Kalmyks: inkolo, amasiko kanye nomlando wabantu

Akunjalo ngokuvamile e-Europe, kunabantu abakhuluma lolo limi-Mongolian. Futhi cishe bonke of them bahlala Republic of Kalmykia. Kalmyk abantu bafika ezweni kanye ngokuthi asemaqeleni Polovtsian. Ngemva kokufika kwabo ekhulwini le-17, le ndawo yaziwa ngokuthi Kalmyk asemaqeleni. Namuhla, kuyinto Republic of Kalmykia. Ibalazwe ikhombisa indawo yayo ngqo.

indaba

abantu Okungajwayelekile - Kalmyks. Umlando wabantu simile esikhathini esidlule. Luqala ngokunikela Asia. Kalmyks - abomdabu zezizwe West-Mongolian ngokuthi Oirats. Nazo ngokufanayo, wangena omkhulu WamaMongol adalwe uGenghis Khan. Wakwazi hlanganani cishe kuzo zonke izizwe bephila ngaleso sikhathi ensimini yase-Asia Ephakathi.

Oirats asekelwe uGenghis Khan e yokunqoba kwakhe lapho isibuyele eRussia, eCaucasus, China, I-Asia futhi eKorea. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, futhi zadalwa yiqembu amayunithi yezempi, futhi lokho kuye kwaphasiswa by imisebenzi ifa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lezi amayunithi babé bamaqembu ezinhlanga basekhona. Namuhla, kungase kungangqubuzani anencazelo ezinjalo, njengoba nje ezihlobene ukunqoba. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhona Torgouts iqembu. Ngakho ngokuthi abantu agade Mongol khans. hosheutov iqembu lalinabashumayeli labo ababekhonza ezindikimbeni ngezihluthu kwezinhloko zamaviyo, Derbets - kuyinto Cavalry Army.

I WamaMongol yayinkulu. izinkinga zasekhaya kwakuvame khona lapha. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ziye zaholela yokuhlukanisa yayo. khans Oirat bala ukulalela omkhulu Mongol umbusi.

Izisekelo inkolo Kalmyks

Kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-17 le Kalmyks wayekwenza nemimoya. Kodwa izithunywa zevangeli asebenzayo kusuka Tibet ibenesandla yokuthi iningi Kalmyks ukuba bamukele nobuBuddha. Kodwa akazange asize ukulondoloza ubuqotho kubantu-Mongolian. Internecine lezimpi laqhubeka. Noma kunjalo, ubuBuddha, Lamaism ziyasatshalalaiswa phezu yeRiphabliki yesimanje ye Kalmykia.

Kalmyk Khanate kwaba yingxenye Russia kuze 1771. Ngo kusaqalwa ukhona, ababusi Russian akazange unamathisele Okubaluleke kakhulu kudivayisi yangaphakathi. Inkolo Kalmyks kwadingeka inkululeko yazo yokuzikhethela futhi isimo kungaphazamisi elingakholelwa kuyo emiphakathini yakubo. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, laba babusi Russia waqala ukuthatha izinyathelo nokukhuthaza labo wathatha Lobu-Orthodox. Kalmyks abaye zabhekana isiko ubhapathizo, ayevunyelwe ukuya kwamanye imizi nemizana Russia.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 isimo Russian anda kuphazamisa ukuphila sangaphakathi Kalmyk Khanate kancane kancane nokukhawulela amalungelo Kalmyks, futhi 1771 kwathiwa iqedwe ngokuphelele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo uhulumeni waseRussia kabusha Kalmyks control kwenziwa. Amasiko kanye namalungelo Kalmyk abantu bagcinwa ngokuphelele. Lapho sifundazwe Astrakhan sidalwe the Kalmyk Expedition Affairs, okuyinto ngiwukhathalela nokuphatha ulus. Kamuva, ngo-1847, isiphetho Kalmyk abantu babethembele Ministry of State Property.

