Novgorod ezibiyele (Veliky Novgorod): umlando, incazelo, ikheli, Amahora okuvula

Omunye zasendulo esidala kakhulu we ukuzivikela bokwakha Russian - lokhu Novgorod ezibiyele, noma njengoba ibizwa, Detinets. Lesi sikhungo kuhlanganisa izakhiwo ezahlukene ezithiwa futhi nangenkathi, kodwa ngokuvamile akha eziyinkimbinkimbi eliyingqayizivele futhi inimitable, elinesimo ngezinga elikhulu weRiphabhulikhi Novgorod ngisho phambi yinye kwamandla eMoscow.

Novgorod ezibiyele

Kuvele eyinkimbinkimbi nezakhiwo zasendulo kuyinto enqabeni Omkhulu Novgorod. Kwathengwa isakhiwo esiyisitezi grand ngebhange kwesokunxele emfuleni Volkhov. Nokho, uma unquma ukuvakashela Novgorod ezibiyele, kungcono ukwazi ikheli olusemthethweni: Velikiy Novgorod, noSosiphatru. I ezibiyele, 11. Ukwakheka kuyinto lesikhumbuzo ezibalulekile yezakhiwo, kanye ezingeni federal, ivikelwe isimo, ngaphezu, umnyuziyamu-reserve kufakwe UNESCO njengengxenye dolobha elingokomlando. Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala ebhaliwe ezibiyele ezangesikhathi ngonyaka 1044. Yiqiniso, njengo-bonke abanye, kuncike ukuguga, isikhathi aluphumeleli ngeze kuye, futhi ezinye irretrievably elahlekile.

Detinets, Veliky Novgorod: kungani kunjalo esibizwa?

Ngokuqinisekile, wonke ubani ngizwe lelo gama, kukhona kwezinye ukudideka, ngoba igama elithi "ezibiyele" evame kakhulu, kwandile naphakathi kwabantu. Khonamanjalo detintsem eRussia ngokuthi akekho omunye ngaphandle ingaphakathi emadolobheni inqaba ezazisemizini ngenkathi kwehlukana Kuyaziwa. Imibhalo yasendulo igama lokuqala luqala ukwenzeka 1097, futhi kuphela ekhulwini le-14-ke esikhundleni elithi "ezibiyele". Ngemva kwalokho, iqhubeka khona kuphela imithombo zilotshwe umsuka Novgorod-Pskov, ngakho-ke ungakwazi ngokwengxenye ibhekwe njengomkhuba dialecticism.

Izinguqulo umsuka wenkulumo

Iningi ososayensi, izazi zolimi Umsuka wegama elithi "Detinets" (Velikiy Novgorod, Kiev nezinye emadolobheni amakhulu abe izakhiwo efanayo) ezihlotshaniswa impande efanayo "abantwana". Ngakho, umbhishobhi Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia, Metropolitan Eugene e 1808 wasikisela ukuba zonke izingane ngesikhathi ukuhlaselwa isitha uvikelekile emboniselweni, kungani-ke kwavela igama. Isazi-mlando ngempela namaSoviet futhi umvubukuli ababenza kumbiwa e-Novgorod ezibiyele, kuthiwa igama elithi wathola ngenxa amaqhawe phezu kwesikhulu, ayehlala khona. Zibizwa ngokuthi izingane noma ingane. Nokho, empeleni Izikhulu Detinets kwakungelona - bahlala emijondolo eseduze.

Ngokusho Academician Yanin VL Novgorod ezibiyele, njengawo wonke umuntu, lethiwa ngenxa yokuthi, mhlawumbe, kwakukhona Imikhandlu yabadala.

Enye inguqulo latayelekile ngemehluko Russian unjiniyela lempi. Akuve elula nenengqondo. Igama elithi "Detinets" livela "ukwenza" Isenzo. Lokhu kuchazwe iqiniso lokuthi ngezikhathi ingozi emboniselweni uvikelekile abesifazane nezingane, izindawo zokukhulekela izithombe zenkolo kanye nempahla. Le nguqulo ngezinga elithile ligamanxa ngowokuqala.

