Indawo oyinhloko wamaprotheni abalulekile ekudleni biosynthesis. Izinyathelo wamaprotheni biosynthesis

Amaphrotheni zamagama - inqubo ebalulekile kakhulu. Nguye kusiza umzimba wethu ukuze akhule ngendlela. Luhilela eziningi cell izakhiwo. Phela, ukuqala ukukuqonda lokho esikufunda bayahamba synthesize.

Yikuphi amaprotheni adingekayo ukwakha okwamanje - ke obangela enzyme. Zithola amasignali emangqamuzaneni isidingo iprotheni ngemva kwalokho iqala zamagama.

Lapho zamagama amaprotheni

Kunoma yezinyoni main indawo amaprotheni biosynthesis - ribosome. Kuyinto enkulu macromolecule nge eziyinkimbinkimbi azilingani isakhiwo. Siqukethe isithunywa-RNA (ribonucleic acid) namaprotheni. Ribosomes kungenziwa akhiwe ngokwehlukile. Kodwa ngokuvamile kuhlangene-EPS, okuyinto kusiza okwalandela ekuhlungeni kanye ezokuthutha amaprotheni. Uma le endoplasmic reticulum Hlala ribosome, ibizwa ngokuthi i-EPS anolaka. Lapho translation kwenzeka uye wakwenza ngenxa yesizathu esisodwa-matrix ungashukumisela ribosomes eziningana. Basuke yalandela nomunye futhi akusho ziphazamise ezinye organelles.

Yini edingekayo ukuze amaprotheni zamagama

Ukuze inkambo inqubo kubalulekile ukuthi zonke izingxenye ezinkulu kohlelo amaprotheni-Kuhlanganisa babesendaweni:

1. Uhlelo, ecacisa oda izinsalela acid acid esikuziphathimandla, okungukuthi i mRNA okuzokwenza uthumele lolu lwazi kusuka DNA kuya ribosomes.
2. Amino impahla acid kuyiphi ukwakha engqamuzaneni entsha.
3. tRNA, okuzokwenza ukuletha acid ngalinye acid kuya ribosome, kuzothatha iqhaza sokuqonda ikhodi zofuzo.
4. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase.
5. Ribosomes - isayithi oyinhloko wamaprotheni abalulekile ekudleni biosynthesis.
6. Amandla.
7. Magnesium ion.
8. Amaphrotheni izici (ngasinye owakho).

Manje sibheke ngamunye kubo ngokuningiliziwe futhi ufunde ukuthi ungadala amaprotheni. biosynthesis indlela ithakazelisa kakhulu, zonke izingxenye optic ngokushelela.

Uhlelo zamagama, matrix search

Lonke ulwazi mayelana kahle hle ukuthi yiziphi amaprotheni bangakha umzimba wethu iqukethwe DNA. Deoxyribonucleic acid iyindawo esetshenziselwa ukugcina ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo. It is ngokuphepha phama-chromosomes futhi itholakala kuyi-nucleus yengqamuzana (esimweni eukaryotes) noma zintanta ku cytoplasm (e prokaryotes).

Ngemva izifundo of DNA ne ukuqashelwa zofuzo yendima yayo, kwaba sobala ukuthi akuyona nje kuyisibonelo wokuhumusha. Kokuma kwaholela umbono wokuthi zamagama amaprotheni ezihambisana RNA. Ososayensi elisobala ukuthi kufanele umlamuleli, ekudlulisweni ulwazi kusuka DNA kuya ribosomes, ukukhonza njengesibonisi.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, bevula ribosome RNA ye zabo ngobuningi of amaselula RNA. Ukuze uhlole ukuthi kuyisibonelo amaprotheni zamagama, AN Belozersky futhi A. S. Spirin e 1956-1957. Saqhuba ngokuqhathanisa ukuhlaziywa isakhiwo of nucleic acid elikhulu inani nezilwanyana ezincane.

Kwakuthinta babecabanga ukuthi uma umbono walokho okubizwa ngokuthi "I-DNA-rRNA-amaprotheni" isikimu ilungile ke ukubunjwa RNA Imininingwane liyoshintshwa kanye ne-DNA. Kodwa naphezu umehluko omkhulu-deoxyribonucleic acid e zinhlobo ezahlukene, ukubunjwa acid Imininingwane ribonucleic yayifana e wonke amabhaktheriya wahlola. Ngakho, ososayensi baye baphetha ngokuthi main RNA yeselula (isb, ribosomal) - lokhu akukona umlamuli okuqondile phakathi othwala ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo kanye amaprotheni.

