Imizi yamapula: umlando, incazelo kanye namaqiniso athakazelisayo

Ngisho kumuntu okude nomlando, uma kuziwa emaphandleni amadolobha, inzalo ivuselwa, ngoba ngesikhathi esisodwa into ejwayelekile futhi engavamile iyavela. Izakhiwo zasendulo kunazo zonke, imibiko yabonakala cishe eminyakeni eyinkulungwane eyedlule, ivuliwe emlandweni nasezimfihlweni.

Isikhathi esingavumelekile

Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi okhokho bethu babehlala emaphandleni, okwakungamakhaya futhi indawo yokukhulekela imimoya. Kodwa-ke, ososayensi abavumelani nalo mbono, ngoba izakhiwo zazikhona phansi, hhayi ngaphansi kwalo. Kuze kube manje, lezi zakhiwo azisindanga, futhi konke esikushiye yizintaba ezahloselwe izinkolo zenkolo nezidingo zasekhaya.

Esikhathini sekhulu le-XIX, abavubukuli bathola izikhumbuzo zasendulo, ngenxa yokucabanga okungalungile kwakubizwa ngokuthi "amadolobha omhume". Izindlu zezindela, izindawo zokuhlala ezincane noma izindlu zezinqaba zaziyingxenye eyinhloko, okwakubhekana nokucabangela leli gama ngokomgomo, ngoba abantu abazange bahlale phansi. Kodwa-ke, le ncazelo igxilile kakhulu ezakhiweni eziqashiwe ezakhiwe emadwaleni amancane.

Izakhiwo zeMumyuziyamu eCrimea

Siyazi amagugu omhume eJordani, eTurkey, e-Iran, eChina, e-Spain, eFrance, e-Italy nakwamanye amazwe. Ukubunjwa kwezemvelo okungajwayelekile ukuthi kudonsele ukunakekelwa kwezivakashi ezivela emagumbini ahlukene eplanethi yethu ngemfihlakalo yabo, ngoba awaziwa ukuthi yibaphi abanikazi abangenamagama abadweba ubuciko obuqotho ematshe.

Kodwa-ke, eCrimea, okwakuyiminyaka eminingi kunemiphakathi ehlukene, imimango yamapulazi eyiminyamuziyamu yangempela ngaphansi kwesibhakabhaka evulekile iye yagcinwa. Isikhungo sezakhiwo eziyingqayizivele yiBakchisaray, kanti izivakashi eziphupha ngokuthinta imfihlakalo ziqala kulo muzi. Kuwo wonke umlando wokuba khona, izimo zezakhiwo ezingaqondakali zezikhathi ezedlule kanye nokwakhiwa kobuhlanga bezakhamuzi ziye zashintsha, futhi ithalente labo eliyingqayizivele lihlanganisa nalabo abangezindleko zomsebenzi omkhulu abenza imisebenzi yamatshe emangalisayo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi izikhumbuzo zomlando zaba yizikhungo zezifunda, eduze nalapho kwakuyizindlela zokuhweba ezibalulekile.

Izikhumbuzo zasendulo

Amadolobha aseCrimea emaphandleni, aqoshwe emadwaleni, abantu abakuqala abanakho lutho, futhi abacwaningi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi izikhumbuzo zasendulo zavela ngesikhathi sokubusa koMbuso WaseByzantine. Nakuba abanye ososayensi abangavumelani nale nguqulo, bamemezela ukuthi umlando wezindawo zokuhlala awukwazi ukunciphisa iphethini, futhi zavela ezinhlokweni ezahlukene. Izakhamuzi zemizi enjalo azikwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi izikhali, ngoba imisebenzi yazo eyinhloko kwakuyizohwebo kanye nezolimo, nakuba kungengozini bangathatha izikhali. Kukholelwa ukuthi ekunciphiseni amadolobha omhume alahliwe izakhamuzi eza emva kokuhlasela kweTatar-Mongol esikhathini se-XIII leminyaka.

I-Mangup-Calais

Esezintabeni zaseBabadag, indawo eyingqayizivele enegunya elimangalisayo lalihlala abantu kuze kube sekhulwini le-15, lapho amaTurkey abamba khona. Ososayensi abanombono ovamile mayelana nesikhathi sokubukwa kwendawo. Idolobha elikhulu lama-cave eCrimea Mangup-Kale, elibizwa ngokuthi iDoros, laliyinhloko-dolobha yasendulo yenhloko enamandla kaTheodoro. Ukukhulunywa kokuqala kokuhlala okungavamile kufaka emuva kwekhulu lokuqala BC.

