Indlela yokuziphatha: isimo sezinga eliphezulu nesisebenza

Indlela yokuziphatha yokufunda ngokwemvelo ingenye yeziqondiso eziyinhloko ezengqondo, indlela okubhekwa kuyo kanye nokuhlola kokuhlola kokuphendula komzimba okwenziwe ngaphandle kwezemvelo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ubuhlobo obuphakathi kwalezi ziguquguquke. Ukuthuthukiswa kokuziphatha kwaba yinto ebalulekile yokwakheka kwezindlela eziqondile zokucwaninga kwengqondo, ukuguqulwa kweziphetho ezicatshangelwayo ekuqinisekisweni ngezibalo. Lesi sihloko sichaza: indlela yokuziphatha ekutadisheni ubuntu, umlando wokuthuthukiswa kwalesi siqondiso nokubaluleka kwayo empilweni yanamuhla yomphakathi. Lokhu kuboniswa ngokusetshenziswa kwemigomo yokuziphatha ekuthuthukiseni isayensi yezopolitiki.

Indlela yokuziphatha ngokusebenza kwengqondo

Ukuziphatha kokusebenza kwengqondo kwavela ngesisekelo senqubo yefilosofi ye-positivism, ebheka umgomo wesayensi ukutadisha okubonakalayo ngqo. Ngakho-ke, isihloko sokutadisha kwengqondo kufanele kube ukuziphatha komuntu okhona eqinisweni, hhayi ukuqonda noma okungaqondakali okungenakwenzeka.

Igama elithi "ukuziphatha" livela ekuziphatheni kweNgisi futhi kusho "ukuziphatha." Ngakho-ke, umgomo wokutadisha lo mkhuba ekuphenyweni kwengqondo ukuziphatha - izinto ezidingekayo, ukwakheka kanye nokukwazi ukuyilawula. Izenzo zomuntu nezenzo zakhe yizinyunithi zokutadisha ukuziphatha, futhi ukuziphatha ngokwayo kwakhelwe kwifomula eyaziwayo "yokuvuselela".

Indlela yokuziphatha yobuntu ibe yinto yolwazi, esekelwe ekuhlolweni kokuhlola kokuziphatha kwezilwane. Abathandana nalesi simo ku-psychology baye basungula isisekelo sabo semvelo, injongo, isihloko, izindlela zokutadisha, kanye nezindlela zokulungisa ukuziphatha. Ezinye izinkolelo zokuziphatha ziye zaba yisisekelo sezinye izazi, okuhlose ukutadisha izenzo zabantu. Kodwa umnikelo omkhulu ikakhulukazi wenziwa emfundweni nasekusebenzeni kokufundisa nokukhulisa izingane.

Abamele ukuziphatha ngendlela yokusebenza kwengqondo

Umlando wesikhathi eside wentuthuko nokuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zawo zesayensi zocwaningo kanye nokwelashwa kunendlela yokuziphatha. Abamele bayo baqala ngokutadisha izimiso zokuqala zokuziphatha kwezilwane futhi bafika ohlelweni lokusebenzisa lolu lwazi kumuntu.

Umsunguli wokuziphatha ngobuciko uDkt. Watson wayenomqondo wokuthi yilokho kuphela okungabonwa kungokoqobo. Wathinta ukubaluleka ekutadisheni izenzo ezine zokuziphatha komuntu:

• Ukusabela okubonakalayo;
• Ukusabela okufihliwe (ukucabanga);
• Ukuziphendulela, ukuphendula ngokwemvelo (isib. Ukukhwabanisa);
• Ukusabela kwemvelo okufihlekile (izinqubo zangaphakathi zomsebenzi obalulekile wenyama).

Wayeqiniseka ukuthi amandla esabelayo axhomeke emandleni okuvuselela, futhi ahlongoze ifomu S = R.