Kalmyks. yokukhulekela

uhulumeni waseRussia wazama acindezele Kalmyk abantu ezindabeni kokuwaguqulela ebuKristwini. Ngaphambi inguquko phakathi Kalmyks wahlala amalungelo abefundisi Buddhist, okuyinto babekwa 1640. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi okholweni Orthodox aseqalile ukubhekana Kalmyks. Inkolo ekuqaleni zanda ngokushesha emva kuvulwa sabefundisi e-Astrakhan, Kalmykia kusukela ngokwendawo wawuyingxenye Astrakhan besifunda-bhishobhi. Khona-ke uhulumeni waseRussia uye wathatha izinyathelo zokukhuthaza ukusungula umgomo, akanandaba Kalmyks amaKristu. Phakathi nekhulu le-19 ukunyakaza sevangeli safinyelela apogee yayo. Ngo emakholiji waqala ukufundisa ulimi Kalmyk. Ngo-1871-ke waqala ukuphila layo Orthodox iKomidi, iSithunywa Sevangeli abamizamo esikoleni lahlelwa futhi ngavula indawo yokukhosela lapho bangaphila Kalmyks. Inkolo ogxile washintsha isiphetho Kalmyk abantu. Abantu ungase uthole imfundo esezingeni elifanele. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lesi sikole siye abe esikoleni omkhulu wezithunywa zevangeli, eqeqesha othisha abashumayeli obekufanele ukudlula ulwazi ngokomoya ngo Kalmyk zokuhlala.

Hhayi kakhulu ngenkuthalo wathatha ezifana emisha wamavukelambuso Kalmyks. Buddha wahlala iningi Kalmyk abantu uNkulunkulu main. UbuKristu amela ikakhulukazi zivela eRussia. namasiko alo ezijulile ungafuni ukushintsha Kalmyks. Inkolo njengoba kwakunzima ukushintsha. Iyini inkolo Kalmyks? Lo mbuzo kungekho mpendulo elula. Kukhona phakathi Kalmyks nasemasontweni obu-Orthodox, namaBuddha, ngisho Labelaphi.

Ngobunzima Kalmyk abantu

AmaKhomanisi athatha amandla nethonya elihle umlando we Kalmyk esifundeni. Yibo labo elibuyiselwe ubunye wekuba sive Kalmyks wabuya. 1926 kwaphawula ukuqala Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast, okuyinto kamuva waziwa ngokuthi Kalmyk ASSR. Kodwa ukuphila benkolo bangaleso Kalmyks ngesikhathi bahlupheka kakhulu. Noma yimuphi umsebenzi wenkolo akuvunyelwe egijima roughshod. Ngokomoya nobunzima engakaze ibonwe wazibonela Kalmyks. Inkolo phakathi 30s sekuqediwe ngokuphelele. Ngo-1943, abantu Kalmyk wadingiselwa Abakwasidlodlo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zaseRussia. Indawo yaso weza Russian. Futhi eminyakeni engu-10 kuphela kamuva lo Kalmyks futhi bakwazi ukuphindela ezweni lakubo. Kalmyk ASSR ngasibuyisela ukuphila. Kodwa inkolo engokomthetho endaweni yesinqumo futhi kwakungeyona kuze 80s. ukucindezelwa Ezingokomoya noma kunjalo baba nomuzwa Kalmyks. inkolo lobuKristu laqala ukuvuseleleka kuphela ngo-1984. Ukuqala lokhu kwaba ukutholakala parish Orthodox edolobhaneni Priyutnoe. Lokhu kumakwe ukwedlulela Kalmykia ku laseStavropol besifunda-bhishobhi. Phakathi labantu Kalmyk yaqala ukubonakala imiphakathi emisha, ezifana amaBaptist futhi amaPentecostal. Ngo Kalmykia, kukhona umphakathi Buddhist, okuyinto wabunjwa ngomnyaka ka-1988.