Kutholakala eduze kweqhwa laseBakhchisarai elingenakunqotshwa, eliqoshwe edwaleni, empeleni laliyidolobha langempela lokukhiqizwa kwezimboni, ijele, i-mint, indawo yokuhlala, izindlu zobuKristu nezinye izakhiwo. Manje izivakashi zibona kuphela izibhuqo zendawo yokuhlala enkulu yasendulo, lapho abantu abangaba ngu-150 000 bahlala khona. Emaphandleni amakhulu, lapho umoya wempuphu, ebiza khona izivakashi zaseCrimea, wezwa ngamandla amanga ale ndawo. Lapha kunezinwele ezivuthayo ze-neon ezihamba phezu kwesayithi nokuqedwa emoyeni, futhi lama lamaTibet ahambele iBakchisaray, eqinisekisa ukuthi uzwa amandla amakhulu esikhumbuzo sasendulo.

Eski-Kermen

Wayeka ukuhlala kuwo cishe ngekhulu le-14, umuzi wamagaba wase-Eski-Kermen wawungenye yezinkulu kakhulu futhi ezithuthukisiwe kakhulu. Eqongweni kwentaba, amaphepho angaba ngu-400 ayethunyiwe, ayetjenziswa njengendawo yokuhlala kanye nempahla yokugcina izidingo zomndeni. Kamuva, izakhamuzi zakhiwo eziqinile zakhiwe phansi futhi zizungeze izindonga ezizivikelo. Enhliziyweni yomuzi kwakuyithempeli eliyinhloko, lawo manxiwa ayengabonakala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakunezinye izakhiwo zenkolo, kanye nethempeli likaThhashi amaHhashi amathathu, lapho izindonga zodonga zihlala khona, zifanelwe ukunakwa okukhethekile.

Kuthola amakhilomitha ambalwa ukusuka edolobheni laseRed Poppy Complex, ogama lakhe lihumusha ngokuthi "inqaba yesikhathi esidala", lihlanganisa zonke izivakashi. Lapha, kunezintambo zezakhiwo zomhlaba, ama-casemates, i-necropolis, i-granary, imitha engama-30 ejulile. Abavakashi babheka ngokuzisola esakhiweni, okwakunqunywa entabeni, behlupheka ngaleso sikhathi.

Kungashiwo ukuthi u-Eski-Kermen, olele emanxiweni, umbuso wangempela wamapulangwe ohlinzeka izivakashi zawo ngezakhiwo ezihlukahlukene komhlaba ezingenakwenzeka ukuba wazi ngolunye usuku. Ngokuvamile imibhoshongo yokuzivikela yakhiwa phakathi kwezindonga zezinqaba, futhi lapha imvelo ngokwayo ibambe iqhaza ekuvikelweni kwabantu futhi yenza ama-capes aqoshiwe ahamba ngaphesheya kwe-plateau.

Ososayensi bakhombisa ukuthi izindawo zokuhlala emaphandleni zasendulo zazakhiwa yiByzantium, kodwa akekho owaziyo isikhathi nesizathu sokufa kwakhe. Mhlawumbe kwabhujiswa amasosha aseMongolia.

Chufut-Calais

Isikhungo esikhulu sokuzivikela saseByzantium sabona umuzi wamathoba waseChufut-Kale, usuku oluqondile lwenzeka ngalo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi amaTatar ayibamba ekupheleni kwekhulu le-13, futhi amakhulu amabili eminyaka kamuva inqaba yayiyinhloko-dolobha yokuqala yeKrimean Khanate. Lapha babamba ekuthunjweni abantu abacebile, abacela isihlengo kubo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi phakathi kweziboshwa kwakunabamemezeli baseRashiya kanye ne-Polish hetman abalwa namaCosacks, izitha ezinde isikhathi eside zeCrimean Tatars, kodwa ngisho nalesi simo asizange simsize. UKhan Hadji-Giray akazange ahlukanise noma ubani kwabahlanganyeli nabaphikisi futhi wayefuna isihlengo somuntu wonke. Kodwa umbusi waseRussia uSheremetev, uKazan no-Astrakhan abazange bacele lutho, bachitha iminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-20 ezindongeni zezinqaba.

Lapho amaTatar ephuma edolobheni, kwakhiwa amaKaraite ayegqoke isikhumba. Ntambama bahweba eBakhisharay, futhi kusukela ekuseni kuze kube sekuseni baqapha uChufut-Kale. Izakhamuzi ezintsha zakha esinye udonga, okwenza umuzi wamapulangwe ukwandiswe ngesayizi. Manje wahlukaniswa waba izingxenye ezimbili, futhi ngamunye wayekwazi ukuzimela ngokuzimela. Kwakuyi-sikhathi lapho ithola igama layo, elihumusha ngokuthi "inqaba ephindwe kabili", isikhumbuzo somlando. Ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Anna Ioanovna, amasosha aseRussia abamba iBabhchisaray abhubhisa isakhiwo somhume.

Ngokumangazayo, phakathi nendawo yeChufut-Kale, kwakhiwa indlu yokuqala yokunyathelisa eCrimea, eyaqala umsebenzi wayo ngo-1731. Ngaphakathi komuzi, kwahlelwa izinsizakalo zemikhosi, lapho amakholwa ayebuthene khona, nalabo abaphula imithetho yokuziphatha yomphakathi bazama.