Novgorod ezibiyele: A Brief History

Kuyaziwa ukuthi engxenyeni esenyakatho insimu lapho ezibiyele manje, ngaphambili semifula lomfula Volkhov eyaziwa futhi ihlukaniswe yaba izindawo ezimbili. Cishe Detinets sokuqala ngqa usesikhundleni maphakathi kanye wawusegunjini esiqhingini enyakatho. Yakhiwa ka ehlathini, babeka indodana yakhe Yaroslava Mudrogo - Prince uVladimir Yaroslavovich. Wabuye wasungula kokwakhiwa kwethempeli main lomuzi 1045 - UZandile Cathedral, eyathatha iminyaka eyisikhombisa. Yokwahlukaniselwa senzeka ngo 1052, futhi kamuva ngenyanga, uVladimir wafa wangcwatshwa e ibandla elisha.

Novgorod Kremlin-Detinets (Veliky Novgorod, Novgorod Oblast) washisa ngokuphindaphindiwe. Ngakho, ngo-1097 ku-kancane ngakwesokunxele yakhe, futhi wakha elisha kuphela 1116, futhi ngesikhathi efika usayizi samanje. Phakathi nale nkathi, indima umxhwele zensimu bawela Vladycha egcekeni - sokuhlala umbhishobhi. Nguye e 1333 waqala ukwakhiwa inqaba itshe, owesaba wokuba kuhlaselwe abaseSweden kanye zidlamlilo, kodwa Prince Ivan Kalita hhayi kuphela. Gcwalisa indawo kwesihlahla edwaleni iphutha kuphela 30s kwekhulu le-15. Okuningi ukwakhiwa eziqinile, kodwa futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kancane kancane, ubhubhe abuyiselwe. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, Novgorod lapho amaJalimane ayekade esesikhundleni, Detinets (ezibiyele) yayisetshenziswa njengesikhungo emabhalekisini amasosha.

Ukulandela nomonakalo omkhulu senzeka 90-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule, lapho ugange kancane kubhidlika eduze Spassky umbhoshongo (20 imitha isikhawu). Ngemva kweminyaka eminingana, kocingo kwabuyiselwa. Manje ezibiyele has isimo Novgorod State United Museum-Reserve.

The main izici yezakhiwo

Sekungamakhulu eminyaka, le nqaba futhi izinqaba owakhiwe entabeni, ikakhulukazi ukuze abone kahle futhi kunzima ngoba isitha, kanye eduze kwemifula. Detinets (Veliky Novgorod) elihlangabezana nazo zonke lezi imithetho. Kusobala entabeni encane - 10 metres ngenhla ezingeni Volkhov. Along azungezwe we izindonga ngaphandle nge ubude 1487 m futhi endaweni engaphakathi zensimu - 12,1 amahektha.

udonga Umxhwele owenziwe ngezitini ezenziwe ngodaka lwe-lime, futhi itshe (Cobblestone namathempeli ngokhonkolo namatshe). The ukujiya kanye ukuphakama inqaba kuyahlukahluka 3,6-6,5 m 8-15 m, ngokulandelana. Isici lokumehlukanisa ukwakhiwa esangweni inqaba sethempeli, okungukuthi, amasonto, engaphezulu emasangweni. It is a sici nobuntu esontweni, futhi ikakhulukazi izakhiwo Izigodlo eRussia. Ukubaluleka ngemibono walala yokuthi nge ukwakhiwa okunjalo kwenziwe ukuvikelwa yasezulwini edolobheni. Iqiniso ukuthi Novgorod ezibiyele has abaningana kubo, echaza indima ehamba phambili ekwakhiweni ababhishobhi. Cishe zonke izindonga yabuyiselwa ku 50-60-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule futhi ukuhlangabezana ukubukeka kwangaphandle lenqaba kwekhulu le-15.