Izici isiko Kalmyks

Naphezu kwezinkinga eziningi nendlela ayimizulane wokuphila, nakancane ukukhohlwa amasiko abo Kalmyks. Inkolo namasiko abantu bebelokhu ezihambisana ngentambo engabonakali. Kalmyks kwakunzima ukuguqula ukholo lobuKristu. amasiko eminyaka ubudala bazenza wazizwa. Ngemva kweminyaka eminingi kulomhlaba wayekwenza nemimoya. Kuyinto engenakwenzeka khala out inhliziyo Kalmyks. I engavamile isiko leli nani labantu futhi namuhla kubonakala imiphakathi-Mongolian. Kalmyk Umphakathi wanamuhla kancane kancane kokulahlekelwa ubunikazi bayo bendabuko, kodwa kukhona amasiko aye alondolozwa kwaze kwaba namuhla.

izici bendabuko

Fire Kalmyks kubhekwe isici esingcwele. Mayelana naye hhayi kanye ezishiwo imisebenzi obungokwesiko of Kalmyk abantu. amasiko Deep, amasiko nezinkambiso we Kalmyks asivumela ukuba uwakhulume beyiqembu yobuhlanga ezimele.

Fire kuya Kalmyk abantu ayebhekwa samuntu elangeni Nkulunkulu. Ngakho-ke, lapha kukhona ezinye imikhawulo, isibonelo, ukuwela emlilweni noma abanandaba naye kubhekwa isenzo esinesono. Akuvunyelwe ukucima ngamanzi. Kufanele ulinde kuze kube yilapho uyaphuma. Ivunyelwe ukugcwalisa umlilo ngesihlabathi noma emhlabeni.

Ukukhulekelwa umlilo kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso isiko ekhethekile. Kalmyks ngisho benze amasiko athile ukuze propitiate umlilo. Kwakuyisikhathi ngohlobo lomhlatshelo. Ihlelo lika-umlilo - lena sici kazwelonke we Kalmyks. It owachaza lesi sifo ngo imisebenzi eminingi zomlando. Ngaphandle umhlatshelo umlilo Awukwazi ukwenza noma yikuphi lomshado eyodwa noma emngcwabeni. Futhi namhlanje singabona imikhosi lapho umpristi inikeza isilwane emlilweni bese ufunda umthandazo ekhethekile. Ngenxa yalesi, ebuza isibusiso ngonkulunkulu isipho injabulo ekuphileni komkhaya indodakazi yakhe.

emasikweni emingcwabo futhi siqhubeka bengenawo nomhlatshelo umlilo. Ngosuku lwesikhombisa amane nesishiyagalolunye emva yokungcwaba izihlobo kamufi anikele umlilo imvu, ukusuthisa isihlobo ngaleyo ndlela oshonile. Kalmyks ukholelwa ngobuqotho ukuthi umlilo uhlobo komsele phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo zemvelo kanye izindaba olubucayi.

yokukhulekela umlilo

Kalmyks bakholelwa ngokuqinile ekutheni umlilo unamandla saphezulu. Yingakho noyedwa ezelaphayo kuqedile ngaphandle umlilo. Imicikilisho okunjalo bachazwa ngisho ezincwadini zasendulo. Ngokwesibonelo, e-A. umsebenzi Amur-Sanan echazwe umlilo emkhubeni ukuvikela abahambi endleleni. I imililo kwabheduka phezu nedlanzana usawoti. Kwase kudlula phakathi imililo izinkomo ezimbili, futhi ngabo isendleleni ukuthutha. Namuhla, umlilo Kalmyks nokuhlanza emizini yabo, obnosya ke endlini kusukela empumalanga kuya entshonalanga. Ngemva komngcwabo, kufanele futhi enze umlilo ukuhlanzwa isiko ngokubambana ngezandla zakho phezu kwalo.

Kobuqaba futhi Buddhism isiko Kalmyks ngokuqinile munye. Amaqaba wathi komlilo, njengalokho omele Sun uNkulunkulu, noma kunalokho, ebuqabeni lokhu ngokwayo Sun Nkulunkulu. Ngakho-ke, kufanele niwenze yonke imikhiqizo kokuba semfudumalo. Kungenzeka uwoyela, amafutha, uketshezi oludakayo. isiko Buddhist limelela umlilo njengoba iwuphawu ngokuhlakanipha. Kukholakala ukuthi ingasetshenziswa ukuze ngishise iyiphi ukungazi.

