Siyini isibonakaliso we ububanzi futhi kanjani ukulithola ikhibhodi?

Kusukela engxenyeni kwekhulu XVIII eNgilandi, izinguquko kwezezimboni ekhulwini XIX yesibili, zavunguza amazwe amaningi eYurophu kanye nezwe. Kwakuthinta libhekene ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha ubuchwepheshe kanye ukukhiqizwa yezimboni. Ukukhiqiza zokukhiqiza lisuswe kusuka izimboni kanye workshop e namafemu amakhulu. Nokho, aphuma ukukhiqizwa olulodwa futhi amancane batch ukuba mass, kanye nokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi yafuna ukudalwa ezihlukahlukene design kanye nezincwadi zobuchwepheshe, okuyinto kwaholela ekwakhekeni eyala osetshenziswayo - ukudweba.

Ukufika kombuso Standardization

Draw kukuvumela ukudala elwa sokuqhafaza into adingekayo ukukhiqizwa yayo. Nokho, ukwenziwa ukubukeka umkhiqizo akwanele. Isibalo iqukethe usayizi, isikali, nezimfuneko zomsebenzi, impahla kanye nezinye izici izinto. ukuqhubeka ukukhiqiza kuye kwaholela nokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi, lapho izingxenye ekhiqizwa in izitshalo ezahlukene, bese uqoqa umkhiqizo osuphelile. Lokhu kudingeka ubunye bese Standardization izingxenye kanye nemidwebo imithetho olulodwa kuqalisa. Ukuze kube lula futhi bezibona lobuchwepheshe Imininingwane izimpawu ziye kwethulwa, ezifana, isibonelo, isibonakaliso ubukhulu noma ukujiya, lula ukungena kubonisa izici.

Izimpawu: ubukhulu uphawu

Amazinga ukunikeza izimpawu ezihlukahlukene, okwenza ukuba alobe imingcele weJiyomethri nezobuchwepheshe impahla kuboniswe: izimpawu engaba, ukujiya, engela ukubekezelelana machining nesabelo. Lezi ukukhathazeka okufanayo futhi ububanzi lapho kunqunywa ubukhulu izimbobo lezidumbu zokuvukela umbuso. Kuzithinta yokuxhuma amaphuzu amabili umbuthano (iindulungu) kanye edabula isikhungo salo (wakhe), futhi ubizwa ngokuthi ububanzi. Njengobe aveta izibalo? Mark limelela ububanzi embuthanweni, sawela yomugqa bayichezukisa at ⁴⁵ ° kuya mpo bebheke ngokwewashi. Kwezinye izimo, incwadi D Latin, kuvunyelwe ukusetshenziswa belingana umlingisi lomcoka.

ubukhulu uphawu eZwini

With ukuthuthukiswa ubuchwepheshe bama-computer iningi imibhalo design waqala ukuze uthumele ku-elekthronikhi, okuyinto kusiza ukudalwa, isitoreji, ukudlulisa nokunyatheliswa kwe imidwebo yemizila. Kuze kube yimanje, izinhlelo ezikhethekile ezisetshenziswa. Ngokwesibonelo, i-umdwebo AutoCAD isetshenziswa, futhi umbhalo imibhalo - Word, ingxenye iphakethe-Microsoft Office. Ngaphezu isofthiwe esikhokhelwayo, kukhona khulula: NanoCAD, Open Office.

Ngakho, sathuthela neyesigodi, kuhlanganise ubukhulu kwesibonakaliso ngo kulezi zinhlelo. On indinganiso isendlalelo sekhibhodi ingekho, Ngakho-ke, ukuze ufaka bayifaka idokhumenti wadala ngokusebenzisa sombhalo iZwi, Uzodlula ngendlela elandelayo: "Faka → Uphawu → Okunye izinhlamvu → ukushintsha" Ifonti "in the« Uphawu »→ AE». ubukhulu ikhodi umlingisi "uhlamvu (hex)" - 00S6. Njengoba lesi sici alikho zonke amafonti, kungashiwo esikhundleni sawela-ukungafakwa "": - ". Unicode (16)" "Ø", ikhodi 00D8 ku