Kuyini esebenzisa udizili? Umgomo we operation, idivayisi kanye izici lobuchwepheshe yenjini udizili

Udizili izinjini ivamile impela e izimoto ezithwala. onobuhle Abaningi okungenani oyedwa inketho ububanzi motor. Futhi lokhu akubandakanyi amaloli, amabhasi kanye imishini yokwakha, lapho esetshenziselwa khona kuyo yonke indawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho okuhlongozwe ukuthi injini diesel ezinjalo, umklamo, izimiso yokusebenza, izici.

definition

Lo mshini a reciprocating yangaphakathi omlilo engine, ekusebenzeni ogxile self-ukuthungela kukaphethiloli atomized kusukela ukushisa noma kokucindezelwa.

umklamo Izici

Injini uphethiloli has izici ezifanayo kwesakhiwo njengoba injini diesel. Isikimu ukusebenza jikelele futhi efanayo. Umehluko itholakala kumiswa fuel ngxube amandla omlilo yayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, diesel kungamaphethelo okuhlala isikhathi eside. Loku kubangelwa mayelana kabili ephakeme zlib isilinganiso kunalokho uphethiloli izinjini (19-24 vs. 9-11).

ngezigaba

Ngu omlilo ekamelweni ngesakhiwo diesel wehlukaniswa iziqephu embodiments nge ahlukene amandla omlilo chamber kanye umjovo oqondile.

Esimweni sokuqala, ekamelweni omlilo uyashiywa uMbhalo bese isiteshi exhunywe nalokho. Lapho engena ekamelweni kokucindezelwa ka vortex-hlobo lomoya swirls esithuthukisa ingxube kwetinhlavu kanye amandla omlilo nokuguqulwa, nezoqala futhi uyaqhubeka lapho ekamelweni main. Udizili izinjini yalolu hlobo yayikade enwetshiwe ukuba izimoto ezithwala ngenxa yokuthi zihlukile umsindo ongaphakeme futhi uhla enkulu linemibhikisho kusukela embodiments okuxoxwe ngemuva kwalokhu.

Ngo-diesel ngophethiloli oqondile umjovo omlilo ekamelweni ise piston, kanye nophethiloli ihlinzekwa isikhala overpiston. Lo mklamo ekuqaleni ukusetshenziswa ongaphakeme-speed ephezulu ivolumu izinjini. Sinenkosi ezingeni lelisetulu umsindo vibration, futhi ongaphakeme petrol. Kamuva, lapho kufika umfutho ophakeme fuel futha nge control electronic kanye nokwenza kahle inqubo amandla omlilo, nabaqambi esesikwenzile operation esitebeleni ngesikhathi ububanzi kufika ku 4500 ngomzuzu. / Min. Ngaphandle ikusize, encishisiwe umsindo vibration amazinga. Phakathi izinyathelo zokunciphisa nobulukhuni umsebenzi - a predvprysk multi. Nale injini yalolu hlobo wathola kule minyaka engamashumi amabili, kwandile.

Ngu isimiso wokusebenza ihlukaniswe yaba ezine-unhlangothi-diesel kanye ezimbili-unhlangothi, kanye nophethiloli izinjini. izici zabo zichaziwe ngezansi.

Umgomo we operation

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi ikuphi udizili ngenxa izici zayo ukusebenza, kubalulekile ukuba sicabangele isimiso ukusebenza. ngezigaba piston omlilo yangaphakathi injini okusekelwe lemali ngenhla imijikelezo kufakwe umjikelezo ukusebenza, okuyinto isehlane e ezidlula engela crank.

Ngakho-ke, ezine-unhlangothi umjikelezo injini zokusebenza yakhiwa 4 izigaba.

• Inlet. Kwenzeka lapho crankshaft ijikeleziswa kusukela 0 kuya ku-180 °. Umoya sidlula uMbhalo uvulekile ngaso 345-355 ° valve itheku. Kanyekanye ke phakathi ukujikeleza crankshaft at 10-15 ° evulekile esidayisa valve, othiwa ukugqagqana.
• Kokucindezela. I piston ezihambayo phezulu ngesikhathi 180-360 °, ke licindezele emoyeni izikhathi 16-25 (kokucindezelwa) kanye valve itheku ivaliwe ekuqaleni umjikelezo (at 190-210 °).
• Stroke, ukunwetshwa. Kwenzeka ngesikhathi 360-540 °. Ekuqaleni umjikelezo phambi piston ifinyelela phezulu maphakathi efile, nophethiloli ihlinzekwa emoyeni hot futhi luvutha. Lena isici diesel, okuyinto eveza umahluko phakathi kwabo kusukela uphethiloli, lapho isikhathi ukuthungela. Khishiwe ngalesi amandla omlilo imikhiqizo ibenze piston phansi. Ngalesi sikhathi, ngesikhathi omlilo ilingana uphethiloli supply yayo umlomo wombhobho futhi ihlala ayisekho kuka isikhathi unhlangothi zokusebenza. Okusho ukuthi, lapho uqhuba ingcindezi inqubo gas njalo, lapho izinjini udizili ukuthuthukisa torque engu ngaphezulu. Esinye isici esibalulekile la izinjini yisidingo emoyeni ngokweqile uMbhalo ngoba ilangabi ithatha ingxenye encane egumbini amandla omlilo. Okungukuthi, Ingxenye ezahlukene uphethiloli emoyeni ingxube.
• Khipha. Ngezinye 540-720 ° crank ukuvula piston qeda valve, ezihambayo up, displaces amagesi qeda.