Ukuvula mRNA

Kamuva kwatholakala ukuthi ingxenye encane RNA eziphindaphindiwe of DNA ne singasebenza njengesisekelo esiqinile sokufinyelela umlamuli. Ngo-1956 by E. F. Volkin Astrachan RNA zamagama wahlolwa e amagciwane, okuyinto baye bangenwa bacteriophage T2. Ngemva Lingena iseli, esitshalweni synthesis phage amaprotheni. Njengoba ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi RNA aluzange lushintshe. Kodwa, amangqamuzana aqala synthesis encane kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa RNA metabolically engazinzile, ukulandelana nucleotide lapho Ukwakheka wayefana DNA phage.

Ngo-1961, le ngxenyana encane ezincane-RNA kwaba ukuhlukanisa kusukela Imininingwane isisindo RNA. Ubufakazi Operation yayo umsebenzi eyatholakala kusukela ucwaningo. Ngemva ukutheleleka nge phage T4 amaseli eyakheke entsha mRNA. It ixhumana ribosomes umninikhaya elidala sika (the ribosome emva kokutheleleka esisha ezitholakele), othungele phage kwemiqondo amaprotheni. Lokhu "DNA-like-RNA" kwaba ongumphelelisi omunye kwagqashuka amaketanga kuzozonke phage DNA.

Ngo-1961, uF uJakobe noJ Monod wazwakalisa umbono wokuthi yena lo RNA ithwala ulwazi kusuka izakhi zofuzo kuya ribosome futhi isifanekiso ilungiselelo ezilandelanayo amino acid ngesikhathi amaprotheni zamagama.

Ukudluliswa kolwazi kusayithi wamaprotheni zamagama ehilelekile mRNA. Inqubo ukufunda ulwazi kusuka DNA ne-RNA isifanekiso ekudalweni ngokuthi umbhalo. RNA ngemva kokuba echayeke izinguquko eziningi ezengeziwe, lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi "ukucutshungulwa". Ezindaweni ezithile kungaba ukuphuma kwayo ngesikhathi isithunywa ribonucleic acid. mRNA Landelayo iya ribosome.

Emabhuloki ekwakha amaprotheni: ama-amino acid

Sekukonke kukhona 20 amino acid, ezinye zazo kubalulekile, okungukuthi, umzimba awukwazi synthesize kubo. Uma kukhona acid kuseli akwanele, kungaba khona ijubane noma ngisho ukusakaza inqubo ngci. Ukuba khona ngayinye amino acid eyanele ubuningi - main imfuneko kahle lidlule amaprotheni biosynthesis.

Ukwaziswa Okumayelana amino acid, ososayensi babe ekhulwini XIX. glycine, leucine, futhi - ngesikhathi esifanayo, e 1820, acid ezimbili zokuqala acid lalihlukene.

Kulandzelana kwalokucuketfwe lokuhleliwe lezi monomers e amaprotheni (okubizwa ngokuthi isakhiwo eyinhloko) enquma ngokuphelele amazinga ezilandelayo yenhlangano, futhi ngenxa yalokho impahla yayo ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali.

Ezokuthutha amino acid: tRNA futhi aa-tRNA synthetase

Kodwa amino acid wedwa ayikwazi ezakhelwe iketango amaprotheni. Ukuze ukuba bafike enkundleni oyinhloko wamaprotheni abalulekile ekudleni zamagama, RNA ezidingekayo zokuthutha.

Ngamunye synthetase aa-tRNA ibona kuphela acid yayo acid tRNA kuphela lapho kubalulekile ukuze unamathisele. It kuvela ukuthi kulo mndeni enzyme kuhlanganisa 20 izinhlobonhlobo synthetases. It kuphela uhlala ukuthi ama-amino acid enamathiselwe tRNA ukusho, ngokunembile, ukuze hydroxyl yayo acceptor "umsila". Ngamunye acid Kufanele zihambisana yayo ukudluliswa RNA. Lokhu kulandelwa i-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. It hhayi kuphela okungaqhathaniswa lesifanele acid acid ezokuthutha, futhi ulawula kumiswa ukusabela isibopho ester.

Ngemva yimpumelelo okunamathiselwe ukuphendula tRNA ukuba isayithi wamaprotheni zamagama. Ngalesi ukuqeda izinqubo wokulungiselela futhi ukusakaza kuqala. Izigaba oyinhloko wamaprotheni abalulekile ekudleni biosynthesis:

• Ukuqalwa;
• ukunwebeka;
• ukunqanyulwa.

zamagama isinyathelo: Ukuqalwa

owenza biosynthesis amaprotheni nomthethonqubo yayo kanjani? Ososayensi baye bazama ukuthola isikhathi eside. imicabango eziningi ukubeka phambili, kodwa kwaba imishini yesimanje, ngcono esinakho ukuqonda izimiso wokuhumusha.

