Modern lenemaciniso, lokho oyikho:-off eyodwa noma ukufunda izincwadi sina?

Lapho "khala" romance kanye umphenyi izindaba ezijabulisayo, amakhaza inoveli indaba ezingaqondakali futhi kumnandi unesizungu, isikhathi kuziwa etemibhalo lengemaciniso. Hlobo luni uhlobo kabani udumo, ngokuvumelana idatha Publishers, okwandisa njalo ngonyaka? Yiziphi izici zayo futhi okungazange kuyathakazelisa? Sizozama ukuphendula yonke imibuzo okuxoxwa ngazo kulesi sihloko.

Uhlobo Temibhalo: kuyini?

Ukwahlukaniswa ezivamile zonke izincwadi - a ukwehlukaniswa kwawo letingemaciniso kanye lonke - lenemaciniso (lenemaciniso). Ngemisebenzi ezifana amanoveli, tindzaba letimfisha, kudlala, izindaba, okuthiwa ashiwo izincwadi, nakanjani kufanele izinhlamvu yokudlala futhi owasungula le indaba. Ziyakwazi asankondlo prosaic. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, wonke kwezobuciko izincwadi zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezifana temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba nabanengqondo futhi uhlobo eqanjiwe.

Ngokungafani eqanjiwe, izincwadi lenemaciniso akasebenzisi yokudlala izindaba, iziza nezinhlamvu, futhi imelelwa:

• izincwadi;
• izichazamazwi;
• encyclopedia;
• zincwadi ziphakathi kokulandisa okuvelele;
• journalism;
• Umlandvomphilo;
• Umlando kanye nezinye izinhlobo.

Kuyini lenemaciniso?

Ake sibheke nencazelo lenemaciniso, kuyini. Njengoba sekushiwo, kule zincwadi azitholakali izenzakalo futhi eziqanjiwe ukuze amaqiniso, njengoba wobuciko kanye lesibonwa zemibhalo lapho umlobi ngokusebenzisa iphrizimu yobuhle bakhe, indlela esiqonda zokuziphatha futhi okwenyanga, futhi ibhalwe futhi akhawunti ongokoqobo amaqiniso iyona nezenzakalo. Njengoba lezi zincwadi, okungukuthi, i-art of izwi, umbhali usebenzisa inhlangano compositional kombhalo nezithombe izindlela ezihlukahlukene ukuvezwa okwethulwa umsebenzi. Ngakho, lengemaciniso - umsebenzi wokubhala, kuboshelwe amaqiniso eziphathekako yangempela yokuphila.

Lapho kwakukhona lenemaciniso?

imithombo Iningi kwesikhathi, kwavela igama elithi "lenemaciniso" futhi umkhiqizo wokuqala ezibangelwa lolu hlobo kwabe kungunyaka 1965 lapho yanyatheliswa encwadini ethi "Ngo Cold Igazi," Truman Capote. Njengoba ukuba, lapho igama elithi entsha, thina Ngeke siphikisane, kodwa lapha, njengoba bebizwa kanjalo namuhla, travelogues noma travel amanothi (ezifana Radishchev "Uhambo kusuka Petersburg eMoscow", "frigate" Pallada "," Goncharov noma Gertsenovskie "Odlule yami nemicabango") zadalwa kudala kakhulu engxenyeni XX nekhulu lesibili leminyaka. Nawa nje ukufunda kwabo, sasinganawo umbono ukuthi lokhu iyona engcono kunazo Russian izincwadi lenemaciniso!

Ngeke siphikisane ubize ezakudala ezimbalwa yesimanje uhlobo. Okokuqala, kumelwe kuphawulwe , uStephen Hawking, omunye wesimanje zesayensi edume kunazo theory. Ngokusebenzisa izincwadi zakhe e uhlobo wesayensi lenemaciniso iningi Earthlings wafunda ngokusebenzelana izimbobo omnyama futhi nezici zabo.

Capote ne "ukubulala nongenanembeza" kubhekwa indaba zakudala inoveli. Tomas Vulf ne nengxenye ukuthusa wesibili ka leminyaka elidlule, izincwadi, ucwaningo «The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test» futhi «I Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-izinhlayiya zeqhwa Lula Baby» wadala isiqondiso omusha wocwaningo kanye sebesebenzisa izincwadi zokuzisiza zokuhlola.

