Metrology: sokulinganisa, insimbi wokulinganisa. Ukwahlukanisa yokulinganisa izindlela

Sizozama kulesi sihloko ukuqaqa isethi compact ngezihloko: Metrology, Standardization ehambisana nayo, Russian isimo izikhungo metrological, kanye amathuluzi yokulinganisa - izici zawo, izinhlobo, ngezigaba kanye ukusetshenziswa. Asiqale nge ezivamile ukuvulwa indaba ephathwayo - isayensi ngokuthi Metrology.

Metrology: izincazelo, imigomo, imithetho

Metrology, wokulinganisa, insimbi wokulinganisa - oxhumene imiqondo. Metrology (μέτρον yamaGreki asendulo + λόγος -. "Linganisa" + "isayensi") - isayensi izilinganiso okuyi nesilinganiso, nezindlela zayo kanye namathuluzi ukusiza ukuqinisekisa ubunye ukunemba izilinganiso.

Kubaluleka Metrology sincome imigomo elandelayo kanye nezinhloso:

• ukuthuthukiswa theory esinobunye nokukala;
• zezemfundo eziningana amayunithi ngokomzimba;
• Ukuthuthukiswa Standardization okwalandela kusho nezindlela zokulinganisa, izindlela ukunquma ukuthi zinembile, isifiso ukuba sifane ukuze futhi ubunye;
• ukuthuthukisa ecacile amazinga izinhlelo, amasampula nesilinganiso, okuncike constants ngokomzimba;
• Ukutadisha simiso izilinganiso ngokubheka izinto esezidlulile empilweni zomlando.

Imithetho eyisisekelo Metrology emithathu:

1. Noma yimuphi nesilinganiso - ngalesi sifaniso.
2. Ayikho idatha nesilinganiso ngaphandle priori ngeke kutholakale.
3. Imiphumela izilinganiso ngaphandle amagugu ukuqoqa - kuphela kwenombolo engahleliwe.

Izigaba Metrology

Isayensi ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye eziningana:

• Theory. Kubaluleka Metrology zisekelwe theory. Lesi sigaba uhlola izinkinga ezivame kakhulu izilinganiso ambalwa, kanye ngqo eba nezimfundiso theory.
• Legislative. -social science, okuyinto enquma izimo zomthetho kanye lobuchwepheshe edingekayo ukusetshenziswa amayunithi izindlela nesilinganiso namathuluzi.
• Zifakiwe. Kokulinganisa, izandla-kwesigaba Metrology, ethula ukuthuthukiswa esemazweni theory zokuphila, kanye ekubhekaneni isofthiwe Metrology.
• Zomlando. Uhlola esidlule amayunithi, kulandzelana kwetindzima yabo ngesikhathi inquma amagama abo, kanye ubuhlobo namazinga izilinganiso yesimanjemanje.
• ezindaweni ezikhethekile. Lezi zihlanganisa Metrology "elikhethekile" - yezokwelapha, amakhemikhali, Aerospace, begazi (ibhayomethrikhi).

Standardization Metrology

Metrology bese Standardization kuhlobene. Standardization kulesi sici - imithetho jikelele futhi eqondile ukwesekwa metrological ukuba ahambe inqubo ukukhiqizwa. Izinhloso ngeke yonke eyala ahlobene nomkhiqizo: imibhalo zokulawula kanye nezidingo namazinga izinga ukubekezelelana, kanye nezindlela ukufeza imiphumela lokuma. Ngesikhathi esifanayo amazinga athuthukiswe singasetshenziswa hhayi kuphela ibhizinisi elithile, kodwa futhi ukuba abe emphakathini ewusizo.

Standardization Metrology imigomo kulokhu okulandelayo:

• Ukunqunywa izici eyinhloko izinga umkhiqizo inkomba, into yokuqala okufanele niyenze izingxenye zifane futhi impahla eluhlaza.
• Ukuthuthukiswa ngemibandela ethize izinga imikhiqizo okuholela ke enqunywe izindlela lokulawula metrological.
• Isifiso ukufana imikhiqizo.
• Ukudala namazinga uhlelo ukuqinisekisa ubunye bonke Ubukhulu kule ibhizinisi.

Metrology bese Standardization usebenza imibhalo ezimbili eziyinhloko:

• Standard - ukuya zomthetho nezobuchwepheshe ngemithetho ethile, iziqondiso kanye nezidingo zokukhiqiza umkhiqizo wokugcina. Izinga lamanje - lokhu ivunyelwe inhlangano ogunyaziwe.
• TU (izimo lobuchwepheshe) - iqoqo imithetho, izinkambiso kanye nezinqubo izimfuneko uhlobo oluthile umkhiqizo.

Kala Standardization Metrology:

• International. International Standardization kanye Metrology Centre kukhona amabutho ezifundazweni eziningana ukuhweba united, ukuthuthukiswa jikelele yesayensi, umgwaqo ukuzivikela ezivamile nokunye.
• State. Standardization Metrology eyenziwa iziphathimandla zomphakathi, futhi ukwakha ukuthuthukiswa zakusasa.
• National. Nalapha ngesilinganiso sesizwe sonke, kodwa ngaphandle kokungenela oqondile iziphathimandla.