Ubunjalo Kalmyk abantu

Kalmyks, kanye nezinye etnonarodnosti babe uhlamvu yayo siqu esiyingqayizivele. Okokuqala, avulekele kakhulu. Abantu abanjalo ngokuthi extroverts. Okwesibili, ziyasiza futhi okunengqondo. Kalmyks futhi abanye maximalism esingokwemvelo. Calmac ihlala ngoba izenzo ezinkulu. Ngeke ukuchitha isikhathi sakho futhi ukunaka ekwenziweni kwamaphrojekthi amancane. Emhlabeni jikelele, ubukhulu kanye esikalini - konke lokhu kubonakala inhliziyo Kalmyks.

Kalmyks - abantu ngempela yasekuqaleni. Noma nini uma kungenzeka, balwela ukubonisa wokuziqambela yabo futhi ukuze nidonse ukunaka ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, le Kalmyk abantu ngenhlonipho enkulu ngenxa ukuzethemba abanye.

Kalmyks abakhuthele, lisebenza futhi kwezobuciko. Lokhu kungenziwa wahlulelwe ngokwalokho okwenzayo kuphela by ukunyakaza kwabo nangemidanso kazwelonke, kodwa futhi izinkulumo zabo. Kalmyks ukukhuluma ethakazelisayo, nezimo, ngendlela eshelelayo nebonisa ngamafuphi. Eminye imithombo Kalmyk it is kuqhathaniswa isigqi izibhamu.

Cishe zonke Kalmyks - lokuhle. Babehlale ukugxila ezintweni ezinhle ekuphileni, noma yimuphi umuntu uthambekele ekuboneni uqaphela izimfanelo ezinhle kuphela. Zonke imisebenzi classical Folk epics kwaba nesiphetho esihle kakhulu.

Kubantu abayimizulane baye njalo wafuna ukubonga nokudumisa. Isifiso abaholi kunoma yiliphi ibhizinisi nokungapheleli esakuzuza Kalmyks. Lokhu abantu baziqhenya kakhulu, kodwa hhayi uyaziqhenya. Buddhism eziningana ukuhlanzwa ukwazi Kalmyks wokuziqhenya ngoba Buddhist - kuyisono ofayo.

Njengoba Buddhism Kalmykia ingenye zezinhlangano zenkolo ezinkulu kuleli zwe wakha okuningi Buddhist amathempeli.

Ethempelini Victory Omkhulu (Kalmykia). incazelo

Esifundeni Oktyabrsky ka Kalmykia (isigodi Tsaryn Lesibanti) iyikhaya ingenye imiphakathi ngobukhulu Buddhist. Nangu ezinhle kakhulu ethempelini lamaBuddha e Kalmykia - ethempelini Victory Omkhulu. izakhiwo wenkolo yamaBuddha ngokuthi khurul. Lokhu khurul elimiswe 2002. Vele iminyaka 2 abakhi ephethwe ukuqaphela iphrojekthi Sangadzhieva Yu, obhekwa umakhi best of Kalmykia. Okthoba 11, 2002 iminyango Omkhulu Victory Temple wavula ngokusemthethweni. Khurul Yakhiwa sibonga iminikelo evela emphakathini Buddhist ngokwayo, izakhamuzi Oktyabrsky wesifunda kanye nabaxhasi. UMongameli Kalmykia, Ilyumzhinov KN futhi imali yabo ukwakhiwa.

Ithempeli kuyinto isakhiwo imitha-18. Emaphakathi ingxenye oluthatha hall, lapho i-altare itholakala. Phambi izindela bukhoma khurul. Futhi kukhona igumbi ukuthola izivakashi Lama. Buddha esifanekisweni uvele yimizamo ukubaza Vaskina Korobeynikova B. futhi C. emaphakathi okokufaka isondo Izimfundiso ehlotshisiwe izibalo kanye nezinyamazane wenza Galushkinym Nikolaem.

