Incazelo Hagia Sophia eConstantinople. Umlando ngobuciko izakhiwo WaseByzantium

Lesi sakhiwo ezinkulu yezakhiwo loMfula i-Bosphorus minyaka yonke izivakashi eziningi nezihambi, evela emazweni amaningi futhi ahlukahlukene. Beqhutshwa ayasiqaphela yokuthi incazelo elula we Hagia Sophia eConstantinople okufunda ezincwadini umlando esikoleni akukuniki isithombe okuphelele kwalesi lesikhumbuzo esivelele isiko zezwe lasendulo. Kufanele wazibona ngamehlo akho njalo okungenani kanye esikhathini esithile ekuphileni kwabo.

Komlando wasendulo

Ngisho incazelo enemininingwane iningi Hagia Sophia eConstantinople alinikezi ukugcwala ukuqonda zalesi simo yezakhiwo. Ngaphandle ukuhlaziywa esingaguquguquki ukulandelana nangenkathi, okuyothi lapho kwadingeka adlule, cishe ukuze aphumelele ekubonile ukubaluleka kule ndawo. Ngaphambi wabonakala phambi nathi isimo esifanayo lapho kungabonwa namuhla yizivakashi, amanzi amaningi aye agelezela.

Cathedral ekuqaleni eyakhelwe njengoba iwuphawu eByzantium eliphakeme ngokomoya, amandla obusha bobuKristu, esadaleka ku emanxiweni lasendulo yesine AD leminyaka. Kodwa indaba Hagia Sophia eConstantinople okwaqala ngaphambi kokuwa koMbuso WamaRoma ku ezingxenyeni zasentshonalanga nasempumalanga. Iningi lo muzi, esisogwini umngcele osendaweni obalulekile phakathi eYurophu nase-Asia, sasidinga uphawu enamandla ngobukhulu ngokomoya futhi civilizational. UMbusi Konstantin mina Veliky yayikuqonda lokhu ukudlula noma iyiphi enye. Futhi kuphela amandla nkosi kwakufanele kuqale ukwakhiwa kwalesi sakhiwo grand, okuyinto azange abe analogue endulo. Usuku isisekelo sethempeli phakade ezihambisana enegama kanye ngenkathi yokubusa imithetho yombusi. Ngisho noma abalobi langempela lombhishobhi kwakunabanye abantu ababehlala kamuva kakhulu, phakathi nokubusa koMbusi uJustinian. Emithonjeni yomlando siyazi igama la abaklami ezimbili ezibalulekile kakhulu ezitholakala kule nkathi yakhe. Lokhu ngesiGreki abaklami Anfimov Trallsky futhi u-Isidore eSamo naseMilethu. Is they kwentiwe kokubili nokwakha, kanye ingxenye bokubeka umklamo ofanayo yezakhiwo.

Kanjani ukwakha ithempeli

Incazelo St Sophia Cathedral eConstantinople, ukutadisha izici yalo yayenziwe futhi izigaba ukwakhiwa nakanjani kuholela esiphethweni sokuthi uhlelo yokuqala ukwakhiwa yayo yashintsha kakhulu ngaphansi kwethonya kwezimo ezingafani kwezombusazwe nakwezomnotho. Facilities lokhu isikali kwababekhona ngesikhathi soMbuso WaseRoma kwaze kwaba cha.

zomlando asho ukuthi usuku isisekelo lombhishobhi - iminyaka 324 kusukela esikhathini sokuzalwa kukaKristu. Kodwa lokho esikubonayo namuhla waqala ukwakha cishe emakhulwini amabili eminyaka ngemva kwaleyo dethi. Kusukela izakhiwo lesine, umsunguli okwakukhona Konstantin mina Veliky ezigcinwe kuphela izisekelo futhi abanye babutha izingcezwana eziyizinsalela yezakhiwo. Yayiyini esizeni okwamanje St Sophia Cathedral, wayaziwa njengomuntu Basilica of UConstantine Basilica of uTheodosius. Ngaphambi imithetho phakathi nekhulu lesithupha, uMbusi uJustinian kwadingeka umsebenzi sokwakha into entsha futhi angikaze ngimbone ngaphambi. Iqiniso Kuyamangaza ngempela ukuthi ukwakhiwa ezinkulu lombhishobhi lweminyaka emihlanu kuphela, kusukela kwabaneminyaka engamashumi 532 537. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukwakhiwa enezisebenzi ezingaphezu kweziyisishiyagalombili nokuba eziyishumi ayizinkulungwane luphumelele abavela kulo lonke elase umbuso. On ogwini Bosphorus salokhu ilethwa lemali edingekayo of the izinhlobo ezingcono kakhulu zemabula waseGrisi. Izimali ukwakhiwa uMbusi uJustinian Wasindiswa ngoba esakhiwe nje uphawu yobukhulu isimo Eastern uMbuso WaseRoma kuphela, kodwa lwendlu kuze kube inkazimulo eNkosini. Wayefanele baphathe emhlabeni wonke ukukhanya kokholo lwamaKristu.