The main Russian Centre for Standardization kanye Metrology - a GSS (uhlelo isimo Standardization). Lesi sakhiwo ihlanganisa zonke izimfuneko yaba yinye epheleleko, kuyasiza elifanele yokukhiqiza kuphinde kukhiqizwe zonke izitshalo zasekhaya kanye nezimboni.

State Centre of Metrology futhi Certification

Ngokusho zoMthetho Federal "Ngo ekuqinisekiseni ubunye izilinganiso" ezingeni ukuphatha imisebenzi isimo ukuqinisekisa ubunye Russian State Standard angakahleleki. futhi GMR ungaphakathi komthetho - isimo inkonzo metrological. Kuhlanganisa zingxenye ezilandelayo:

• Yegatsha apharathasi lemcoka Standard State of the Russian Federation obangela Ukuhlela, ukuphatha nokulawula ukufana izilinganiso kuvelonkhe cross-umkhakha ezingeni.
• SSMC (isimo metrological yesayensi izikhungo) - iqhaza ekuthuthukiseni, kokuqongelela kanye nokusebenzisa amazinga-namazinga, kanye ukulungiswa imibhalo zokulawula, ukuhlinzeka ukulandeleka.
• HMS isikali amayunithi yezihloko RF - Ukuqaphela lokulawula metrological ezindaweni ezithize.

Centres izindinganiso ku Russian Federation

Chief State Metrology Centre kubhekwa VNIIMS - Zonke-Russian Research Institute for Metrological Izikhungo. It lucwaningo ukuphathwa yezesayensi nasezinzuzweni methodical wonke amasevisi metrological, ukuxhumanisa imisebenzi yabo, kanye nokuthuthukisa ezihlukahlukene (kwezomnotho, yenhlangano, ezesayensi) izisekelo ukwesekwa metrological.

Ngaphezu namazinga VNIIMS izikhungo ebalulekile Russian Federation nalo:

• VNIIM. Lapha zidalwe futhi kugcinwe yi cishe zonke izindinganiso kohlelo World of izilinganiso ngaphandle amasampula imvamisa amayunithi nesikhathi. Isikhungo kunesithembiso ezingaphezu kuka-50% azo zonke amazinga isimo Russian.
• VNIIFTRI. Ngaphezu indinganiso isikhathi kule sikhungo kuyinto isampula kazibuthe, amanani omsakazo amayunithi, ubulukhuni, ingcindezi, emisebeni ionizing, nezinye lokushisa ongaphakeme.
• VNIIOFI. Izilinganiso ezahlukene laser imingcele, imingcele yezokwelapha, spectrometry, kanye naletinye tindlela tekuphila optical.
• SNIIM. Amazinga kagesi, kazibuthe, umsakazo kanye nezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo.

Imisebenzi Metrology izikhungo

I vector eyinhloko yomsebenzi HMS - nokugcinwa ubunye izilinganiso esimweni. Futhi ingxenye yayo umthwalo ukusekelwa metrological kokulinganisela eRussia, ukulawula isimo emkhakheni Metrology. Iziqondiso ze-GMR - kuba:

• ukusungulwa kwamazinga kazwelonke kanye nemiphakathi yesibili;
• ukwakha izinhlelo noma ukusakaza ukudluliswa kwemigomo FB ukusebenza SI amayunithi;
• gosnadzora womshini / ukusetshenziswa / isimo / ukulungisa nesilinganiso izinhlelo;
• luhlolo metrological lwezihloko ezihlukahlukene;
• ukwesekwa methodical amasevisi metrological aphansi.

imisebenzi Rosstandart

Rosstandart futhi Metrology - ukusebenza sebuholi imisebenzi efana:

• Lubhekele umsebenzi ukuqinisekisa traceability.
• Kutfutfukiswa imithetho indalo, isitoreji, ukwamukelwa kanye nokusebenza kwamazinga value.
• Metrological isimo phambi kwabaqaphi.
• Qondisa HMS kanye nezinye izinsizakalo obhekene ukulandeleka.
• Ukwamukelwa kwamazinga neziqondiso ukuqinisekisa ukufana izilinganiso.
• Ukuhlonishwa amadivaysi technical yokulinganisa izindlela.
• Ukuthuthukiswa nokuvunywa izindlela zokulinganisa.
• izikhungo Ukugunyazwa uhlangabezana SI.
• Ukwamukelwa izinhlobo SR.
• Ukugcina FSTS.
• Ukuvunyelwa SI uhlu, kuncike yokuqinisekisa.
• Ukuthuthukisa inqubo kwamalayisensi ngabanye nezinhlangano ezikhiqiza, ukulungisa, ukuthengisa noma nginikeza phezu ukuba SI ngomvuzo.
• Ekuhlela nekuhlelenjiswa kwalokucuketfwe imisebenzi ehlukahlukene metrological nokunye.