Towers Novgorod ezibiyele

Ukuthi akhona zemibhoshongo nambili endaweni enqabeni. Kuze kube manje, ayisishiyagalolunye kuphela ezisekhona:

• Spassky (ngenhla) - has ngesimo isikwele side ukuthi ihlukaniswe yaba imikhakha eziyisithupha, ukuphakama futhi udonga ukujiya - 19 m no-2 ngokulandelana. It eyakhelwe phezu itende imitha-15 nge sibhekile umbhoshongo, okuyinto kuncishiswe ngokwendlela izincazelo kwekhulu le-17. ndima Arched ivinjelwe nemishayo, kusukela enyakatho kuze kube phambi umbhoshongo eyakhelene isonto zonakale we isimo. It wayengadlali owanika igama lakhe. Novgorod ezibiyele (Veliky Novgorod) ngeke sazi ngokunembile le Spassky Tower, nakho wake kuboniswe eyiphepha ruble 5.
• Palace - umbhoshongo nalutho ngaphandle izinkomba, quadrangular, emelela ngokuyisisekelo square 11,2h10,2 m, wall height - 20 m, kanye ukushuba we ungqimba yesibili ezingeni - 2 m ngaphezu - etendeni. Kusukela nezinye kwemibhoshongo ke sibonisa ngalé ukwenzela ukungena okuncane kakhulu.
• Knjazhaja - Kubukeka sengathi lowo odlule, naye oyisithulu umbhoshongo 18.5 m.
• Kokui (Kalancha) - nalutho square umbhoshongo ngaphandle ndima, okuyinto kanye ukuphakama Dome kuyinto 38.5 m, ukushuba we izindonga iyafana kulowo odlule. Manje kukhona emphemeni babukwe ukubukwa-panoramic we Kremlin.
• Pokrovskaya - isakhiwo omkhulu ukuphakama 18 m kanye ukushuba udonga 3 m engxenyeni ntshonalanga le nqaba. Kusobala angaphezu 9 m, kanye nezindonga lwangena 55 izintuba.
• Zlatoust - nalutho umbhoshongo skwele eziyizitezi ezine, ogama lakhe wanikeza omi eduze ithempeli ngekhulu le-14.
• Vladimir - ngokusebenzisa ke wawela Novgorod ezibiyele (Veliky Novgorod) iyona travel, unxande, ukuphakama -. 17,8 m Kukhona imitha eziyishumi-etendeni phezulu. Isici ehlukile - the izintuba nge top arched, okusikhumbuza amafasitela.
• Fedorov - umbhoshongo nge shape cylindrical izintuba arched
• I Metropolitan - kuyinto lesikhumbuzo of ezempi izakhiwo ukuzivikela, kanye odlule zakhiwo ezimbili ezinde. Ukwakhiwa ukuma cylindrical, izimpumputhe, ukushuba odongeni - kancane phezu 3 m, ukuphakama - 16.3 m.

Ekuqaphela ukubhujiswa nokwakha kabusha imibhoshongo ezintathu: Boris futhi Gleb, uvuko, Prechistenskaya.

UZandile Cathedral

White itshe isonto iyona endala endaweni Russia lwanamuhla zalabo owakha abantu Slavic. Ayakhiwe eminyakeni 1045-1050, yena ukuthi emakhulwini amaningana eminyaka emelelwa isikhungo ezingokomoya zabantu lonke Novgorod Republic.

Lokhu lombhishobhi emihlanu asolwandle cross-oluyingungu. izakhiwo ezinjalo isici izakhiwo ngekhulu le-11. Nokho, idume hhayi kuphela Novgorod ezibiyele (Veliky Novgorod) - lombhishobhi igama elifanayo likhona Polotsk futhi Kiev. Lesi sakhiwo has ezintathu Udonga lwangaphakathi lunesithombe sobumba (babanjwa ezilingene emaphakathi pentagonal) nxazonke lizungezwe zemibukiso ezintathu storey. Leli thempeli izahluko ezinhlanu, + eyesithupha is ezihlalweni zobukhosi bethwele nemiqhele engxenyeni esentshonalanga basembhoshongweni wokugibela. Basuke izimpawu ethile ifomu Makovytsya - ngesimo nezigqoko zamaqhawe lasendulo. ukuphakama Maximum UZandile Cathedral - 38 m, udonga ukujiya - 1.2 m, yasetshenziselwa yabo limestone ukwakhiwa. Thempeli elenziwe kule yendabuko isitayela WaseByzantium.

izindawo oNgcwele njalo embozwe-legends. Ngakho, Dome emaphakathi, esiphambanweni, uyisihluthulelo ejuba omelela uMoya oNgcwele. Ivan Grozny e 1570 kanzima asebenzelana ngayo Novgorod. Ngokusho yetinsita ijuba, nokuzikhulula ku lonke Cross, wabona sibhicongo olunegazi futhi umuzwa horror olungalé beluyokuba iqhwa. Ngemva kwalokho, omunye izindela of Our Lady wembula ukuthi le nyoni wathunyelwa emzini njengensika senduduzo mascot. Novgorod izogcinwa kuze ijuba ngeke fly wehle esiphambanweni.

