Imithi waseGibithe lasendulo iChina neNdiya. Emlandweni wezokwelapha

Izifo ezikhona kakhulu isintu, okusho ukuthi ngaso sonke isikhathi abantu badinga usizo lochwepheshe onolwazi. imithi sidilizwa yanda kancane kancane futhi isidlulile ibanga elide, zigcwele amaphutha enkulu futhi Isivivinyo unamahloni, ngezinye izikhathi isekelwe kuphela inkolo. Yodwa a ngcosana of isisindo abantu basendulo bakwazi ukuphuma ukuqaphela kwethu ekuxhakathisweni ukungazi ukunikeza esintwini okwatholwa okukhulu emkhakheni wezokwelapha, ezichazwe azibhala, ama-encyclopedia papyrus.

imithi basendulo baseGibithe

imithi basendulo baseGibithe isibe sombuso ulwazi ukuze odokotela lasendulo, ye-Afrika naseMpumalanga Ephakathi, kodwa kwaqala kukhona ezindaweni eziningi eMesophothamiya, lapho isivele ngonyaka 4000 BC, kwadingeka odokotela lwabo lwezokwelapha. imithi sidilizwa eGibhithe, ehlanganisa izinkolelo nokubona zomzimba womuntu. Udokotela wokuqala kanye umsunguli Imgotepa ukholwa, nakuba somlando omdala waseGibhithe lasendulo usanda kuphela wabonisa iqiniso lokuthi wayekhona yayo (2630-2611 BCE ...) Sekungamakhulu amaningi eminyaka lalibhekwa unkulunkulu wamanga. Lo muntu wayengumngane wayeyisazi isikhathi sakhe, uLeonardo da Vinci Ephakathi. Ulwazi oluyisisekelo isakhiwo womuntu kwabaseGibhithe kuqeda nokugqumisa abafileyo - ngisho khona, sezwa ukuthi inhliziyo kanye nobuchopho izitho ezibaluleke kakhulu.

Zonke izifo kwezokwelapha baseGibhithe lasendulo zahlukaniswa amakamu amabili: emvelo futhi yamademoni (kwemvelo). Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa yizifo ezihlobene nokungabikho yokulimala, ukungondleki kahle namanzi izinga abampofu, izimuncagazi emathunjini, noma izimo zezulu ezingezinhle. qikelela sakhokhwa umzimba inhlanzeko ngokomthetho, umuntu ngamunye kwadingeka adlule njalo ezinyangeni ezintathu Yiqiniso wokugeza wokugaya ukudla (enemas, emetics futhi laxatives).

izimbangela angaphezu kwawemvelo babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli eyayi nemimoya okubi, amademoni nokusebenzelana ukungenela onkulunkulu: izindlela yokuxosha amademoni phakathi kwezakhi zenhlabathi ephansi yabantu bakhona sisikhulu futhi lapho ngenxa abapristi. Futhi basebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokupheka nemifino ebabayo - kukholakala ukuthi axoshe imimoya. nemiyalelo Ubude ku arsenal yezokwelapha zasendulo kwakuwukuthi mayelana 700, futhi cishe bonke of them were odabuka yemvelo:

- yemifino: anyanisi, izinsuku, amagilebhisi, emhlophe, poppy, Lotus Exige;

- amaminerali sulphur, ubumba, okuhola nitrate kanye antimony;

- izingxenye izilwane: imisila yawo, izindlebe, amathambo ogayiwe kanye imisipha, izindlala, ngezinye izikhathi esetshenziswa izinambuzane.

Kwakuvele kwaziwa ayelapha umhlonyane namafutha ocolisekileyo, uwoyela yefilakisi imbewu kanye Aloe.

Imithombo esiyinhloko papyrus wezokwelapha lwaseGibhithe lasendulo kubhekwe ucwaningo, imibhalo yaseGibhithe futhi sarcophagi, ezidunjini ezomisiwe nezilwane. Ngaphambi isikhathi sethu ngesimo sokuqala walondoloza papyrus eziningana imithi:

• Papyrus Brugsch - umbhalo wesandla omdala of Pediatrics. Kuhlanganisa yokufundisa, etshela impilo yezingane, abesifazane, kanye nezindlela ekwelapheni izifo.
• Papyrus Ebers - liyakhuluma ngokuphela izifo kwezitho ezahlukene, kodwa uqukethe izibonelo eziningi zemithandazo nemizi (ngaphezu kuka-900 zokupheka ezifweni wokugaya ukudla, izinhlelo zokuphefumula kanye kwegazi, izifo esweni futhi indlebe). Lo msebenzi yesayensi Sekuyisikhathi eside kubhekwe encyclopedia yezokwelapha wabelaphi lasendulo.
• Kahunsky-papyrus - kuhlanganisa indatshana ku zabesifazane kanye wezilwane, kulesi simo, ngokungafani Kweminye imiqulu, ngokuyisisekelo mahhala kokuhileleka enkolweni.
• Papyrus Smith - Ababhali bawo bakholelwa Imgotepa. Lichaza 48 amacala zokwelapha ukubheduka. Imininingwane ihlukile - kusukela izimpawu nezindlela zocwaningo nezincomo yokwelapha.