Futhi khurul kuyinto esifanekisweni zikaBuddha of Medicine iqoqo elikhulu Imibhalo tanok.

Ngo Kalmykia uyithempeli eziningana Buddhist, esinesithakazelo kuyo izivakashi.

Elista - isikhungo samasiko Buddhist

Elista iyinhloko-dolobha ye-Republic of Kalmykia. Ibalazwe ikhombisa indawo yayo.

Kuyinto idolobha okungavamile, awufani iningi amadolobha Russian. It lihlotshiswe amathempeli Buddhist nezakhiwo egqamile izakhiwo Eastern. Abantu abahlala Elista, indlela abheka ngayo izinto empumalanga. Eastern abathandi isiko kufanele uvakashele Elista. Nangu ophakeme kunabo Buddha ethempelini, odumile kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Kukhona sezindela Buddhist, endaweni Intandokazi uDalai Lama ngesikhathi ehambele Kalmykia. Ngo Elista, kukhona elinye ukuthatheka emangalisayo - Golden Gate, okuyinto efeza zonke izifiso. Elista - edolobheni emangalisayo olunothile. Kalmyks - abantu elikhanyayo. Lapha-ke kungenziwa wazizwa ngokugcwele. zokubhukuda Beautiful, ukudansa - konke lokhu ehlukanisa Kalmyks kusukela bezinye izizwe Asian-Mongolian. Elista odumile kungasho neze kuphela Buddhist izakhiwo. Kukhona futhi ezikhangayo enikelwe chess.

Iqiniso lokuthi chess ngoba Kalmyks ezibhekwa wokuzilibazisa enkulu. Lapha aphethwe njalo Umhlaba Chess Championship.

Temple of the "Golden abode Buddha"

Lokhu khurul kubhekwe enye yezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu hhayi kuphela e-Republic of Kalmykia, kodwa futhi eYurophu. Ithempeli uyaziqhenya lwendawo maphakathi Elista (Yuriya Klykova Street).

Khurul ukuphakama 56 metres. Ngaphakathi kuwo kume isithombe enkulu Buddha (12 amamitha).

Ithempeli ubhekwa main Luhambo Elista. Lena isakhiwo enhle ngokubabazekayo hhayi kuphela. Le yindawo benze amasiko futhi ukukhulekela ubuNkulunkulu. Ithempeli sibahlanu, sizungezwe uthango ongokomfanekiso kanye azungezwe 108 stupas elise. Faka ithempeli, ungakwazi ngesango eNingizimu. Kukhona zokungena ezintathu. Ngamunye kithi engxenyeni ethile yezwe. Umklamo wethempeli ufana Mandala omkhulu. Esondela isakhiwo, ungabona nesikhombisa pagodas, okuyinto avuke emifanekisweni ezindela omkhulu Buddhist nothisha.

Khurul emazingeni 7. On ezingeni lokuqala kukhona Museum, ihholo inkomfa nomtapo wezincwadi. On ezingeni lesibili kukhona esifanekisweni zikaBuddha Shakyamuni futhi hall. Esifanekisweni ngokwayo ukhonza njengelungu egcina ubucwebe, izinongo, umhlaba, izitshalo notshani. Zonke lezi amaBuddha cabangela izinto ezingcwele. Lokusibekela esifanekisweni kuyinto igolide leaf futhi amadayimane. Izinga lesithathu for reception ngabanye izivakashi. Nazi emakamelweni izindela, odokotela Tibetan imithi, ababhula ngezinkanyezi futhi Abaphathi bethempeli. Izinga lesine ikamelo inkomfa encane. Lapha ungathola inhloko yabangamashumi amaBuddha Telo Rinpoche Tuluk. Izinga lesihlanu wale ndawo ithatha Tenzin Gyatso (Yobungcwele yakhe uDalai Lama XIV). Izinga lesithupha kungene amagceke zentengiso. On ezingeni lwesikhombisa ungakwazi kuphela avuke abefundisi okwakuyiyo ukugxila nokuzindla.