SI - lokhu ...

Ake sibheke Metrology ezinabantu ngaphezulu nezilinganiso. sokulinganisa zomculo (SI) - idivayisi lobuchwepheshe lapho izilinganiso abazenzi. It libhekene iqiniso ukuthi udlala noma igcina zisebenzisa iyunithi yokukala okukhishwa ngokomzimba.

UMthetho Federal № 102 inquma SI njengoba izindlela, omunye which busisa - nesilinganiso. Faka idivaysi ye yokulinganisa zomculo ezweni lethu can ejensi Federal kuphela isiqondiso lobuchwepheshe kanye Metrology.

ngezigaba SI

Nazi ngezigaba ezivamile yokulinganisa zomculo e Metrology nezilinganiso:

• Ukuze ekulinganiseni imingcele sokunquma:
  • ingcindezi;
  • lokushisa;
  • ubuningi;
  • ezingeni;
  • isixazululo emakamu nokunye.
• Largest kulinganiswa:
  • amafa engaguquki;
  • nezinsiza.
• Standardization SI:
  • zilandele izilinganiso ezithile;
  • non-okwakha.
• On isimo kohlelo yokuqinisekisa:
  • nemigomo;
  • abasebenzi SI.
• Ngokusho ezingeni ezishintshayo:
  • isandla;
  • ezenzakalelayo;
  • othomathikhi.
• Ngokusho tehnaznacheniyu:
  • ukukala lucobo - SR, ukukhiqiza futhi noma ukugcina ukubaluleka eyodwa / osayizi eziningana;
  • Imitha - SI, ngawo ungafunda ukubaluleka kulinganiswa ebangeni elithile;
  • Transmitter - SR, oguqula value elinganisiwe komunye;
  • ekulinganiseni uhlelo - a eziyinkimbinkimbi, esihlanganisa eziningana omoya, amathuluzi kanye nezenzo, esemgwaqweni endaweni ethile;
  • ekulinganiseni uhlelo - a eziyinkimbinkimbi ehlanganisa izinyathelo eziningana, amathuluzi, izinhlelo kanye transducers uyakwazi ukulinganisa ukudubula ezingxenyeni ezahlukene into;
  • wokulinganisa kanye ne-computing system - uhlelo ehlanganisa eziningana SI, amakhompyutha, eklanyelwe ukubhekana okukodwa noma ngaphezulu nesilinganiso imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi.

Izilinganiso: izinhlobo nezindlela

Ukumeda ibizwa ekutholeni amagugu lamanani oyifunayo empirically ngu SI. izindlela zako ezisemqoka ezisetshenzisiwe ezimbili - kokuhlaziywa ngokushesha futhi Ukuqhathaniswa ngesilinganiso. Kugcine okwengeziwe ihlukaniswe umehluko, zero, ukuqondana kwezinto indlela kanye nokuphikiswa. Ngokuphathelene SI ezifanele ukuhlukanisa sezinzwa, heuristic, uchwepheshe futhi indlela wezinsimbi.

Ekhuluma Metrology kanye izilinganiso, simelela ngezigaba kwezinhlobo yokugcina:

• Kwebalingisi ukunemba: ukunemba alinganayo futhi engalingani. Noma ingabe ukunemba esiphezulu, Samandla nokulawula zobunjiniyela.
• Ngu indlela yokuthola idatha: contact futhi imininingwane yokuxhumana.
• Ngokusho inani izilinganiso: olulodwa futhi amaningi.
• Ngokushintsha uhlobo ukubaluleka elinganisiwe: static kanye ashukumisayo.
• Njengoba okuhloswe: metrological futhi lobuchwepheshe.
• Ngokwe njengokuchaza ukumelwa okunhlobonhlobo ka yi: isihlobo kanye ngokuphelele.
• Ngokusho izindlela yokuthola idatha kahle: oqondile, ngokungaqondile, ezuziwe ne ngokubambisana.

izicelo SI

Ekugcineni izindikimba "Metrology, ukulinganisa, insimbi sokulinganisa" ubhekisele izicelo SI wabizela FZ № 102:

• nokuvikelwa kwemvelo;
• Ukuvikelwa zabasebenzi;
• ukulawula isimo;
• izindawo umsebenzi embonini ukuzivikela;
• hydrometeorology;
• zezimali, intela, amasiko, imisebenzi yasebhange;
• ezemidlalo;
• ezokuphepha emgwaqeni;
• wezilwane;
• namajaji;
• ezokuxhumana, eposini,
• ukuhlolwa nesikhathi;
• imithi;
• isilawuli ekukhiqizeni;
• geography, ohlola;
• imikhiqizo emaphaketheni;
• ukuhweba;
• emkhakheni amandla enuzi.

Amazinga kanye Metrology kubalulekile ucwaningo, zokucwaninga, futhi nayo yonke imikhakha yomphakathi. Uma kungekho Standardization e Metrology kunzima ukwenza, izindlela zokulinganisa kulapho esiyingxenye ebalulekile yokuphila komuntu.