Kwezokwelapha baseGibhithe lasendulo esetshenziswa scalpels kuqala futhi amashiya, esibukweni lesizalo catheters. Lokhu kusikisela ezingeni eliphezulu nobuchwepheshe bale odokotela-odokotela abahlinzayo, yize ziphansi e ikhono abaphulukisi Indian.

The main imithi Indian

imithi Indian izikhathi lasendulo lalithembele umthombo ezimbili elihle: ikhodi imithetho Manu kanye nesayensi-Ayurveda, nesuka Vedas - imibhalo engcwele ngesi-Sanskrit endala. I ukuphinda ulande olunembile kakhulu futhi ephelele iphepha lalotshwa udokotela Indian Sushruta. Kuyo bachazwa izimbangela zezifo (doshas ezintathu ukungalingani kanye izindlela aqukethe umzimba womuntu), izincomo ekwelapheni ezingaphezu kuka-150 izifo ezihlukahlukene, ngaphezu, mayelana 780 echazwe amakhambi okwelapha futhi izitshalo, inikeza ulwazi isicelo sabo. Ngokukhethekile ikhokhelwa ukuze sitholakele isakhiwo womuntu: ukuphakama kanye nesisindo, yobudala kanye nesimo, indawo, Ububanzi bemisebenzi. odokotela Indian kubhekwe kuyisibopho ukuba aphathe lesi sifo futhi uqede nezimbangela zayo, okuyinto kubabeka phezulu Olympus Medical. Ngesikhathi amakhono efanayo kuhlinzwa gade banesono, naphezu ukuhlinzwa yimpumelelo ukususa amatshe atholakala enyongweni, esigabeni cesarean, futhi rhinoplasty (okuyinto ziphoqa, sibonga omunye kwezijeziso - ukusika ekhaleni nezindlebe). Babalelwa ku-200 amathuluzi okuhlinza inherited it kusukela ochwepheshe lwanamuhla eNdiya.

imithi Indian bendzabuko wabelane nakanjani ngesikhathi imiphumela yabo emzimbeni:

- ukuhlanza futhi laxatives;

- Ugqozi opholile;

- emafektri okugqilazwa;

- ukuthuthukisa ukugaya;

- izidakamizwa (kusetshenziswa njenge-izinzwa ekuhlinzeni).

Yokwakheka ulwazi abelaphi abangu insufficiently athuthukile, kodwa odokotela ahlukaniswe umzimba womuntu imisipha 500 24 ezinzwa amathambo 300 nezitsha 40 ehola okuyinto yena, ihlukaniswe amagatsha 700, 107 compounds ngokuhlanganyela kanye ezingaphezu kuka-900 nemisipha. A lot of ukunakwa ngesikhathi futhi zikhokhelwe esimweni sengqondo iziguli - Ayurveda ebheka khona ukuthi iningi zonke izifo livela ukungasebenzi isimiso sezinzwa. ulwazi Ngakho olubanzi - kokubili imithi eNdiya yasendulo - benza abelaphi kulelizwe kuthandwa kakhulu phesheya.

Ukuthuthukiswa wezokwelapha China lasendulo

imithi sidilizwa Eastern umsuka ngekhulu lesine BC, omunye azibhala kuqala ku izifo kubhekwe "Huang Di-Nei Jing", futhi Huang - yigama umsunguli isiqondiso Chinese kwezokwelapha. AmaShayina, ama-like amaNdiya, ukuthi umuntu yakhiwa izakhi emihlanu, ukungalingani okuholela izifo ezihlukahlukene, kunemininingwane eminingi futhi utsheliwe ku "i-Nei Jing", okusho ekhulwini 8th Van Bin siwulingise.

