

Esikhathini uhla optical yokudlulisela okungenzeka imiqulu emikhulu ulwazi. kuvame kakhulu ukuba kusetshenziswe ukuxhumana lwesithathu band amagagasi optical. emkhathini woMhlaba, zingabantu attenuation kuncike Kodwa empeleni isiginali idluliselwa ku ibanga 5 km. Kodwa ukusetshenziswa okunjalo izinhlelo zokuxhumana aqede isidingo ukuthola imvume evela ukuhlolwa Telecommunication.

Ukushintshashintsha kwezwi isimiso

Ukuze ukudlulisa imininingwane, amaza omsakazo kuyadingeka ukuze modulate isiginali. Transmitter Likhipha modulated imvamisa radio ukuthi ishintshile. amagagasi iDemo, aphakathi nendawo kanye eside kukhona ukushintshashintsha kwezwi amplitude, ngakho abizwa ngokuthi AM. Ngaphambi modulated yenethiwekhi wave oluhamba amplitude njalo. Ukushintshashintsha kwezwi Amplitude yokudlulisela eshintsha amplitude yayo, ngokulandelana, voltage isignali. I amplitude ngamagagasi omsakazo kuyahlukahluka ngokulingana ngqo isignali voltage. VHF imvamisa ukushintshashintsha kwezwi kukhona, kungani zibizwa ngokuthi indebe yomhlaba. Imvamisa ukushintshashintsha kwezwi ziwumthwalo imvamisa ezengeziwe oqhubeka ulwazi. Ukuze isignali ukudluliswa ibanga idinga modulate isiginali imvamisa high. Ukuze isignali eyamukelwe kudingeka uhlukanise ke kusukela wave sub-yenethiwekhi. Ngo imvamisa umsindo ukushintshashintsha kwezwi eyakhiwe kancane, kodwa umsakazo uphoqelekile yokwethula VHF.

Izimo letitsintsa ikhwalithi ukusebenza ngamagagasi omsakazo

Izinga kanye nokwethulwa ngokuyiko amagagasi reception indlela esithinta emisebeni ohlangothini. Isibonelo antenna satellite eliqondisa emisebeni ngesikhathi isikhundla inzwa eyamukelayo ezifakiwe. Le ndlela bavunyelwe ukuba sithuthuke eningi emkhakheni-radio astronomy, futhi wenze eningi okutholakele kwezesayensi. Wavula kungenzeka yokudala satellite ukusakaza idatha kwentambo, nokuningi. Kwatholakala ukuthi amagagasi omsakazo bayakwazi akhipha ilanga, amaplanethi amaningi akhiwe ngaphandle komthala wethu, kanye mafu cosmic kanti ezinye izinkanyezi. Kusolwa ukuthi kukhona izinto ngaphandle komthala wethu ne ekushayweni umsakazo eqinile.

Ukuze uhla amaza omsakazo, umsakazo wave esiphelweni kuyinto ethintekile hhayi kuphela kwelanga kodwa futhi izimo sezulu. Ngakho, amagagasi imitha, eqinisweni, akuxhomekile izimo sezulu. A esiphelweni ibanga isentimitha engaphansi kakhulu ngokuthi izimo sezulu. Kuyinto ngenxa yokuthi imvelo aqueous e imvula noma ephakeme umswakama ezingeni emoyeni amagagasi ehlakazekile noma ugxile.

Futhi ezithinta ngayo izinga yabo kanye izithiyo endleleni. Ngezikhathi ezinjalo, i-fade isignali kwenzeka, ngaleyo ndlela kakhulu eziwohlokayo audibility noma ubalekela ngemizuzwana embalwa noma ngaphezulu. Isibonelo salokhu yokusabela kuya ezindizeni TV, lapho flickers isithombe bese imigqa emhlophe ukuvela. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi leli gagasi kubonakala kusukela indiza futhi odlula antenna-TV. imihlola okunjalo nge ithelevishini futhi amagagasi omoya ziyinsakavukela ngaphezulu ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, njengoba amagagasi omsakazo kubonakala ku uhla izakhiwo, imibhoshongo ephezulu liphumele, okwandisa emkhondweni wave.