I belfry St. UZandile Cathedral

Kufanele kubhekwe ngokuhlukile isakhiwo main. Zvonnitsa is a efakwe ohlwini isakhiwo ubudala 15-18, eyinkampani Novgorod Kremlin. Veliky Novgorod (isithombe umbono panoramic, bheka ngenhla.) - idolobha elihle ubudala ne eziningi ezikhangayo zamasiko nezomlando. Abaningana babo futhi izindawo zokukhulekela. Lezindawo zifaka, njengoba kakade liqondakale, Saint UZandile Cathedral, futhi ndawonye nalo kanye belfry. imithombo Ibhalwe lokuqala asho ngo 1437, lapho etshelwa ngozamcolo. Ikakhulu, lithi kwakuphakathi ukuceka enezindonga eziphakeme eziyisivikelo angomakhelwane. Okwamanje bellfry elise nge odongeni sangaphakathi ezibiyele empumalanga, nobude bawo 22.5 m, ububanzi - 3.4 amamitha.

Phakathi kwempi yezwe yesibili ke lwabhidlika. Phezu kokuthola ulwazi ukuthi amabutho aseJalimane asendleleni yabo baya emzini, kwanqunywa ukuba kuphunywe insimbi. Nokho, phakathi nesikhathi sokuqhuma kwamabhomu okwenzeke ngqo hit khona kanye isikebhe esinesinqe esibanzi sokuthwala impahla kanye zezinhlobo ezintathu ngobukhulu, futhi ziminze emfuleni Volkhov. Kwakuthinta kancane libhujiswa wezikhali kanye isakhiwo ngokwaso.

I abuyiselwe isicwebezelisi esivimba amanzi St. UZandile Cathedral Novgorod ezibiyele (Veliky Novgorod) labawatfolile esifundvweni 1948. Manje-ke asetshenziselwa inhloso, ngokwengxenye layo elingenhla ine emphemeni observation embukisweni unomphela abazinikezele emzini izinsimbi lasendulo.

ISonto of Sergiya Radonezhskogo

Isakhiwo esangweni mhlawumbe kuphela into efana nayo ukuthi liye lalondolozwa enyakatho-ntshonalanga yezwe kuze kube namuhla. Yayakhiwe ngaphansi ukusekelwa uMbhishobhi uJona endaweni Vladychny zegceke ezibiyele e 1463. Lesi sikhathi elinesimo umbono ka kuwa Novgorod Republic ngaphansi kwengcindezi eMoscow ukubusa yayo. Nokho, uthando kancane kancane wanqamuka, abantu sibekezelele abanye abantu babhekwe njengabezinye yinye isimo. Church - kuwuphawu ukuthula, Kuhlangana ngokomoya futhi ubunye ne eMoscow, kusukela yayakhiwe yokudumisa ke engekho Russia bakhuleka ikakhulukazi eMoscow - Sergiya Radonezhskogo.

Church of St Stratelates

Novgorod ezibiyele (umdwebo esesithombeni) engxenyeni eseningizimu-mpumalanga yesifundazwe insimu has a isonto elincane kodwa emangalisayo. Yakhiwa 15-17 eminyaka. It has simise elingunxande flat uhlelo, elilodwa-span belfry kanye cupola elincane imiqhele ethempelini. Ekuqaleni le ndawo etholakala Boris futhi Gleb Cathedral, okuyinto 1682 uquleke kamuva zidilizwe ukuze izisekelo zalo. Kushunyayelwe wahlala kuphela yesonto Saint Russian iqhawe-umfel 'ukholo Andreya Stratilata. Wakhuliswa futhi uguqulwe ube isonto elincane ezimele.