I-Tepe-Kermen

Uma kuziwa emadolobheni omhume, umuntu akanakuhluleka ukusho esinye sezikhumbuzo ezingavamile zomlando wethu. Inqaba yasendulo, ekhumbuza isiqhingi esingasimi, yavela ngekhulu le-VI. Isakhiwo sokuzivikela, esixotshiwe edwaleni, akulula kakhulu ukubhubhisa njengoba kwakhiwe umhlaba. Idolobha elisemaphandleni laseTepe-Kermen, eliqhathaniswa ne-altare elikhulu elikhuphuka ngaphezu kwesigodi, livela kude. Mayelana nobukhulu bayo, ososayensi bahlulelwa ngezinhlaka ezisele, zigcinwe kahle kuze kube yizinsuku zethu.

Lona okuthiwa umuzi ofile, igama langaphambili umlando ongawulondolozi. Kusukela ekhulwini le-11 kuya kweleshumi le-13 ukuhlala kwaqhamuka, okwaba yindawo enkulu emfuleni iKacha River, kodwa kakade ekhulwini le-XIV, ngenxa yokuhlasela okuqhubekayo kwamaTatars, impilo lapha iyafa, kanti izakhamuzi kuphela eziyizindela ezazishiya inqaba eminyakeni eminengi.

Abavubukuli bathole imihume engaphezu kuka-250 yokufakelwa, ehlukile ngesimo nangenhloso. Kuzo kwakukhona izakhiwo zombili zomngcwabo, nezindawo zokugcina izinto zomnotho. Ngendlela, amakamelo amaningi afinyelela ezinkundleni eziyisithupha, futhi kwakungenzeka ukuba afike ezingenhla ezingenhla kuphela kusukela enqabeni yezintaba, kanti nezinkomo eziphansi zagcinwa.

Izindwangu zesakhiwo sasendulo

Amapula amaningi ayevaliwe ngeminyango eyenziwe ngokhuni futhi ehlukaniswe izingxenye ezinkampanini eziningana. Ososayensi bathole isakhiwo esingokwenkolo esingavamile, esasuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu, futhi hhayi eduze kwe-axis, njengokwesiko kumaKristu. Kodwa okuthakazelisayo kunazo zonke ukuthi labo abakhiwa bengazi ukuthi banqamule ngefasitela ngemfihlo: ngezinsuku zePhasika ukukhanya kwehla ukuze uhlaka lwesiphambano luvele odongeni.

Okumangalisa nangokumamatheka, okukhumbuza ukuma kwe-sundial, okusho ngokucwaninga kwabacwaningi, ihlanganisa wonke amandla negunya lomuzi wasendulo owonakele.

Multi-storey complex Vardzia

Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi iCrimea ingaziqhenya ngezinto eziyingqayizivele, ukuvakashelwa kwayo okujabulisa umcabango. EGeorgia, i-Vardzia itholakala - idolobhana lamapulangwe iNdlovukazi yaseTamara, libhekwa njengesivakashi saseMecca. Kubonakala cishe emakhulwini ayisishiyagalombili eminyaka edlule, itholakala e-monolith yentaba. Futhi lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi yezimboni eziningi, ngaphakathi lapho kunezitaladi, izitebhisi, imigudu. Amakamelo angamakhulu ayisithupha axhunywe yizingxenye eziyimfihlo, efinyelela ekuphakameni kwezindlu eziyisishiyagalombili nendawo edwaleni ngamamitha angu-50.

Umuzi, ohlala kubantu abangaba ngu-20 000, ugcwalise nomsebenzi wezinto ezingokomoya, ngoba kwakuyizindwendwe, phakathi nendawo abadwebi abadweba iSonto Lombono We-Virgin. Ezingxenyeni zezakhiwo zenkolo zama frescos amahle ezenziwe ngekhulu le-XII zagcinwa. Kukhona umlando othi iNdlovukazi uTamara ingcwatshwa lapha.

Lapho iVardzia ihlupheka ngenxa yokuzamazama komhlaba, umuzi wamaphandlu waphela waba yinqaba engenakunqotshwa, futhi ngemva kokuhlasela kweMongolia kwawela ekutheni. Namuhla, isikhumbuzo sezomlando simenyezelwa njengamamyuziyamu-alondoloze.

Ukuthinta izwe lokhokho

Amadolobha omhume agcina izimfihlo eziningi angalinganiswa nalokho okushiwo ngokomlando nezinqaba zasendulo. Ukuvakashela izakhiwo zasendulo nokuthinta umhlaba okhokho bethu ngeke ushiye noma ubani ongenandaba. Abaningi bafisa ukufunda izimfihlo zezinto ezidumile kakhulu futhi bajike ema-eras adlule, futhi labo abaye bavakashela izakhiwo zezakhiwo bavuma ukuthi bathole umbono ongasoze wawukhohlwa.