Umlandeli kaWatson E. Thorndike wahlakulela le mbono futhi wahlela imithetho eyisisekelo yokuziphatha komuntu:

• Ukuzivocavoca - ubuhlobo phakathi kwezimo nokuphendula kubo, kuye ngokuthi inani lokudlala;
• Ukulungela - ukuziphatha kwemiqondo yezinzwa kuxhomeke ekutholakaleni kokulungiswa kwangaphakathi kwalowo muntu;
• Ukushintshana kokubambisana - uma kusuka kwisethi yokwenza umuntu ngamunye aphendule, khona-ke okusele kuzo esikhathini esizayo kuzokwenza ukuphendula okunjalo;
• Umphumela - uma isenzo sithatha injabulo, khona-ke lokhu kuziphatha kuzozibonakalisa kaningi.

Ukuqinisekiswa kokuhlola kwezisekelo zemfundiso yale ncazelo kungokwesazi ososayensi waseRashiya I. Pavlov. Wazama ukufakazela ukuthi ezilwaneni kunokwenzeka ukwakha izimo eziguquguqukayo, uma ngesikhathi esisodwa ukusebenzisa imithi ethile. Abaningi bayazi ukuthi uyayilungisa kanjani inja yesenzo esithintekayo ekukhanyeni ngesimo salivation ngaphandle kokuqiniswa ngendlela yokudla.

Ngama-1960, ukuthuthukiswa kokuziphatha kukhulisiwe. Uma ngaphambili kwakubhekwa njengesethi yokwenza okuhlukile okushicilelwe ku-stimuli, kusukela manje kuqala ukwethulwa kwalolu hlelo lwezinye iziguquguquko. Ngakho-ke, u-E. Tolman, umbhali wenkohlakalo yokuzicabangela, wabiza lesi simiso esiphakathi ukubonakaliswa kwengqondo. Ekuhlolweni kwakhe ngamagundane, wabonisa ukuthi izilwane zithola indlela yokuphuma kwe-labyrinth endleleni eya ngasenhla ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, ngokulandela umzila ongaziwa ngaphambili. Ngakho-ke, wabonisa ukuthi umgomo wesilwane ubaluleke kakhulu kunezinqubo zokufeza.

Izimiso zokuziphatha ngokwezingqondo

Uma sifingqa iziphetho ezitholwa abamele ukuziphatha okuvamile, izimiso eziningana zale ndlela zingenziwa:

• Indlela yokuziphatha yindlela umuntu asabela ngayo ekwenzeni imvelo yangaphandle aguqule ngayo (ukusabela kungenziwa kokubili nangaphakathi);
• Umuntu uyinto ezuzwe ngumuntu ohlelweni lokuphila, isethi yamaphethini wokuziphatha;
• Ukuziphatha kwabantu kudala imvelo yomphakathi, kunokuba kusetshenziswe izinqubo zangaphakathi.

Lezi zimiso ziyizinto ezithintekayo endleleni yokufunda, eyathuthukiswa futhi inselele ngabalandeli nabagxekayo.

Izinhlobo zesimo

Ukuthuthukiswa komuntu kwenzeka ngokufunda - ukufana kokuhlangenwe nakho kokuxhumana nezwe langaphandle. Lokhu kokubili amakhono akhanyiswayo, nentuthuko yezenhlalakahle, kanye nomzwelo. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu okuhlangenwe nakho, ukuziphatha komuntu kwakha. Indlela yokuziphatha ihlolisisa izinhlobo eziningana zokufunda, phakathi kwazo okudumile kunawo wonke okusebenzayo kanye nesimo se-classical conditioning.

Umsebenzisi uhlinzekela ukulinganisa okuncane kancane komuntu onolwazi lapho izenzo zakhe zizokwenza khona ukusabela okuthile. Ngakho-ke, ingane ifunda ukuthi uma amathoyizi ehlakazekile, ingabacasula abazali.

Isimo se-classic sitshela umuntu ukuthi umcimbi owodwa ulandela okulandelayo. Isibonelo, uma ubona isifuba somama, ingane iyaqonda ukuthi isenzo sizolandelwa ukunambitheka kobisi. Lona ukwakheka kobudlelwane, izakhi zazo ezinesizathu esisodwa, okulandelwa omunye.

