Romanticism njengoba ukunyakaza etemibhalo. Romanticism izincwadi kwekhulu le-19

Lokhu kuhamba ingenye izenzakalo ezinkulu kwezobuciko ku isiko kwekhulu XIX eRussia, e-Europe naseMelika. Romanticism njengoba ukunyakaza etemibhalo ozalwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII, kodwa safinyelela lalichumile omkhulu kunabo bonke 1830s. Kusukela 1850s ekuseni, isikhathi siqala ukuya ukwehla, kodwa izindikimba zalo wadonsa ngokusebenzisa lonke XIX leminyaka, okunikeza isisekelo ezindaweni ezifana imifuziselo, baziphatha kanye neo-romanticism.

Ukuvela romanticism

Kubhekwe lapho kwazalelwa khona isiqondiso yeYurophu, ikakhulukazi iBrithani neFrance, kungakho igama isiqondiso kwezobuciko - «romantisme». Isizathu wukuthi romanticism kwekhulu le-19 kwavela njengoba phetho French Revolution.

The Revolution wabhubhisa yonke wokwehlayo yayikhona ngaphambili, isiyaluyalu umphakathi futhi kwezakhi nomphakathi. Le ndoda yaqala azizwe enesizungu, futhi waqala ukufuna induduzo zokugembula nezinye izindlela zokuzijabulisa. Ngenxa yalokhu, kanye umbono wokuthi konke ukuphila umdlalo lapho kukhona khona abawinile futhi losers. The hero eyinhloko umsebenzi romantic ngayinye iba indoda idlala ne isiphetho, nge phetho.

Kuyini Romanticism

Romanticism - yinto ekhona kuphela ezincwadini: izenzakalo eziyinqaba, Amazing kanye kumnandi, ngesikhathi esifanayo elihlobene ne-ukugomela yomuntu ngokusebenzisa ukuphila kwawo okungokomoya futhi zokudala. Ikakhulu izigigaba ezenzeka ngokumelene okwenza ngesifiso uzwakalise, zonke izinhlamvu baye babonisa ngokucacile yizinhlamvu zesiHebheru, avame benawo nowokuvukela.

Abalobi kwenkathi zothando ayelithanda lokuthi ukubaluleka oyinhloko ekuphileni - ungubani komuntu. Wonke umuntu - ezweni ahlukene ogcwele ubuhle emangalisayo. Kungaleso kukhona zonke ungenisa ugqozi nephakeme zisho amazwi, futhi kukhona ukuthambekela idealize.

Ngokwe bezincwadi eziqanjiwe, ekahle - inkolelo yokungafi esikhashana, kodwa nokho unalo ilungelo lokuthatha khona. I okahle okungaphezu kwamandla abo bonke abantu abavamile, ngakho umlingisi losemcoka nemibono yakhe ngokuqondile kuqhathaniswa ubudlelwano kwansuku zonke izinto ezibonakalayo.

izici zayo

Izici Romanticism njengoba ukunyakaza etemibhalo zimi imibono eziyisisekelo futhi izingxabano.

Umqondo oyinhloko cishe zonke umkhiqizo - njalo ukunyakaza iqhawe isikhala ngokomzimba. Leli qiniso njengoba ikhombisa ukudideka komphefumulo, ke ukucabanga njalo wamanje kanye ngesikhathi esifanayo - izinguquko emzungezile.

Thanda ukunyakaza eziningi kwezobuciko, Romanticism has izingxabano lalo. Lapha, wonke umqondo kusekelwe ebuhlotsheni eziyinkimbinkimbi protagonist njalo nezwe elingaphandle. He is kakhulu kutati ngesikhathi esifanayo abavukela lo emibi inhlamba, izinto ezibonakalayo engokoqobo ukuthi ngandlela-thile ebonakaliswa ngezenzo zakhe, imicabango nemibono yohlamvu. buphawuleka kakhulu kulesi sici lezi zibonelo romanticism etemibhalo: Childe uHarold - umlingiswa oyinhloko webhayisikobho "engcwele Childe uHarold" Byron futhi Pechorin - kusukela "Hero Lwesikhathi Sethu" Lermontov.

Uma thina ifingqe okungenhla, kuvela ukuthi isisekelo sanoma ibuphi product efanayo nalena - igebe phakathi ngokoqobo futhi izwe ephelele yengxoxo ukuthi ine imiphetho ebukhali kakhulu.