Ababili-unhlangothi umjikelezo kuyahluka izigaba emifushane futhi iyunifomu inqubo negesi lokushintshisana in uMbhalo (ingashiswa) ezenzeka phakathi nesikhathi sokuphela sohlangothi ekuqaleni kokucindezelwa. Lapho piston wehlela amandla omlilo imikhiqizo ziyasuswa ngokusebenzisa izimbobo noma amafasitela (e odongeni isilinda). Kamuva evulekile nezimbobo itheku for fresh air eyanele. Lapho piston liphume, wonke amafasitela avaliwe futhi kokucindezelwa iqala. Kancane engakafiki TDC fuel is injected futhi lokhelwa, ukunwebeka iqala.

Ngenxa eyinkimbinkimbi sokuhlinzeka ingashiswa ka vortex ekamelweni ezimbili-unhlangothi izinjini kukhona oqondile-umjovo kuphela.

Ukusebenza izinjini ezifana izikhathi 1.6-1.7 kunakunoma udizili uhlobo ezine-unhlangothi izici. ekukhuleni kwayo kuqinisekiswa kabili ngaphezulu njalo umsebenzi imivimbo kodwa kancane encishisiwe ngenxa yobukhulu bawo amancane futhi ukukhipha. olufanele uma nakwenzeka okwandisa imvamisa ukujikeleza ngenxa umjikelezo ezimbili-unhlangothi kabili inani imivimbo ukusebenza ikakhulukazi.

Inkinga eyinhloko lezi izinjini uphephula ngenxa ubude bayo esifushane, ezingeke ihlawulelwa ngaphandle umhlatshelo ukusebenza kahle by kunciphisa ngomvimbo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akunakwenzeka ukuba kwahlukaniswe qeda kanye nomoya opholile, yingakho ingxenye yokugcina esuswa amagesi qeda. Lokhu inkinga ingaxazululwa ngokunikeza isikhathi qeda nezimbobo. Kulokhu, amagesi aqale ukuqothula ekhishiwe, futhi ngemva kokuvala ukukhululwa isilinda kulekelelwa umoya ohlanzekile.

Ngaphandle usebenzisa isilinda olulodwa unenkinga synchronism ngokuvula / uvala amawindi, ngakho kukhona motors (PDP) lapho isilinda ngamunye has pistons ezimbili ezihambelayo indiza eyodwa. Omunye wabo elawula itheku, elinye - ukukhululwa.

Ngokusho indlela leli ukukhipha ihlukaniswe ibe umqhewu (iwindi) kanye valve-umqhewu. Esimweni sokuqala, amafasitela kukhona nemifula ezithengisa. Inketho sesibili kuhilela ukuzisebenzisa njengoba nemifula ukukhishwa futhi ukhonza njengesisebenzi valve ekhanda isilinda.

Ngokuvamile, ezimbili-unhlangothi-diesel elisetshenziswa namaloli ezifana imikhumbi, amakhanda, amathangi.

uhlelo fuel

imishini Okokhelekayo izinjini udizili ebudisi khulu kunalokho uphethiloli. Lokhu kungenxa nezimfuneko ephezulu ukucacisa esikhathini ukulethwa fuel, ubuningi kanye ingcindezi. The main fuel uhlelo izingxenye - umjovo futha, injectors, lemifanekiso.

Kabanzi uphethiloli supply uhlelo ngekhompyutha elawulwa (Common-Rail). Sifaka izingxenye zayo ezimbili. Eyokuqala wabo incane, esebenza ukuze kukhushulwe izinga lokushisa kule omlilo ekamelweni (predvprysk), okuyinto kunciphisa umsindo vibration. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlelo kwandisa ngesikhathi ongaphakeme isivinini torque engu-25%, incipha petrol ngama-20% kanye nokuqukethwe umule e amagesi qeda.

turbocharging

On diesel kabanzi ophephela. Lokhu kungenxa ayanda (1.5-2) izikhathi ukucindezela amagesi qeda lapho sokuphumula ophephela ukuthi ugwema turboyamy, ukuqinisekisa supercharging ngesivinini aphansi.

ikhasi eligcinwe ngesinye isibukezo

Ungathola izibuyekezo eziningi ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphansi kungaqali diesel. Ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kwalezi izinjini ukusebenzisa izimo ezibandayo ngenxa yokuthi lokhu kudinga amandla. Ukwenza lula nqubo, aba eline kokuqala preheater. Le divayisi umelwe kukhanya ipulaki wahlela emakamelweni amandla omlilo, lapho ukuthungela esitshalweni osuke usushisa kakade emoyeni kuzo futhi namanje asebenza ngaphakathi 15-25 imizuzwana ngemva kokwethulwa ukuze kube nesiqiniseko sokuthi yenjini emakhazeni. Ngenxa yalokhu-diesel Luhlala okushisa -30 ...- 25 ° C.

