Mainboard - Iyini? I-apharathasi begodu izici eziyinhloko

Umzali ( "umbadlana» / umbadlana), noma, ngamanye amazwi, lo umbadlana - kuba yingxenye ebalulekile ikhompyutha siqu. ukubukeka kwakhe kufana njalo textolite ipuleti, okuyinto in inqwaba kuyinto zethusi izintambo, izixhumi, interface, kanye neminye imininingwane. Ukuze ulimi ezomile olusemthethweni, ibhodi - lena main inhlangano iyunithi.

nezixhumi wakhe futhi interface asethwe zonke izingxenye ikhompyutha siqu: wokugaya main, ikhadi ukunwetshwa, isiqophi ikhadi, noma ikhadi, RAM hard drive namanye amadivayisi isitoreji / ulwazi abafundi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbadlana - kuba komsele i ezandleni zangaphandle kanye inkonzo neuropathy. Izixhumi ezahlukene ngemuva umbadlana uxhume igundane, ikhibhodi, iphrinta, ukwengamela, isithwebuli, imishini yezokuxhumana, namanye amadivayisi.

Ukuze konke lokhu ukwehluka uye wasebenza njengoba kufanele, udinga yesibili ugesi, okungukuthi uhlelo iyunithi ibhodi Kumele uxhumeke umthombo nge isixhumi yasekuqaleni. Lezi interface anesizotha ifakwe "ezingenaphutha" ekhethekile, lapho umamukeli has a plastic faka okhiye futhi ingaba yinye kuphela, ngendlela lengiyo. izimiso ezifanayo ube uxhumano nezinye nezixhumi, ie nomkhiqizi ngokuhlakanipha waqiniseka ukuthi izingxenye ezibizayo akuzona awahlelanga ngenxa wiring ayilungile. Lezi zici kuhluke Motherboards eziningi ovelele: Asrock, MSI, «GB", "Asus" nabanye.

umbadlana kuzinto

Ifomu Factor umbadlana inquma amaphuzu obandayo ukuze chassis. Futhi, izinhlobo ezahlukene amakhadi babe ilungiselelo ehlukile kwamandla nezixhumi, inani interface yokuxhuma azungeze futhi izingxenye ezimaphakathi nezwe, kanye indawo yabo. Ngemva kokufunda zonke izinhlobo ezintathu kungenzeka eziyisisekelo motherboards. Cishe zonke brand ukuthi, njengoba besho, ekulaleleni, ukusekela ngokugcwele lezi zilinganiso, okungukuthi uhlelo ebhodini MSI, "Asus", "Samsung", "GB" nokunye Asrock. N.

Ifomu Factor:

1. Mini-ITX. Usayizi owesincane ibhodi ngenombolo sakugcina interface processor ngokuvamile kakade kuhlanganiswe (ibhajethi inketho).
2. Micro-ATX. isici mainboard lichazwa ngokuthi isilinganiso ngokuya ukusebenza. Ezahlukene usayizi neyamukelekayo kubhekwa option best for PC ekhaya, kodwa nge iqoqo elincane interface for okuphathelene nomngcele third-party. Ngokuvamile wagibela chipset umbadlana efakwe nabanye imingcele, kodwa abawona esibucayi umsebenzi eyigugu ngayo PC ekhaya.
3. Standart-ATX. Usayizi elikhulu iqembu nge uhla egcwele chipsets. It has a inombolo ezanele interface ukuqedela umsebenzi nazo zonke izinhlobo okuphathelene nomngcele. Ukufakwa elula futhi kokuhlupheka-free kanye lwenethiwekhi olunzulu.

Qiniseka acabangele umbadlana Isici sefomu, kanye lingakanani, uma ungumnikazi komplektuete uhlelo iyunithi. uhlobo umbadlana mini-ITX ingafakwa kunoma yisiphi isakhiwo, kodwa ezinye izinhlobo babe ukufanisa usayizi iyunithi uhlelo.

Nezixhumi izilimi ( "Socket» / Socket)

Cabangela ezinye izici nezixhumi ngoba izilimi. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, i-motherboard - kungcono into ngamanye processor ngamunye, futhi okuphambene nalokho. Ngakho-ke, qiniseka ukuthi acabangele izici isixhumi ukukhethwa izingxenye, okungukuthi processor yekhompyutha yakho.