Romanticism ezincwadini European

romanticism European kwekhulu le-19 kuyinto ephawulekayo ukuthi iningi layo yemisebenzi yakhe abe isisekelo kumnandi. Lezi zinganekwane eziningi fabulous, tindzaba letimfisha kanye amanoveli.

Amazwe ayinhloko lapho romanticism njengoba ukunyakaza etemibhalo kwaba kakhulu umxhwele, kukhona France, eBrithani naseJalimane.

Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa kwezobuciko has izigaba eziningana:

1. iminyaka 1801-1815. Qala ukwakha aesthetics romantic.
2. iminyaka 1815-1830. Ukuvela nelichumayo Yiqiniso, incazelo postulates eyisisekelo yaleli isiqondiso.
3. iminyaka 1830-1848. Romanticism wembethe ifomu komphakathi.

Ngayinye yalezi amazwe wenze siqu, umnikelo yayo ekhethekile ukuthuthukiswa kwe wathi lomkhuba kwamasiko. E-Fulansi, romantic imisebenzi ebhaliwe ibe Umbala zezombusazwe, abalobi zaziwazonda onxiwankulu entsha. Lo mphakathi, ngokuvumelana izibalo isiFulentshi, nezimvaba zonakale ubuqotho ngazinye, ubuhle kanye nenkululeko umoya.

Esikhathini isiko IsiZulu Romanticism likhona isikhathi eside impela, kodwa kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII akazange ame out njengoba ukunyakaza abahlukene etemibhalo. IsiZulu usebenza, ngokungafani kuya isiFulentshi, egcwele gothic, inkolo, temdzabu kazwelonke, isiko, ongumlimi futhi izinhlangano zabasebenzi (kufaka phakathi ngomqondo ongokomoya). Ngaphezu kwalokho, temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba English isosha esihlatshelelwayo egcwele ziye emazweni akude futhi izifundo kwamanye amazwe amaningana.

Ngo Romanticism German njengoba ukunyakaza etemibhalo wathonywa nefilosofi idealist. Bases steel ubuntu kanye nenkululeko umuntu abacindezelwe feudalism kanye nombono yonke njengoba uhlelo eziphilayo. Cishe wonke umsebenzi isiJalimane eligcwele zibona on khona komuntu kanye nokuphila komoya wakhe.

Europe: izibonelo zezimangaliso

Phakathi imisebenzi ephawuleka kakhulu imisebenzi European etemibhalo okulandelayo abhekwa emoyeni Romanticism:

- the indatshana "Genius ubuKristu", indaba "Atala" futhi "Rene" Chateaubriand;

- amanoveli "Dolphin", "UCorinna, noma e-Italy," Germaine de Staël;

- inoveli "Adolf" Benjamin njalo;

- noveli "Ukuvuma Ingane Ekhulwini" Musset;

- inoveli "Cinq-Mars," Vigny;

- Manifesto "Isandulela" umkhiqizo, "Cromwell", inoveli "Notre Dame de Paris" UHugo;

- idrama "UHenry III futhi enkantolo yakhe", uchungechunge amanoveli mayelana Musketeers, "I Ukubala of Monte Cristo" futhi "koroleva Margo" Dumas;

- amanoveli "Indiana", "Wayfarer", "Horace", "noConsuelo" Zhorzh Sand;

- Manifesto "Racine futhi Shakespeare" Stendhal;

- le nkondlo "Old Sailor" futhi "Kristabel" Coleridge;

- "inkondlo Eastern" futhi "uManfred" Byron;

- iqoqo imisebenzi Balzac;

- inoveli "Ivanhoe" Valtera Skotta;

- tale "Hyacinth noRose" inoveli "Heinrich von Ofterdingen" Novalis;

- amaqoqo izindaba dlala, inganekwane futhi izindaba Hoffmann.

Romanticism ezincwadini Russian

romanticism Russian kwekhulu le-19 wasungulwa bedle oqondile kwezincwadi eNtshonalanga. Nokho, naphezu kwalokhu, kwakudingeka izici zayo siqu, okuyinto ubala izinkathi odlule.

Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa kwezobuciko eRussia ibonisa ngokugcwele izisebenzi eziphambili mbuso ukungathandi onxiwankulu elibusayo, ikakhulukazi, ukuba indlela yalo yokuphila - ezingalawuliwe, ukuziphatha okubi futhi unonya. romanticism Russian kwekhulu le-19 kwaba umphumela walo oqondile waba kwemizwa abavukelayo ilindele mlando ebalulekile emlandweni wezwe.

egqanyisiwe Amathrendi ezimbili izincwadi isikhathi: kwengqondo kanye civil. Eyokuqala yayisekelwe incazelo nokuhlaziya imizwa nemizwelo; yesibili - kuphromoshini yokulwa emphakathini wanamuhla. Jikelele kanye umcondvo lobalulekile zonke bezincwadi eziqanjiwe wukuthi imbongi noma umbhali kwadingeka ukuba baziphathe ngokuvumelana ngaleyo mibono ayeluchaze ngemisebenzi yakhe.

ERussia: Izibonelo imisebenzi

Izibonelo kunazo yesiteleka Romanticism ezincwadini Russian kwekhulu XIX - kuyinto:

- tale "Ondine", "The Prisoner of Chillon", the ballad "Inkosi Yehlathi", "Umdobi," Zhukovsky "Lenora";

- imisebenzi "Eugene Onegin," "iNdlovukazi Spades" by Pushkin;

- "The Night Ngaphambi Christmas" by Gogol;

- "A Hero Lwesikhathi Sethu" Lermontov.

Romanticism ezincwadini American

EMelika, lo mkhuba kwaba kancane kamuva ukuthuthukiswa: esigabeni sokuqala-ke kuhlehlela emuva eminyakeni, zokulandelisa 1820-1830 - 1840-1860 iminyaka kwekhulu XIX. Ngezinye Zombili izigaba zesimiso okukhethekile kuthonywa Izinxushunxushu zombango France (okuyinto emenza ukudalwa US), ngakho-ngqo kanye eMelika (empini yase-ekubusweni iBrithani empini phakathi kweNyakatho neNingizimu).

isiqondiso yobuciko e American Romanticism emelelwa zinhlobo ezimbili: i-abolitionist, ummeli ukuze ukukhululwa ebugqilini, nasempumalanga, Plantation ephelele yengxoxo.

izincwadi American kwalesi sikhathi kusekelwe lolwazi ngobutjha izinhlobo ethumba baseYurophu exutshwe indlela yokuqala futhi ijubane zokuphila ngesikhathi namanje entsha futhi kancane bajwayelane ezwekazini. imisebenzi eMelika ngokucebile enongiwe buviyoviyo kazwelonke, umuzwa ukuzimela futhi emzabalazweni wenkululeko.

romanticism American. izibonelo zemikhiqizo

- uchungechunge "Alhambra ibe yinhle kangaka" izindaba "isipoki umakoti", "Rip Van Winkle" futhi "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," Washington Irving;

- noveli "The Last of the Mohicans" uJames Fenimore Cooper;

- inkondlo "The Raven", izindaba "Ligeia", "Golden Beetle", "The Fall of the House Usher" nezinye E. Allan Poe;

- inoveli "I-Scarlet Incwadi" futhi "Indlu gables Seven" Gorton;

- inoveli "Typee" futhi "i-Moby Dick" Melville;

- noveli "Cabin uMalume kaTom," uHarriet Beecher Stowe;

- legend esankondlo "Evangeline", "INgoma Hiawatha", "sokuqomisana of Miles Standish," Longfellow;

- iqoqo "Amahlamvu ka Utshani," Whitman;

- indzaba "Owesifazane ku lethoba Century" by Margaret Fuller.

Romanticism njengoba ukunyakaza etemibhalo waba nethonya elinamandla endleleni umculo, imidlalo yaseshashalazini kanye Umdwebo - kwanele kokukhumbula ukusebenza eminingi nezithombe ngalezo zikhathi. Lokhu kwenzeke ikakhulukazi ngenxa izimfanelo ezindaweni ezifana sobuhle bayo njengoba eliphezulu futhi imizwelo, bokubanga futhi ubuqhawe, Chivalry futhi idealization lwesintu. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi engu Romanticism kwaba sasivumela eyesikhashana, ke akuphazamisi ukuthandwa amabhuku yabhalwa ngekhulu XIX, kule minyaka eyishumi ezayo - imisebenzi etemibhalo yobuciko kwesikhathi sithandwa futhi sihlonishwa umphakathi kuze kube yilolu suku.