Izinhlobo lenemaciniso

Iphendula umbuzo lenemaciniso - kuyini, kubalulekile sikhumbule yayo yehlukene kaningi okubalwa, njengoba akusiyo kuphela ezihlukahlukene ethandwa isayensi izincwadi, futhi kuhlanganisa nezincazelo lamazwe namadolobha, amanothi, abahambi, journalism kanye Tindzaba. Imisebenzi lolu hlobo kuthiwa ukujabulisa ukukhuluma ngezinto kuhle izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi njengokuthola eSoviet ncwadi uchungechunge "Eureka" kwakhululwa izincwadi ezingaphezu kuka-300, kufinyeleleke futhi ezithakazelisayo ukutshela of sciences ehlukahlukene ngomlando wabo. Amanye amakhambi, njenge, isibonelo, incwadi "Glass" N. Katchalov noma "Ikhambi isithukuthezi, noma umlando ice cream," Bogdanov, zingase zihlelelwe isifundo zesayensi yezinto abavamile kakhulu futhi ajwayelekile kithi.

Kutholwe ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo journalism futhi zemibhalo ye lenemaciniso has ngeengaba eziningana, kodwa sizobe sibheke eyodwa ngokuvamile lisetshenziselwa encwadini ukushicilela "ekhishini":

• Umlandvomphilo futhi Umlando;
• zemihla documentary;
• indzaba;
• travel amanothi (travelogues);
• ukugxekwa;
• ucwaningo;
• izincwadi;
• tutorials;
• izichazamazwi;
• encyclopedia;
• amadokhumenti wobuchwepheshe.

Amathrendi zakamuva ukushicilela electronic lenemaciniso, okuvumela ukuba ngokushesha uthole ukwaziswa okuthakazelisayo.

Izici uhlobo

Sesike wathinta phezu Nokho, kancane eligcizelela ukubukeka kwangaphandle, ikakhulukazi lenemaciniso uhlobo. Kuyini lokhu? Kafushane, beka izici eziyinhloko:

- ukungabi khona izindaba oqanjiwe nezinhlamvu;

- indaba izenzakalo egcina yalelozwe siqu lakhe njengomlobi wayo;

- ukusetshenziswa amasu ahlukahlukene kwezobuciko futhi amadlingozi;

- ". Yesehlakalo yesehlakalo" isakhiwo isimiso imisebenzi Ukwakheka okukhulu

Ubani le nkinga?

Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, eyakhishwa eziningi lenemaciniso abuye eqanjiwe izihloko, Umlando kanye Umlandvomphilo. Engingakusho nje kokukhumbula uchungechunge emangalisayo izincwadi njengoba ZHZL ezinjalo - "Ukuphila Kwabantu Emangazayo" (enyatheliswa "Guard Young"), "Umlando ngesayensi nobuchwepheshe", "amakhasi we umlando ezweni lakithi," "Library" Quantum "(enyatheliswa" Isayensi "). Lapha futhi manje kunzima ukuqamba iyiphi enkulu sokushicilela indlu isiRashiya, lenemaciniso ngeke ishicilelwe. Omunye wabaholi we Russian emakethe izincwadi "oluyiqiniso" - ukushicilela "Ufo" - ishicilela amabhuku uhlobo lokuphila umlando, uwafake ku uchungechunge "isiko kwansuku", kanye "Eksmo" ubuso uchungechunge "Imilando omkhulu. engela Okungalindelekile, "" Umlando - xxi Century "". Abesifazane we Isiliva Age ", "AST-Cindezela" Publishing House ishicilela ochungechungeni "Isayensi ukuthula" okokufundisa "Izilimi without Borders", ukushicilela indlu "Kuchkovo ensimini" ishicilela Umlando, futhi inkampani "Kolibri" - uchungechunge "into ngokwako", okuyinto incwadi inkulumo mayelana izinto ezilula ezifana usawoti kanye nezinye. "Ajax Cindezela" ishicilela uchungechunge iziqondiso "Yokusetshenziswa".