Ububanzi ejwayelekile ka "isokhethi" esibonakalayo mikhulu futhi kuphela uhlobo efanelekayo iqoqo chipsets ngamunye. Ngokwesibonelo, umbadlana Gigabyte GA ne-AMD uye elibekwe wokugubha FX2, AM3 futhi AM3 +. Lokho, ukuthenga noma yimuphi processor eno omunye walaba 'Socket "-pometok, ungakwazi kalula ixhume ku-motherboard. Into efanayo ne izimbangi "Intel": the LGA 1150 futhi 1155 kophawu kuzokuvumela ukuba ukhethe isethi kwesokudla chipsets, isibonelo, i-motherboard uhlelo Samsung noma "Asus".

BIOS (BIOS)

Okulandelayo, sicabangela izici esasenza umbadlana ngamunye. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uzibekela - ngowokuqala noma ibhodi wesibili, ubudala noma ezintsha, njll Kwakuyoba kunoma isiphi isimo sibe chip BIOS okwesikhathi systematization eziyisisekelo input bese okukhipha (BIOS - Basic wokufaka-lokukhipha System) ...

Noma yimuphi umbadlana (Gigabyte, "Asus", "Samsung", le MSI, nabanye) ithwala eziningi subsystems ezibucayi, okumele elungiswe kahle. Eminye imisebenzi kungenzeka ikhubazwe uma, isibonelo, awudingi esakhelwe ihluzo namafutha, ngenxa yokuthi ibhodi isethelwe semifanekiso ikhadi zangaphandle.

Zonke izilungiselelo BIOS zigcinwa ekhethekile chip-CMOS (ngezansi). Lolu hlobo yesitoreji "Sekungamakhulu eminyaka", uyagijima lithium cell. Ngisho noma wena ku isikhathi eside kakhulu, uvale i-computer, idatha ku CMOS uyakusindiswa. Uma kudingeka, "yokwedelela" Ukusetha kabusha zonke izimiso, ukuthatha ibhethri aphume chip. Leli phuzu ayikwazi ngokuthi ezibucayi, ngoba zonke izakhi ezidingekayo kulayishwa idrayivu kanzima njengemoto computer noma kwimemori ngokuzenzakalela - okungenani kumasistimu yesimanje (kusukela ngo-2006). usuku nesikhathi ngaphambilini amisiwe, yebo, izohlelwa futhi.

chip CMOS

Cishe noma yimuphi umbadlana (ASUS, «GB», MSI nabanye) iqukethe CMOS chip, izitolo zonke izinguquko ezenziwe ku-BIOS. Ngu uqobo, i-chip ibusa kancane kakhulu wamanje - kancane esingaphansi microampere ngakho ibhetri ngaphezu kokwanele ngonyaka noma ngisho iminyaka eminingana.

Ngezinye izikhathi, uma into wahlala ngokugcwele phansi, computer kungenzeka ivuleke. Abaningi imfundamakhwela master kuleli cala, kanye isono ebhodini uhlelo. Ukuze ngokushesha imbangela kunokwenzeka (ngemva ikhompyutha eside lutho), udinga ukususa iseli ibhethri aphume CMOS chip kanye kabusha uhlelo. Uma ikhompyutha waqala noma waqala ukubonisa izimpawu zokuphila, inkinga ukuthi shrunken ku CMOS-ibhethri.

Futhi, kuyasiza ukwazi ukuthi into ungabona mshini, lapho Izinombolo ezimbili zokuqala ukhombise ububanzi ibhethri, bese ezimbili ezilandelayo - umthamo. Ilebulelwe CMOS-ibhethri kufanele ifakwe yimuphi "self-ukuhlonipha" umbadlana (Gigabyte, MSI, «Asus", "Samsung", njalo njalo. D.). Uma ungazange wahlangana naye - kuba unogada isikhathi futhi bakungabaze okwakhe kanye nobumsulwa komkhiqizo uthenge. Kukhula nomthamo ibhethri, isikhathi eside isici ukusebenza kanye mkhulu kangakanani. Standard imishini motherboards ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa 2032 uhlobo ibhethri, isb ibhethri ne ububanzi 20 mm kanti namandla 32 mah. Okuningi akuvamile ungahlangana izakhi nesizotha more ezifana 2025.

IDE esibonakalayo

Okulandelayo kubalulekile ngokulinganayo ingxenye, okuyinto ifakwe zonke umbadlana (ASUS, MSI, «GB», Asrock nabanye), ke interface ukusebenza ngemoto nedatha kanzima abafundi, okungukuthi, ezimweni eziningi, nama-hard drive, i-DVD oshayelayo futhi nezinye izinto ezigcina Imininingwane.

