Ngasemdeni ke ka-Norway neRussia: Umlando kanye yesimanjemanje

Imingcele breaking kuzo ngaso sonke isikhathi yaba imbangela yezimpi. Kusukela esikhathini Kievan Rus, ubudlelwane bayo obuhle bokwakhelana kanye nakwamanye amazwe futhi principalities ngokuvamile ahlonishwe njengoba rusichi ngokwabo kanye nabanye abantu.

It is hhayi ngokuvamile ungakwazi ukuhlangabezana ubuhlobo eside futhi eziqinile phakathi kwala mazwe womabili, kodwa enjalo exhumene Russia naseNorway. Budebuduze lezi ezimbili uthi akuvamile kudlulela ngale ukusilela enobungane. Ubufakazi lokhu liwumngcele Norway neRussia, iminyaka engu-eneminyaka engu-190 zazo lugujwe ngoMeyi 2016.

Umlando ubudlelwane phakathi Norway neRussia

AmaViking ngokuthi Kievan Rus baseNorway, Danes futhi abaseSweden. Kusukela ngekhulu lwe-10, baba yingxenye yesikwati sika "izivakashi" isimo abasha, njengoba uvame waphetha imishado dynastic phakathi kohlu lwamakhosi wasebukhosini. Ngokwesibonelo, Yaroslav Mudry wanika uRaheli indodakazi yakhe Elizabethe Norwegian King Harald, edume okubhekiselwe kubo ngelithi "esesabekayo '. Wayeshadile intombi Swedish Inkosi u-Olaf.

Norman squads izikhulu Kiev walwa nabo ngokumelene Pechenegs, abanye baze baya waseByzantium. Abaningi babo abake bahlala e Novgorod, Kiev, Chernigov nakwamanye amazwe, futhi yamukeleke nabantu bendawo. Ngakho ngokomlando savela ubungani eminyaka ubudala phakathi Norway neRussia.

Izinguquko kuze kube semngceleni Norwegian Kievan Rus

Ngaleso sikhathi, kwemingcele yezizwe nabakwenzayo lokhu ngokuvamile washintsha kwemingcele yabo, mayelana nesigameko yimpumelelo noma cha nomkhankaso wempi, bona "washukumiseleka ukuba 'njengesipho lomshado. Ngokwesibonelo, kwaze kwaba maphakathi nekhulu le-11 ohlala ngasemngceleni ophakathi Russia nase Norway senzeka Lyngen Fjord, km 50 okwengeziwe ukuze empumalanga Idolobha lanamuhla eTromsø. Kungokufanayo Yaroslav Mudry njengoba isipho indodakazi yakhe, wabanika lonke izwe elizungezile kuya Alta Fjord (manje esifundazweni Finnmark).

Iminikelo lomshado Okufanayo kwamukelwa nhlobo amakhosi yasebukhosini European, ukuze ukwanda endaweni izwe elingumakhelwane ngezithukuthuku ezweni lakubo kwakungelona nje kuwumphumela wenqubo yokuziphendukela Grand Duke.

Lokhu emngceleni wama Norway neRussia kwaze kwaba phakathi nekhulu le-13, kuyilapho u-Alexander saseNevsky, kodwa eyayinamawala ngezinye izikhathi ezahlukene, waba ngukumkani Novgorod, Kiev, abese uVladimir, hhayi "kwaphoqa" omunye njengengxenye yensimu esivuna umakhelwane enyakatho. Kuvele umugqa ekhona, yena landiswa Tanaforda.

Kusukela 1397, Norway baba ingxenye Kalmar Union, okuyinto ngaphansi kokubusa siqu yamakhosi Danish, futhi umngcele njengoba lenzeka phakathi Russia nase-Unia. Kwaze kwaba 1523, kuyilapho Inyunyana kuyelelwe bonyana akukafaneli kuphulwe ngenxa ukunganeliseki Sweden.

umngcele Russian-Norwegian kusuka 17 kuya 19 leminyaka

Ngo-1603, ushintsho lwaluthatha isikhathi ukwenzeka emngceleni ophakathi kwala mazwe womabili, njengoba kuvunyelwene phakathi Boris Godunov futhi Christian 4, King of Denmark kanye Norway (iminyaka 1577-1648). Ngokusho ke, umugqa omusha wawuzoqhutshwa Kola lip kanye Tanafordom phezu Varanger Fjord (Bay yoLwandle uBarents, ohlukanisa i- inhlonhlo ye Abadobi futhi Norwegian Varanger Peninsula).

Kodwa njengoba kwakunjalo ezingacacile izinsuku eRussia, futhi inkosi ngokushesha abulawe, isivumelwano ayisayiniwe. Kuye kuphela wabuya e 1684, kodwa imigomo ukwehlukana komngcele Kuye esikhundleni emisha. Ngokusho ke, Russia nase-Norway abe namalungelo alinganayo ku yonke iNhlonhlo Kola futhi lonke ndawo yasekuqaleni.

Ngakho, emazweni amabili ephethwe kulezi zindawo futhi eqoqwe izintela khona, kodwa akekho kubo abazange abafuna ukuthuthukisa kubona balimale kabi. Futhi baqhubeka kakhulu ngendlela 130 ubudala, kuyilapho Norway ongahambanga aphume ibhodi Danish wafika sekubusa Sweden.

Kusukela 1814 kuya 1826 kusukela ngalesosikhathi iye yaqhubeka ukungaqiniseki kula mazwe, emngceleni esemthethweni Norway neRussia engakaze isungulwe.