igceke Episcopal

Kulapha-ke kungaba kudingekile ukuba baqale indaba mayelana Novgorod ezibiyele, njengoba ingxenye omdala ezibiyele, okuyinto, ngokusho Gordienko EA futhi Yanina V L., yena kuvela. igceke Episcopal etholakala engxenyeni esenyakatho-ntshonalanga inqaba. Uma ukholelwa ukuthi izindaba, uMbhishobhi J. Korsunianin, ogama lakhe kuthiwa kubangelwa ukusungulwa kobuKristu Novgorod, esigodlweni sakhe matasa esiqhingini esincane. Imingcele yayo ichazwe ngu ezimbili izingalo Volkhov. Lokhu Ukuvikelwa kwemvelo nayo yonke izidingo, ngaphezu, sabantu (ngaso sonke isikhathi isimo positive) emngceleni walo izindonga. Ngemva kokufa umbhishobhi wesonto endala uMuzi Ana, yawa, eduze ngokushesha the St Sophia Cathedral wakhela.

Sekungamakhulu eminyaka Episcopal egcekeni inqaba emboniselweni, futhi wonke amabutho kuqhathaniswa ngokwabo amandla kwesikhulu - ngasese noma ngokuqondile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngamunye Bishop entsha wazizwa ebophekile ukuba ukwakha okuthile eyabo. Ngakho, iminyaka eminingi omunye ukwakhiwa eyincithakalo futhi empeleni ezakhiwa abanye, yakhiwe, abuyiselwe, sizungezwe izakhiwo ezengeziwe.

Izinguquko eziningi kwakungasehlane laseBeti umbusi Euphimia II (1429-1458). Umphikisi nekhono lokukhuluma nokudliwa Novgorod eMoscow idale isakhiwo esiyingqayizivele eRussia futhi manje lesikhumbuzo bokwakha, kuphela isakhiwo nesitayela Gothic - the Faceted Chamber. Futhi uma ubuka it kwetfulwe nesizotha (ngenhla), izakhiwo yangaphakathi kumane langa futhi ngokuphelele eyingqayizivele.

Imininingwane izivakashi

Kuyoba usizo ukuthola bonke labo abenza uhlela uhambo oluya elinye lamadolobha amahle kakhulu futhi lasendulo Russia futhi ufisa ukuvakashela Novgorod ezibiyele (Veliky Novgorod), evula amahora into kwamasiko kanye izindleko amathikithi. Okokuqala, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi abaphathi reserve uye walungiselela izinsuku lapho ukuvakashelwa zingaqiniseka ngokuphelele khulula:

• Wonke umuntu akukafiki kweminyaka engu-18 - Njalo ngoLwesithathu lokuqala lwenyanga, September 1, 1 Juni,
• Imikhaya emikhulu - NgoLwesithathu lokuqala lwenyanga.
• Abafundi Nakhimov futhi Suvorov Military School - masonto onke ngeMisombuluko.
• Abahola impesheni - 1 Okthoba.
• Kasibili zonke izakhamuzi - 18 Meyi, e- Day International of Museums, kanye July no-August njalo ngoLwesihlanu.

Ngokuqondene intengo ithikithi, kungcono ukucacisa ulwazi ibhokisi ehhovisi Museum-reserve. On insimu yalo ukwehlukana izinto. Ungakhetha ukuthi unentshisekelo, hhayi ukuze ukhokhele lonke. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola Sofia belfry, Izici (Vladychnaya) ekamelweni kuyoba ruble 150. Abafundi, abadala izaphulelo, izingane kuze kube iminyaka engu-16 kwezinye izinto izophela mahhala.

Ukuhlela ukuvakashela Detinets (Veliky Novgorod)? Amahora okuvula eyinkimbinkimbi kufanele licaciswe kusengaphambili. Ziningi ukuchayeka yesizini, noma abe division zibe daylight saving time, endaweni ethile kungase kwenziwe emsebenzini wokulungisa, futhi ukufaka kule uxhumano izovalwa. Ngokwesibonelo, Sofia belfry etholakalayo ukuvakashelwa phakathi nezinsuku kusuka ngehora leshumi ekuseni kuze lesithupha ntambama, futhi ngoLwesihlanu futhi ukuhlala ngempelasonto sandisiwe kuze 20:00. Mhlawumbe yokubhuka amathikithi kusenesikhathi inthanethi. Zonke lezi mibuzo uzokuphendula ulwazi lwenhlangano Museum-Reserve Izikhungo.