Emithonjeni yomlando

Incazelo Hagia Sophia eConstantinople ingatholakala nemilando ngasekuqaleni kokuba khona egcekeni mlando WaseByzantium. Kulawa, kuyacaca ukuthi abantu ayephila nabo ayithinta ongenakucimeka wokulingwa ubuhle nobukhosi lesi sakhiwo.

Abaningi babekholelwa ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukwakha lombhishobhi ngaphandle kokungenela ngqo amabutho saphezulu. I Dome main komkhulu Christian uyithempeli likaMoya lasendulo emhlabeni kwaba ubonakale kude bonke amatilosi e eSea of Marmara, esondela Bosphorus. WAKHE OMFUSHANE Wakhonza njengombonisi beacon okwakungcwele kakhudlwana futhi lifanekiselani. Ngakho ekuqaleni okuhloswe: amasonto WaseByzantium kwakufanele eclipse bemibuso yabo konke yini wakheke kuze kube kubo.

Cathedral Interior

Ukwakheka jikelele isikhala ethempelini kungaphansi kwemithetho wesimethri. Lesi simiso kuye kwaba okubaluleke kakhulu okwamanje yasendulo izakhiwo zethempeli. Kodwa ngo-scope ne-lizinga lekuphumelela Interiors Temple UZandile eConstantinople lingaphezulu kakhulu yini luyakha kuso. Lokho umsebenzi ningabeki isikhubekiso phambi abaklami abakhi kaKesari uJustinian. intando yaKhe kusukela emadolobheni amaningi umbuso ukuqedela amakholomu ethempelini ebesezilungele inikelwe, nezinye izakhi yezakhiwo ethathwe izakhiwo nga pre-existing lasendulo. Nobunzima oluthile kwaqedwa Dome. I grand Dome main zisekelwa emphemeni arched nge amane emafasiteleni, inikeza ukukhanyisa phezulu kuzo zonke izikhala wethempeli. ukunakekelwa Omkhulu sichithiwe altare lombhishobhi, ngesikhathi yomhlobiso wawo wachitha imali ethe zegolide, isiliva nezinyo lendlovu. Ngokwe historiography zaseByzantium izilinganiso zanamuhla wezazi, kuphela uMbusi uJustinian emaqaqasini lombhishobhi uye wachitha eziningana isabelomali ngonyaka yezwe. Ngo kokufuna kwakhe ukuvelela wayefuna ukushaya Temple iTestamente Elidala King likaSolomoni eliseJerusalema vozdvignuvshego. La mazwi ka-enkantolo lombusi zabhalwa izazi-mlando. Futhi kukhona zonke izizathu zokukholelwa ukuthi uMbusi uJustinian zaphumelela ukufaka ngesinyelela inhloso yakhe.

isitayela WaseByzantium

UZandile Cathedral, isithombe okuyinto manje ehlotshiswe imikhiqizo yokukhangisa eziningi ejensi izivakashi, kuyinto samuntu zakudala imperial isitayela WaseByzantium bokwakha. Lokhu isitayela kalula. ngobuhle bakhe omkhulukazi ngokuqinisekile itholakala ngokuba sibuyele emuva emasikweni best of imperial eRoma nesiGreki endulo, kodwa ukudida le izakhiwo okunye akunakwenzeka.

amasonto WaseByzantium kungatholakala kalula nganoma amabanga amade uma liya kusukela eByzantium zomlando. Lo mugqa bokwakha ethempelini futhi namuhla oqavile isitayela yezakhiwo kulo, lapho ngokomlando ubuswa legatsha Orthodox ubuKristu global. Letakhi zinezikhathi umkhatsi omkhulu phezu ngumgogodla ezikhungweni zomsebenzi ukuqedwa kokwakhiwa kanye emphemeni arched ngaphansi. izici ezakhiwo lesi sitayela ziyaphumelela eminyaka futhi esiyingxenye ebalulekile yesiko bokwakha isonto Russian. Namuhla, ngisho bonke bayaqaphela ukuthi umthombo itholakala ezingwini we Bosphorus.

yamatshe esiyingqayizivele

zabuna wonke amazwe omhlaba ka ezobuciko babé imifanekiso kanye yasezindongeni KaMose kusukela ezindongeni St Sophia Cathedral. Uma sibheka ukwakheka kwazo yabo compositional kalula Roman ebonakalayo nesiGreki yohlu lwezincwadi Umdwebo omkhulukazi.