Ikhaya nehhovisi PC esetshenziselwa zamacala la esibonakalayo ezimbili eziyinhloko - lokhu IDE futhi Sata. Isixhumi IDE (Integrated Drayivu Electronics) kuyinto umamukeli 40-pin kanye uyakwazi ukusebenza nge disc kanzima noma i-DVD drive nge nezimo iribhoni ikhebula. Lamuhla emhlabeni bephoqeleka ukuba kancane give up lolu hlobo esibonakalayo, kodwa nokho ke ingasatholakala kwamanye motherboards (avame MSI futhi "Asus") ukuze bakwazi ukuxhuma ubudala hard drive, kanye actuators.

Vele njengoba kwaba njalo endabeni ka-Isixhumi ugesi, IDE-interface has a "ezingenaphutha", okungukuthi ukuxhuma kahle bengayi. motherboards Okudala ifakwe pair of abamukelayo, yileyo zamabanga aphansi naphezulu (aphansi nezamabanga aphakeme, ngokulandelana). Ngokuvamile, drive kanzima ixhunywe ku esiyinhloko abafundi contact kanye ngemoto - kuya yesibili.

Ngamunye IDE-interface (isiteshi), devaysa zangaphandle ezimbili kungenziwa ixhunyiwe - main (master) kanti isigqila (inceku). Ukukhethwa umkhumbi othwala ezifanele akhethiwe ipharamitha usebenzisa Jumpers ekhethekile (Jumpers) kumadivayisi ngokwabo. Futhi uma ngephutha ubeka esiteshini olufanayo "amakhosi" ezimbili noma izigqila, akekho kubo ngeke isebenze, Ngakho-ke, kumelwe ngaso sonke isikhathi kudivayisi main futhi ohlangothini.

Sata esibonakalayo

Isiteshi "Sathane" - iqoqo esingaguquguquki interface, futhi ngokungafani IDE, it ikuvumela ukusebenza ngesivinini kakhulu kunalokhu namadivayisi axhunyiwe. Okwamanje, it is cishe ngokuphelele wawususa khona IDE-amadivayisi futhi uyaqhubeka ukuthuthukisa (SATA2, SATA3, nokunye. D.).

Kuye Isici sefomu futhi umbadlana umkhiqizi, inombolo ezahlukene nezixhumi "Sathane" singaba umbadlana. imishini yanamuhla standard kuhlanganisa khona interface okungenani ezine lolu hlobo, kanti onobuhle amadala ifakwe ezimbili kuphela.

PS / 2 esibonakalayo

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, i-motherboard kukhona interface ukuze okuphathelene nomngcele zangaphandle. Ukuze uxhume ikhibhodi manipulator "igundane" eziyisithupha-pin abamukelayo PS / 2 nge izinkinobho ohambelana futhi zipendwe ngemibala ehlukile. Leli phuzu kungabuye ngokuthi "ezingenaphutha", ngoba umbala ngamunye oluhambisana ngohlobo lomshini ixhunywe (igundane - oluhlaza, ikhibhodi - purple), ne ukusebenza zombili izinkomba, ukuthi, isibonelo, kwi-mouse yakho lokuxhumana kufanele libe luhlaza.

ngokushesha kufanele ukuxwayisa abasebenzisi ukuthi kunoma yisiphi isimo asikwazi ukuxhunywa, kanye nokuhlala nokusukuma esihlalweni azungeze we-PS / 2 isixhumi kukhompyutha, ngoba angalimaza hhayi kuphela ikhibhodi noma igundane, kodwa futhi ibhodi uhlelo. Nokho, uma umbadlana ifakwe iqembu fuses ukuze leli cala, noma kungaba ukundiza ohlelweni lonke.

Okunjalo fuses chips abe lwenani elincane kakhulu futhi kulula ukuba ashise ngesikhathi "usuke" isenzo ngenhla. Ukuze ukuhlola ukusebenza kwe-fuse, kungenzeka ukuthi ikhale umhloli ezivamile. Uma uchitheka, khona-ke, uma kuqhathaniswa, elula (futhi ezishibhile) ukusishintsha, bese siqhubeka hhayi ukuba engozini, amandla noma ukukhubaza azungeze yangaphandle kuyilapho computer ayikho PS / 2 port. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lezi anemisila chips okuyinto ukuvikela akubona bonke motherboards, ngakho banake leli phuzu lapho uthenga ngokusobala aliwona okwengeza esinye isinyathelo.

USB esibonakalayo

Phakathi kwezinye nezixhumi zangaphandle nendawo ekhethekile kunikezwa-USB esibonakalayo (jikelele ibhasi serial). Siqukethe imigqa emine, amabili abekelwe ukudla nezinye ngoba ukudluliswa kwedatha. Ngokungafani finicky PS / 2 izimbobo, okuphathelene nomngcele axhumene ngokusebenzisa USB-isixhumi, kungashintshwa, okungukuthi, ekuhambeni. Interface ngokwayo uvele Adalberto isikhathi eside futhi wakwazi ukuthola ezinye izinguquko nokuthuthukiswa.