Ribosome - oyinhloko endaweni wamaprotheni biosynthesis - mRNA siqala ukufunda kusuka iphuzu lapho kuthathela ingxenye wekhodi a polypeptide chain. Leli phuzu libuye akhiwe kude kusukela ekuqaleni RNA isithunywa. I ribosome kumele ukuthola iphuzu kwi mRNA kuyiphi ukuqala ukufunda, futhi sixhume kuso.

Ukuqaliswa - iqoqo izenzakalo ukunikeza isiqalo ukusakaza. Luhilela amaprotheni (Ukuqalwa izici), kanye ekhethekile umqalisi tRNA umqalisi codon. Kulesi sigaba, subunit encane ribosomal amaprotheni-kuhambisane yokuvula isikweleti. Abavumelekile ukuxhumana nge subunit ezinkulu. Kodwa avunyelwe ukuxhuma umqalisi tRNA futhi GTP.

Khona-ke, lesi eziyinkimbinkimbi "lihlala" phezu mRNA, kuba ingxenye eyamukeleke omunye Ukuqalwa izici. Amaphutha akukwazi, kanye ribosome iqala uhambo lwakhe phezu RNA isithunywa, ukufunda codons wakhe.

Uma eziyinkimbinkimbi kuziwa codon yokuqalisa (Aug), subunit eyeka ukunyakaza futhi ngosizo iprotheni izici ezahlukene abophele subunit ezinkulu ribosomal.

zamagama isinyathelo: ukunwebeka

Ukufunda mRNA zamagama kuhilela ezilandelanayo polypeptide uchungechunge amaprotheni. Uya ngokwengeza olulodwa acid acid izinsalela Kwakhiwa by eyodwa kuya-molecule.

Ngasinye esisha acid acid ezisalayo yengezwe Terminus carboxyl we peptide, C-Terminus lukhula.

zamagama isinyathelo: Ukunqanyulwa

Lapho ribosome ifinyelela stop codon isithunywa RNA, ukuhlanganiswa kwezici polypeptide ngamaketanga inqanyulwe. Phambi kwakhe, i organelle akakwazi ukwamukela yimuphi tRNA. Kunalokho, imbangela ekunqanyulweni izici faka. Bekhipha amaprotheni siphelile kusuka ribosomes okulahlekile.

Ngemva ekunqanyulweni lokuhumusha, ribosome yezimanga ukuya mRNA, noma uqhubeke kwislaydi kanye ke, hhayi ukusakaza.

Umhlangano we ribosome ne entsha umqalisi codon (ku circuit efanayo ngesikhathi phambili ukunyakaza, noma mRNA elisha) kuyoholela Ukuqalwa entsha.

Uma usuqedile engqamuzaneni eshiya indawo avelele biosynthesis amaprotheni, lumakwe futhi ithunyelwa uya khona. Yini imisebenzi ke bazocula, kuye isakhiwo yayo.

inqubo control

Kuye ngezidingo zakho, iseli ngeke ukulawula kokusakaza. Ukulawulwa amaprotheni biosynthesis - umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu. It kungenziwa ngezindlela ezahlukene.

Uma iseli ayidingi uhlobo oluthile lwe-Inthanethi, it uzoyeka biosynthesis RNA - amaprotheni biosynthesis futhi kuphele ukwenzeka. Phela, yonke le nqubo ngeke ukuqala ngaphandle isifanekiso. Futhi mRNA kwamazinyo ubudala ngokushesha.

Kunenye ukulawulwa amaprotheni biosynthesis: iseli ukhiqiza enzyme ukuthi liphazamisane ukugeleza esigabeni yokuvula isikweleti. Bona liphazamisane ukusakaza, ngisho noma ngabe matrix Ukufundwa iyatholakala.

Eyesibili indlela liyadingeka endabeni lapho zamagama amaprotheni ukuvala shaqa manje. Indlela sokuqala sihilela ukuqhubeka ukusakaza evilaphayo isikhathi esithile ngemva kokuqedwa mRNA zamagama.

Ingqamuzana kwakha isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu lapho konke igcinwa kwi-balance sheet kanye lisebenze kahle-molecule ngamunye. Kubalulekile ukwazi izimiso zaleyo nqubo ngamunye esitokisini. Ngakho siyakwazi kangcono ukuqonda ukuthi kwenzekani ezicutshini futhi umzimba iyonke.