Inkontileka 1826

Lesi sivumelwano kwaba umphumela umsebenzi omkhulu kwenziwa yilabo abamele amazwe amabili. Ngokusho kwalo, izwe isikhathi eside okuyinto kwaba ayesetshenziswa ngokuvamile, wamuka Norway. Ubunzima ngokuyinhloko izimiso zokuhle, ngoba kulezi zindawo ngokwesiko owakhiwe ukuwa, futhi Skolt Sami.

Kwakudinga ukuthi umngcele umhlaba phakathi Russia nase-Norway uye kunakwe izithakazelo isizwe ngasinye:

• Lapps eminyaka babengabadobi;
• Sami, owayehlala ezintabeni, wahlanganyela reindeer ezaziphila ngokufuya;
• Skolt akafunanga ashiye amasonto abo Orthodox lakhiwa okhokho babo iminyaka 300 edlule.

Cishe ngonyaka esephumile waya ikhumbule zonke izinto esizithandayo Meyi 14, 1826 incwadi enesihloko esithi "i-Convention on emngceleni phakathi Russia nase-Norway esonto eLapland" sasayinwa Petersburg, Bala Nesselrode abavela eRussia nase-Niels Palmstierna, inxusa Swedish-Norwegian.

Ekulungiseleleni idokhumenti Enye into eyindida lalingumkhawulo walo Finland.

Border aseFinland

Iningi umsebenzi ukwehlukana komngcele Norwegian-Russian kwadingeka valerian Galyamin uLieutenant Colonel yebutho isiRashiya, ilungu impi Turkish, umculi kanye nomqondisi we-Imperial Porcelain Factory.

Kusukela ke kwakudingeka hhayi kuphela ithalente lakhe njengoba umdwebi ukudweba Mezhuyev entsha kumephu ophakathi kwala mazwe womabili, kodwa amakhono futhi zokubonisana kanye ukutjheja imikhawulo equkethwe izithakazelo mazwe amathathu.

Border yeRussia, Norway, Finland, lapho kwaba ingxenye yombuso, kwenziwa ezindaweni eziningana. Ohlangothini Russian sidlule kusukela esizalweni somfula ukuze lwaluvelaphi vorem futhi eminye entshonalanga eBandleni Boris futhi Gleb, bese eningizimu ngomfula ukuze Rayyakoski Paz.

EFinland (engxenyeni eseningizimu umngcele) kunzima ukufinyelela izindawo inkatho isiteshi ngokusebenzisa eziningana amagquma, imifula kanye namachibi ezintabeni Kolmizoyve-Madakiedsa siqhubeke confluence Skaareiok inflow lomfula uTana.

Ngesikhathi phuzu umngcele bekulokhu endaweni lapho ngisho ngo-1751 g amaskriphthi umngcele phakathi Norway futhi UMbusi Finland. Ngemva kwakhe yayikade efuna ngiyinake ngokuphelele umhlaba eLapland. Kuleli fomu emngceleni waqhubeka kwaze kwaba sekhulwini lama-20.

Izinguquko ekhulwini lama-20

Ekhulwini lama-20 Ngasemdeni ke ka-Norway neRussia izikhathi eziningana ezashintsha ezakheke, futhi lokhu kwakuhambisana nezinga izenzakalo bezempi nabezombusazwe enye ukuphangwa, okuyinto kulokhu ukuthi ayegcwele. Kungaphawulwa ushintsho emingceleni yalezi ngezikhathi:

• Kusukela ngo-1920 kuya ku-1944 wakha umngcele Norwegian-Finnish ngokuqondene ukuhoxiswa Finland ezivela eRussia ngo-1918 nokudliwa yayo Petsamo wesifunda.
• inkontileka entsha futhi ayeba umngcele Soviet-Norwegian esayinwe 1947 no-1949 ngokulandelana.
• Kusukela ngo-1991, Norway has umngcele izwe Russia, ogama ubukhosi saziwa ngemva kokuwa Soviet.
• Isivumelwano ku ukurhunyezwa yoLwandle uBarents kanye ne-Arctic Ocean ophakathi kwala mazwe womabili esayinwe 1993 no-2011.

Uma izwe umngcele Russian-Norwegian ilula, ukwehlukana isimo ulwandle cishe 80 edlulileko beliphezulu impikiswano.

umngcele zasolwandle

I uphikise ulwandle komngcele Russia - Norway wabonakala ngo-1926, lapho iSoviet Union imemezele cishe ingxenye enkulu yoLwandle uBarents kanye ne-Arctic Ocean unilaterally yabo. Akekho lo umngcele ayibonwa, kodwa ukulwa ngoba, futhi, akafunanga.

It elathunjwa 175.000 km ² amanzi Norwegian, futhi wenza uhlobano phakathi kwala mazwe womabili buhle. Ngo-1976, Norway uye wakhetha ukungahlukanisi zisale ngemuva futhi unilaterally omemezela lezi zindawo zabo.

Into kuphela ezingase ekudambiseni isimo esishubile - siyisivumelwano phezu ukusetshenziswa ahlangene insimu uphikise embonini yokudoba. Noma yimuphi umsebenzi Geological noma oil-producing kulezi zindawo yayivinjelwe.

Ngo-2010, isivumelwano sisayinwe phakathi Russia nase-Norway, lona wamuva uzothola ngaphansi kwazo emuva amanzi abo oLwandle uBarents kanye ne-Arctic Ocean.

umngcele namuhla

Esikhathini sethu, ubude umngcele Norwegian-Russian kuyinto 195,8 kusezweni nemifula kanye 23.3 km kolwandle. Kuvuna ngo-90s kocingo kwekhulu lama-20 phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili abuyiselwe futhi ngo-2016 ngu-Norway.

kocingo Zokuzivikela kufanele kube yisithiyo ukungena Schengen zone ababaleki.