Ikhono xhuma uphinde unqamule kwi amadivayisi we-USB isixhumi kuyilapho ikhompyutha kufezwa ngokusebenzisa esibonakalayo design ethize. Main amandla oxhumana asondele kakhudlwana isixhumi uphuma khona, ngokungafani kuya idatha block. Okusho ukuthi, ngesikhathi ukushintsha amandla iqala agelezele ngabokuqala futhi unqamukile.

I-USB esibonakalayo kungenziwa zixhunywe ngokusebenzisa eziningi okuphathelene nomngcele: abanyathelisi, Smartphones, amaphilisi, ama-scanner amakhamera nokuningi, kanye ikhibhodi evamile negundane (gcinani lokhu engqondweni uma fuses chips lushiswe PS / 2 nezimbobo).

Kancane ngaphambili ukuxhuma amaphrinta futhi scanner esetshenziswa parallel, amatheku LPT, ngisho lingandile - le serial COM interface. Namuhla, azisetshenziswa, futhi ingabhekana wena kubo kuphela amadala motherboards amakhadi. Kodwa kungcono ngoba engcono, ngoba uma uxhuma lolu hlobo imishini ngesikhatsi operation PC ungafaka kokubili iphrinta kanye ne-port uqobo.

PCI futhi PCI Express interface

Slots PCI futhi PCI Express ukunwetshwa amabhodi zenzelwe: inethiwekhi amakhadi, Smartphones, modems, video amakhadi, njll Zonke amakhadi ifakiwe, njengoba umthetho, e uhlobo PCI Express esibonakalayo ngenxa ijubane layo uma igijima ... ukusebenza Ngaphambili nge accelerators ingcaca esetshenziswa AGP-uhlobo isixhumi, kodwa akasebenzi futhi ulibone motherboards yesimanje cishe ngiyaphupha.

Futhi uzinake ukuthi, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lezi Slots ingawenza buthaka, zikhala ukuhlinzwa evamile zedivayisi. "Elapheke" Fast lapha - ukudonsa idivayisi aphume anemifantu, Sula oxhumana ikhambi utshwala uphinde. Okuningi ukulungisa kubalulekile - kuba esikhundleni the umbadlana, kodwa kuyadingeka ezimweni ezehlukile kanye ezingavamile kakhulu.

Futhi qaphela ukuthi ibhasi PCI uye washintsha eziningana ngokuhamba kulinywe, futhi kuncike unyaka womshini nezixhumi umbadlana ingahluka kanye nokubukeka, futhi kancane ukujula.

inkumbulo Main (RAM)

Okwamanje ungathola izinhlobo eziningana RAM inkumbulo: ka DDR2, ye-DDR3 futhi DDR4. Ephelelwe yisikhathi DDR1 emapheshana azisetshenziswa, bona kuyabonakala kuphela motherboards endala.

Ihlukile nomunye oxhumana inkumbulo yokusebenza imvamisa, usayizi, futhi zinamandla. Umuntu ngamunye has a uhlobo oluthile notch (ukhiye) ezansi, futhi yiluphi uhlobo inkumbulo kunqunywa. Ezinye motherboards engasekela ezimbili nje izinhlobo nemigoqo, ekahle kakhulu kamuva uthuthukise.

Sami nezixhumi anemisila latches esikhethekile nenkanuko edlulele evikelekile ebhodini. Ukulungisa ezifakiwe nge umzamo ethile, lapho ngokuchofoza othile wezwa emva ukufakwa yimpumelelo - kusho module kahle nemizana (noma Ngephule wena isiqhebezo, ibenze kanzima kakhulu kuso).

inkumbulo Main, ngaphezu gigabytes amaminerali aqukethe chips ezincane SPD, ophethe isikhathi, okusho sikulibazise idatha kulolu hlobo we-RAM (okungahleliwe ukufinyelela inkumbulo). Ngo-BIOS, ungakwazi zibuze ezinye izikhathi zakhe noma ushiye it ngokubona ukulungisa kakhulu. Ngo nizihlakaza RAM noma lonke uhlelo (Overclocking) usethe ukubambezeleka esiphezulu mfushane.

Njengoba esimweni PCI-Slots, RAM amamojuli bangase baqale zingasebenzi kahle, futhi lokhu kuyadingeka ukwenza inqubo efanayo njengoba kuchaziwe esigabeni ngenhla, nakho konke izosebenza njengoba kufanele.