isevisi Izici

Ukuqinisekisa ubude bokuphila ukusebenza kuyadingeka ukwazi ukuthi udizili kanye kanjani ukukhonza ke. Ukwanda iphansana lokhu injini kuqhathaniswa uphethiloli alichaza kuhlanganise isevisi eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Lokhu kubhekisela ngokuyinhloko ugqugquzela okusezingeni eliphezulu eyinkimbinkimbi uhlelo. Ngenxa yalokhu-diesel ezikhathalela kakhulu okuqukethwe amanzi kukaphethiloli nezinhlayiyana mechanical ukulungisa yayo ezibizayo, njengoba injini sisonke liqhathaniswa uphethiloli ka ezingeni elifanayo.

Endabeni samanzi nazo izimfuno eliphezulu izinga amafutha engine. Isikhathi sokuphila kwayo uqobo ayizinkulungwane 150. Km, futhi izindleko kuphezulu.

Kunoma ikuphi, amafutha udizili kufanele zishintshwe kakhulu ukudlula likaphethiloli (izikhathi 2 ngezindinganiso European).

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, lezi izinjini zihlangabezane izinkinga of ukuqalisa ikhompiyutha, lapho ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphansi kungaqali diesel. Kwezinye izimo, lokhu kungenxa ukusetshenziswa fuel okungafanele (kuye ngokuthi inkathi izinjini ezifana zisebenzisa ezihlukahlukene amamaki, njengoba kulondolozwa fuel yiqhwa ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphansi).

ukusebenza

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaningi ungathandi, ezifana injini diesel, ezincane amandla ibanga ngesivinini yokusebenza, izinga eliphakeme umsindo vibration.

Injini kaphethiloli ngokuvamile ngempela okudlula ekusebenzeni, kuhlanganise litre umthamo, efana udizili. Motor yohlobo kubhekwe kulesi simo has ezingeni eliphakeme futhi schedule torque. Ukwandiswa zlib isilinganiso, ukuhlinzeka torque engu ngaphezulu, ukuphoqa izingxenye okuhlala isikhathi eside. Njengoba ziyizidalwa libe nzima ngokwengeziwe, amandla sinciphile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kuthinta isisindo injini, futhi kungakho imoto.

Ububanzi elincane yokusebenza linemibhikisho wachaza ukuthungela eside zikaphethiloli lapho ngesivinini, alinaso isikhathi zishe.

Umsindo anda futhi vibration kubangela waba ukwanda okukhulu kwezincwadi kwengcindezi uMbhalo phezu ukuthungela.

Izinzuzo esemqoka izinjini udizili cabanga ephakeme ephezulu torque, ukonga imvelo.

High-torque, okungukuthi, ne-torque eliphezulu ngesivinini ongaphakeme ngenxa amandla omlilo uphethiloli njengoba umjovo. Lokhu kunikeza izimpendulo enkulu futhi kusiza ukusebenzisa kahle amandla.

Ukuphumelela ngenxa kokubili ongaphakeme ukugeleza rate, futhi ukuthi udizili ushibhile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenzeka ukuyisebenzisa njengendlela ongaphakeme-ebangeni uwoyela esindayo ngenxa yokungabi bikho izimfuneko esiqinile ngoba simo esishubile. A ngoyisiwula kusinda kunakho uphethiloli, ayanda ukusebenza kahle injini. Ekugcineni, diesel sokuqhuba Izingxube mafutha uma ziqhathaniswa uphethiloli izinjini kanye kokucindezelwa okusezingeni eliphezulu isilinganiso. Lesi sakamuva ihlinzeka ukulahlekelwa ezincane kwezinga lokushisa okusuka amagesi qeda, ephumelela kakhudlwana. Zonke lezi zinyathelo ukunciphisa petrol. Udizili, ngenxa yalokhu, echitha 30-40% ngaphansi.

Imvelo abanobungane diesel ngoba amagesi qeda kokuqukethwe kwabo engezansi-carbon monoxide. Lokhu kufezwa ngokusebenzisa eyinkimbinkimbi uhlanzekile izinhlelo, ukuze manje injini kaphethiloli kuyahlangabezana nezindinganiso ezifanayo zemvelo njengoba udizili. Motor yohlobo ngaphambili kakhulu wawungaphansi uphethiloli kule ndaba.

isicelo

Njengoba kubonakala kahle yokuthi udizili nokuthi iziphi izici zayo, izinjini ezifana kangcono kulabo ezimweni lapho wagxila okusezingeni revs ongaphakeme. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlomisa cishe zonke amabhasi, amaloli futhi izinto zokwakha. Ngokuqondene yizinqola ezizimele, kuhlanganise nemingcele ezifana ibalulekile kakhulu i Suv. Ngenxa ukusebenza kahle eliphezulu lezi izinjini futhi ifakwe imodeli ezisemadolobheni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zingabantu engcona ukuba usebenze ezimweni ezinjalo. oshayelayo Test udizili uyakufakazela lokhu.