Ukulinganiswa kokuvuselela nokuphendula

Ngokweqile ukuphakanyiswa ngombono kaWatson noPavlov wokuthi ukukhuthazwa kufana nokuphendulela kuwo (S-R), umqondo wokuthi ukuvuselelwa kuyafana nokuphendula kuwo (S-R) kwakuqondiswa ngokuqondile ekuqothuleni kwengqondo kwengqondo "engavumelani nesayensi" yokuba khona komthetho "ongokomoya, ongabonakali" kumuntu. Izifundo ezenziwa ezilwaneni zabuye zafinyelela empilweni yokuphila kwengqondo yomuntu.

Kodwa ukuthuthukiswa kwalesi sihloko kwashintsha futhi uhlelo lwe "stimulus-response". Ngakho uThorndike wathi ukulindela ukuqiniswa kuqinisa ukuxhumana phakathi kokuvuselela nokuphendula. Ukuqhubeka kulokhu, umuntu wenza isenzo uma elindele imiphumela emihle noma agweme imiphumela emibi (ukuqiniswa okuhle nokubi).

U-E. Tolman naye wacabanga ukuthi lolu hlelo luyinto elula futhi lunikeza: S - I-R, lapho phakathi kokugqugquzelwa nokuphendula kungumuntu ngamunye izici zomzimba zomuntu ngamunye, isipiliyoni sakhe siqu, ubufebe.

Ukufunda kusukela ekubukeni kokuziphatha

Ukuziphatha kwaba yisisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kwendlela yokuziphatha ekuziphatheni kwengqondo. Nakuba ngokuvamile lezi ziqondiso zikhonjiswa, kodwa nokho kukhona umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwabo. Indlela yokuziphatha ibheka ubuntu njengomphumela wokufunda, njengendlela yokuphendula kwangaphandle, okwenziwe ngokuziphatha. Ngakho-ke, ekuziphatheni kuphela lezo zenzo ezizibonakalisa ngaphandle zingenjongo. Indlela yokuziphatha ivulekile. Kuhlanganisa izimiso zokuziphatha okuvamile, indlela yokuqonda kanye nendlela yomuntu siqu, okungukuthi, izenzo zangaphakathi zomzimba (imibono, imizwa, izindima) ezidalwe ubuntu futhi obhekene nazo zincike ekuphenyweni.

Indlela yokuziphatha iye yathola ukuguqulwa okuningi, okuyiwona okuvame kakhulu ukufundiswa komphakathi ka- A. Bandura noDkt Rotter. Ososayensi baye bandisa ukuqonda kokuziphatha komuntu. Babekholelwa ukuthi izenzo zalowo muntu azihlosile kuphela izici zangaphandle, kodwa futhi zihloswe ngaphakathi.

A. Bandura waphawula ukuthi ukulungela, ukholo, okulindelwe - njengezimiso zangaphakathi - ukuxhumana nokukhuthazwa nokujeziswa, izinto zangaphandle ngokulinganayo. Wayeqiniseka futhi ukuthi umuntu uyakwazi ukushintsha ngokuzimela ukuziphatha kwakhe ngaphansi kwesithonya sengqondo yezwe elizungezile. Kodwa into eyinhloko ukuthi umuntu angakha uhlelo olusha lwezenzo ngokumane ebuka ukuziphatha kwabanye abantu ngisho nangaphandle kwethonya labo eliqondile. Ngokomcwaningi, umuntu unekhono eliyingqayizivele lokuzilawula ngokuziphatha kwakhe.

UJ. Rotter, ethuthukisa le mbono, uhlongoze uhlelo lokubikezela ukuziphatha komuntu. Ngokwesazi-sosayensi, ubuntu buzokwenza ngokuvumelana nezimo ezi-4: amandla okuziphatha (izinga lokungenzeka kokuziphatha okunye okukhuthazayo), okulindelwe (ukuhlolwa kwesifundo ngamathuba okuqiniswa ekuphenduleni ukuziphatha kwakhe), ukubaluleka kokuqiniswa (ukuhlola ukubaluleka komuntu ukuphendula okwenziwayo) nokwengqondo Isimo (indawo yangaphandle lapho isenzo singenzeka khona). Ngakho-ke, ikhono lokuziphatha lixhomeke kulo lonke lezi zici ezintathu.