лунь», повествующего о методах лечения лихорадок различного типа, а Хуа То – хирург, начавший использовать швы в полостных операциях и анестезию опием, аконитом и коноплей. Chzhan Chzhun Jing - udokotela wamaShayina, umbhali wencwadi indatshana "Shang Han Lun tsza bin", indaba mayelana nezindlela zokwelashwa nezinhlobo ezahlukene ukushisa komzimba, futhi Hua Tuo - ohlinzayo, baqala ukusebenzisa sutures ekusebenzeni besisu futhi izinzwa opium, Aconite futhi insangu.

Ukuze ekwelapheni izifo ezihlukahlukene odokotela selivele lisetshenziselwa camphor, garlic, ginger lemongrass, amaminerali idwala ikakhulukazi wamukela isibabule mercury magnesium antimony. Kodwa endaweni kokuqala kwaba ukuthi, yebo, Ginseng - impande yalesi ezikhulekelwa futhi inyatheliswe isisekelo yawo izinhlobo eziningi zezidakamizwa.

Ukuziqhenya esikhethekile Odokotela bamaShayina kwaba ishayela uphethwe: ukwanda kwezingodo kwenhliziyo olukhombisa uhlelo esebenzayo kakhulu abakaze, futhi ababuthaka ngakanye, kunalokho, ufakaze yokuntula umsebenzi. Odokotela bamaShayina ukuhlukanisa engaphezu kwengu-20 izinhlobo ishayela. Bafika-ke isiphetho lowo nalowo mtimba nayo yonke inqubo emzimbeni bukaJehova kubonakala ishayela, futhi ushintsho amaphuzu ambalwa zokugcina, awukwazi kuphela ukuchaza isifo womuntu, kodwa futhi ukubikezela umphumela wayo. Wang Shu-Lowo wabhala "Treatise-pulse 'ngemininingwane enkulu zonke ezichazwe.

Njengoba China - lapho kudabuka khona ukutshopa futhi moxibustion iphuzu. Izincwadi zomlando ukhulume abelaphi Bian-ESIKHONA futhi Fu Wen, nombhali indatshana kulezi zindlela. Ngo imisebenzi yabo zichaza amakhulu amaphuzu eziphila abakhuthele emzimbeni womuntu, ezithinta ngubani okwazi ukwelapha ngokuphelele yisiphi isifo.

Okuwukuphela isixhumanisi buthaka imithi yamaShayina yasendulo - kuyinto ukuhlinzwa. Ngo Celestial Empire cishe kusetshenziswe izindlela nokwelashwa ukwa (isayithi isilonda zabeka phakathi slats amabili ngokhuni) kungukuthi wayekwenza cupping kanye ukunqunywa.

wemithi

Labo wabhekwa njengongento uHippocrates (ngesiGreki. Ippokratis), udokotela yamaGreki asendulo esizukulwaneni 17, owayehlala 460 BC futhi kwasho ukuqala ukuthuthukiswa imithi eRoma yasendulo. Isithembiso yezokwelapha abadumile kokuba uphethe ehhovisi - "Isifungo Hippocratic" - lena brainchild yakhe. UYise udokotela omkhulu Heraclides wayebuye abe usosayensi ezivelele Fenareta unina owayenguFakazi, umbelethisi. Abazali bami benza konke okusemandleni abo ukuba eminyakeni engamashumi amabili nendodana yabo kwadingeka inkazimulo udokotela okuhle, futhi wathola Ukuqalwa ku abapristi, ngaphandle okuyinto umkhuba omuhle emkhakheni wezokwelapha kungaba kungabaza.

Inhlanganiso yocezuningi in search of ukwelashwa ezahlukene ngempumelelo sebehambele amazwe amaningi aseMpumalanga, futhi ngemva kokubuyela ekhaya, wasungula isikole sokuqala yezokwelapha, ngokubeka iyahola isayensi, hhayi inkolo.

I ifa okudala lokhu ubuhlakani omkhulu kangangokuthi umshicileli unomphela imisebenzi yakhe Charterius wachitha amane-ukuphrinta yakhe (!) Iminyaka. Abangaphezu kwekhulu yemisebenzi yakhe ziqoqwa elilodwa "Hippocratic Collection" futhi "Aphorisms" yakhe namanje bayindlala kakhulu.

Odokotela edume kakhulu emhlabeni ubudala

Baningi odokotela enkulu kwezokwelapha lasendulo owenziwa kule into isayensi yabo siqu, enika okhokho babo imibono yokuzihlola, observation and ucwaningo.

1. uDioscorides, ngesiGreki udokotela 50 AD leminyaka. e., nombhali indatshana "Materia Medica" kuba ebhukwinitifundvo okuholela ku kwemithi ngokuphelele kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-16.