Nemidwebo ye Hagia Sophia uyakhile iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili. Ngaphezu kwazo, izizukulwane eziningana masters kanye eziningi ezikoleni isithonjana imidwebo. KaMose inqubo ngokwalo has a ubuchwepheshe eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa bendabuko tempera Umdwebo usimende ezimanzi. Zonke izici ze-yasezindongeni KaMose adalwe abaculi ngabo kuphela emiyalweni ethile, okuyinto ngeke engaqaliwe. Kwakuwumsebenzi ohamba kancane futhi kuyabiza kakhulu, kodwa izindlela ingaphakathi oNgcwele UZandile ababusi baseByzantium akazisolanga. Kube ndawo ukushesha amakhosi, ngoba lokho wadala, kwaba ukusinda amakhulu amaningi eminyaka. Inselele ethile ekudalweni we yasezindongeni KaMose wadala ukuphakama izindonga nophahla izakhi lombhishobhi. Isibukeli waphoqeleka ukubona izibalo yabangcwele ku eziyinkimbinkimbi ukunciphisa bakuthathe. abadwebi WaseByzantium ngamaphayona okuqala emlandweni art emhlabeni, okwadingeka ukuba acabangele leli isici. Phambi kwabo abe nokuhlangenwe nakho okunjalo akukho muntu omunye. Futhi umsebenzi abasingatha ngokwanele, kungaba manje ifakazela izinkulungwane eziningi izivakashi kanye zezihambeli ezaziya ngonyaka uvakashele Cathedral of St Sophia e Istanbul.

Isikhathi eside yokubusa WaseTurkey yamatshe WaseByzantium ezindongeni esontweni zazikhonkwa ungqimba usimende. Kodwa ngemva nomsebenzi wokuvuselela umhlaba ngemva kwenziwe namathathu banesifo esibi kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, bavela ngakusasa emehlweni cishe njengoba yayinjalo. Futhi namhlanje, Nethempeli St Sophia, izivakashi zingabuka nemidwebo WaseByzantium esibonisa Kristu uMariya okufakwe izingcaphuno etholakala suras ohlotshisiwe iKoran.

I ifa kwesikhathi Islamic emlandweni we restorers lombhishobhi futhi bahlonishwe. Kuyathakazelisa ukuphawula ukuthi abanye abangcwele Orthodox ku KaMose Umfanekiso abadwebi wanikeza zifana portrait kuya mithi elibusayo kanye nabanye abantu abanethonya futhi wakuthola isikhathi sakhe. Emakhulwini eminyaka alandela, lo mkhuba kuyoba evamile ekwakhiweni amasonto ababhishobhi bamaKatolika emizini elikhulu ephakathi eYurophu.

lombhishobhi vaults

UZandile Cathedral, ogama izithombe zithathwa kude osebeni izivakashi Bosphorus, ngalé yayo isici atholwe hhayi okungenani ngenxa kwaqedwa cupola grand. I Dome ngokwayo has a ukuphakama iphansana ngesikhathi ubukhulu umxhwele. isilinganiso esinjalo enkulu esikhathini esizayo lizoshona endaweni efanele ohlwini lwezincwadi ezakhiwo isitayela WaseByzantium. ukuphakama kwalo kusukela ezingeni isisekelo - 51 amamitha. Yena singcono kakhulu ngobukhulu kuphela Renaissance, ekwakhiweni edumile Cathedral of St Peter eRoma.

I imiva Wesigungu St Sophia Cathedral ukunikeza Dome ezimbili hemispherical, esisogwini entshonalanga nasempumalanga Dome main. umumo zayo nezinto yezakhiwo aphindaphindwe futhi ngokuvamile kudala isethi eyodwa Ukwakheka lombhishobhi. Zonke lezi ukutholakala yezakhiwo of Byzantium lasendulo kamuva lisetshenziswa izikhathi eziningi bokwakha isonto, ekwakhiweni amasonto emizini ngenkathi ephakathi eYurophu, bese emhlabeni wonke. Esikhathini Russian Empire, Dome WaseByzantium we Hagia Sophia, zatholakala ngokucacile kakhulu kubonakala ekubukekeni yezakhiwo Kronstadt Naval Cathedral e Kronstadt. Kanye ethempelini edumile loMfula Bosporus, kwakufanele bonyana enze khona isesihlalweni kolwandle zonke amatilosi esondela dolobha, efanekisela nangobukhulu umbuso.