Ngakho-ke, ukufunda komphakathi ukufaniswa kwamakhono kanye namaphethini wokuziphatha ezweni lezenhlalakahle, elinqunywe yizici zombili zangaphandle kanye nesimo sangaphakathi somuntu ngamunye.

Indlela yokuziphatha ezenzweni zesayensi yezombusazwe

Esikhundleni senqubo evamile yomthetho ezenzweni zesayensi yezombangazwe, ezafunda izikhungo zomthetho nezombangazwe, eminyakeni yama-50 kwaba yi-behaviorist. Ukuqokwa kwakhe kwakuwukufunda isimo sokuziphatha kwabantu kwezombusazwe njengezakhamuzi kanye namaqembu ezombangazwe. Le ndlela ivumelekile ukuhlaziya izinqubo zezombusazwe ngendlela ehambisana nayo.

Indlela yokuziphatha ezenzweni zesayensi yezombusazwe isetshenziselwa ukutadisha ukuziphatha komuntu njengengxenye yesistimu yezombangazwe futhi ishukumise ukuba enze izinyathelo zokukhuthaza - izisusa, izintshisekelo. Ngiyambonga, imiqondo enjengokuthi "ubuntu", "isimo sengqondo", "izinkolelo", "imibono yomphakathi", "ukuziphatha kwabantu abakhethiweyo" baqala ukuzwakala kwisayensi yezombusazwe .

Izingqinamba eziyinhloko

1. Ukugcizelelwa kumele kushintshwe ezifundeni zezombangazwe kuya ekuziphatheni komuntu ngaphakathi kwempilo yombuso.
2. I-credo eyinhloko: isayensi yezombangazwe kufanele iphinde isetshenziswe ngokuqondile ngokusizwa ngezindlela ezibukhali zombhalo.
3. Isisusa esiyinhloko sokuhlanganyela emisebenzini yezombusazwe sisekelwe ekuqondeni kwengqondo.
4. Ukutadisha impilo yezombangazwe kufanele kube nzima ukuveza ubudlelwane obangela imbangela ekhona emphakathini.

Abamele ukuziphatha ngendlela yesayensi yezombangazwe

Abasunguli bezenzo zokuziphatha kwezombusazwe nguC. Merriam, G. Gosnell, G. Lasswell. Bafika esiphethweni sokuthi isayensi yezombusazwe idinga izindlela zokulawula "okunengqondo" nokuhlelwa komphakathi. Esebenzisa umbono kaTrumstone wokuhlobana phakathi kokuziphatha komuntu kanye nesimo sakhe sengqondo, ososayensi baphendule isayensi yezopolitiki futhi bavunyelwe ukuba bahambe ekuhlaziyeni izikhungo zombuso njengento eyinhloko yocwaningo lokuhlaziya amandla, ukuziphatha kwezombangazwe, umbono womphakathi kanye nokhetho.

Ukuqhubeka kwalo mqondo kutholakala emibhalweni kaP. Lazersfeld, B. Barrelson, A. Campbell, D. Stokes nabanye. Bahlaziya inqubo yokhetho eMelika, bafingqa ukubonakaliswa kokuziphatha kwabantu emphakathini wentando yeningi futhi bafika eziphethweni eziningana:

• Ukubamba iqhaza iningi lezakhamuzi okhethweni, kunalokho, okuhlukile kunomthetho;
• Intshisekelo yezombangazwe incike ezingeni lemfundo kanye nenzuzo yomuntu;
• Isakhamuzi esivamile, njengombuso, asikwaziswa kahle ngempilo yezombusazwe yomphakathi;
• Imiphumela yokhetho ngokuyinhloko ithomeke ekuthembekeni kweqembu;
• Isayensi yezombangazwe kufanele ithuthuke ukuze kuzuze izinkinga zangempela zabantu ngesikhathi sezinkinga.

Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwendlela yokuziphatha ezenzweni zesayensi yezombangazwe kwaveza inguquko yangempela futhi kwaba yinto ebalulekile ekuqalisweni kwesayensi okusetshenzisiwe mayelana nokuphila komphakathi kwezombangazwe.