Ukuphela BoMbuso WaseByzantium

Njengoba yaziwa, yimuphi umbuso safinyelela isichume, bese ukuhambisa bebheke nokucekelwa nokwehla. Angizange uyidlule le ukudalelwa, futhi waseByzantium. Eastern kokuwa koMbuso WamaRoma phakathi ngekhulu nanhlanu ngaphansi isisindo siqu ukuphikisana layo langaphakathi futhi icindezeleke kakhulu ezitheni zangaphandle. Muva nje, isevisi yobuKristu Cathedral of St Sophia eConstantinople, May 29, 1453. Lokhu kwaba usuku lokugcina isihloko WaseByzantium uqobo. Eyathatha cishe iminyaka eyinkulungwane umbuso wahlulwa ngalolo suku ukuhlaselwa yoMbuso wase-Ottoman nabaseTurkey. Ababange besaba khona futhi ngokuthi iConstantinople. Manje Istanbul ukuthi emakhulwini amaningana eminyaka yayiyinhloko-dolobha yoMbuso WaseTurkey. Abanqobi komuzi baphuthuma ethempelini ngesikhathi yokukhulekela, zibulawa ngesihluku elise lapho, futhi waphakamisela aphanga ingcebo lombhishobhi. Kodwa-Ottoman-Turks ukubhubhisa isakhiwo ngokwaso ngeke - ethempelini Christian lwaluyoba lamaSulumane. Lesi simo abakwazanga nomthelela ukubukeka kwangaphandle thempeli WaseByzantium.

I Dome nemibhoshongo yabaseTurkey

Phakathi nenkathi WaseTurkey ukubukeka Nethempeli Engcwele Sofia uye washintsha abalulekile. Istanbul kwadingeka ukuba efanele isimo enhlokodolobha mosque main. Yayikhona isakhiwo sesonto ngekhulu nanhlanu uvumelana nalesi Umgomo neze. Imithandazo in mosque kumele senziwe isiqondiso Mecca kuyilapho Orthodox altare ibandla kuthambekele empumalanga. Ottoman-Turks bafeza ukuvuselelwa kwethempeli ithole kubo - wakha buttresses ezimagebhugebhu ukuze isakhiwo mlando ukuze aqinise izindonga umthwalo esindayo futhi wamisa nemibhoshongo yabaseTurkey ezine ezinkulu ngokuhambisana izimiso Islam. Saint UZandile Cathedral Istanbul owayemuhle wayebizwa ngokuthi mosque Hagia Sophia. Engxenyeni eseningizimu-mpumalanga yesifundazwe ingaphakathi Yakhiwa mihrab ngaleyo ndlela ethandaza amaSulumane kumele ibekwe engela eksisi ezaziphase isakhiwo, kokushiya altare lwesokhohlo lwendlu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindonga lombhishobhi zazikhonkwa izithombe. Kodwa kungenzeka ukubuyisela yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, imidwebo eyiqiniso ezindongeni zethempeli. Bayalondolozwa kahle ngaphansi ungqimba usimende ephakathi. Saint UZandile Cathedral Istanbul uhlukile ngenxa yokuthi e ukubukeka kwayo zangaphandle kanye okuqukethwe sangaphakathi ifa eyinkimbinkimbi okwakuthandelene amasiko amabili elikhulu futhi zinkolo ezimbili zomhlaba - ubuKristu Bobu-Orthodox, futhi Islam.

Hagia Sophia Museum

Ngo-1935 kwakhiwa isakhiwo mosque Hagia Sophia kususelwe isigaba ihlelo. Lokhu kuzodinga isimemezelo esikhethekile kaMongameli Turkey , Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Lesi sinyathelo okuqhubekayo uzobuqeda kuya ukuzishaya lesi sakhiwo mlando Abameleli bezinkolo ezahlukene ubuSulumane. Umholi Turkey wayengenza futhi abonisa ibanga zabo kuzo zonke izinhlobo imibuthano kwabefundisi.

Kusukela isabelomali isimo ziye usekelwa futhi kwenziwe nomsebenzi wokuvuselela umhlaba ngemva esakhiweni mlando kanye endaweni ezungeze ke. Ukuze uhlele nengqalasizinda edingekayo yokwamukela ukugeleza enkulu izivakashi ezivela emazweni ahlukahlukene. Okwamanje, Cathedral of St Sophia e Istanbul ingenye ezikhangayo ebaluleke kakhulu izindawo zamasiko nezomlando Turkey. Ngo-1985, ithempeli ezisohlwini UNESCO Site njengenye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu izinto ezibonakalayo emlandweni impucuko womuntu. Thola kule ezikhangayo emzini Istanbul silula - itholakala endaweni eziphambili sultanahmet futhi ubonakale kude.