2. Klavdiy uGalen - Usosayensi wemvelo Roman, umbhali we imisebenzi eminingi ezimileni ezisetshenziselwa ukwelapha, izindlela yokusetshenziswa yabo futhi kukhiqizwe lesengililungiselele. Zonke amanzi kanye notshwala isithako nomuthi, Iziphungo futhi sicashunwa izitshalo ezihlukahlukene namanje ngokubizwa ngegama "herbal". Nguye owaqala afeze izivivinyo ezilwaneni.

3. Harun al-Rashid - umbusi Arab, ngowokuqala ukwakha esibhedlela sikahulumeni eBaghdad.

4. Paracelsus (1493-1541) - udokotela Swiss, ngubani kubhekwa umsunguli yesimanje amakhemikhali imithi. Ebucayi uGalen nayo yonke imithi lasendulo iyonke, bakubheka njengobuthakathaka ayizwakali.

5. Li Shizhen - onguchwepheshe emkhakheni wezokwelapha we-East Lasendulo, udokotela Chinese kwekhulu le-16, umlobi "Kubaluleka yezemithi." Umsebenzi ehlanganisa amavolumu 52, cishe 2000 uchaza ukuthaka imithi, okungcono Lokudabuka isitshalo. Umbhali umelana ngokuqinile ukusetshenziswa amaphilisi mercury-based.

6. Muhammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (865-925) - usosayensi Persian, isazi semvelo, ubizwa njengengqalabutho emkhakheni wezifo zengqondo kanye psychology. Ubuqambi lokhu udokotela oluvelele kungokwalabo adumile "Al-Hawi" - incwadi olunzulu imithi, ephumela emhlabeni izisekelo zamehlo, ukusebenza kwayo nezifo zabesifazane kanye zokubelethisa. Razi uye wafakazela ukuthi izinga lokushisa - yokusabela kuya isifo.

7. Avicenna (Ibn Sina) - genius isikhathi sakhe. Ekuqaleni kusuka Uzbekistan, nombhali "Canon of Medicine" - i-encyclopedia, lapho ambalwa iminyaka, abanye odokotela abaqeqeshiwe amakhono wezokwelapha. Wayekholelwa ukuthi yisiphi isifo ingelapheka ngu umsoco ofanele kanye yokuphila ngokulinganisela.

8. Asclepiades iBithiniya - udokotela ngesiGreki owaphila 1st ekhulwini BC. Umsunguli ukuze athole ukwelashwa komzimba (Physiotherapy, massage) kanye Dietetics, ngokuthi besikhathi begodu abazolandela ukulinganisela phakathi impilo umzimba nomoya. Wathatha izinyathelo kuqala umuthi yamangqamuzana, ngokokuqala kuyinto kumnandi.

9. Sun Simiao - udokotela wamaShayina Tian lwamakhosi, wabhala umsebenzi imiqulu engu-30. "Inkosi izidakamizwa" - igama wayeyisazi oye negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni izindaba wezokwelapha. Wakhomba ukubaluleka umsoco futhi ukuxubana kwesokudla imikhiqizo. Ukusungulwa kwe-zifana neziqhumane - liphinde credit wakhe.

Njengoba ezikhathini zasendulo kuka iphathwa

Medicine zezwe lasendulo, naphezu kwakho konke wayeyisazi odokotela bodumo, ubelokhu pretty amangalisayo. Nokho, uzenzela isinqumo. Nazi amaqiniso ambalwa ethakazelisayo izindlela zokwelashwa:

1. Indlela uvalo nokunyanyisa ukugula ngenkuthalo wayekwenza eBhabhiloni lasendulo: ukuthi isifo kwesokunxele ndoda, yena yondliwa waphuzisa kudoti ezingavamile, amkhafulela, futhi wanika cuffs. Lokhu "elapheke" ngokuvamile iholela isifo entsha (akumangalisi).

2. Egypt lapho iNkosi uHammurabi imithi kwaba ushintsho olukhulu ngempela ibhizinisi eziyingozi, njengoba omunye imithetho yenkosi umelaphi wathembisa ukufa uma isiguli wakhe ufa etafuleni yokusebenza. Ngakho-ke iziphonso wasebenzisa ngaphezulu nemithandazo okuye ochazwe ezibhebheni 40 nobumba.

3. Abapristi baseGibhithe kwesokunxele isiguli ukulala ethempelini, lonkulunkulu bekumele avele iphupho kuye futhi ukumemezela indlela yokwelashwa, kanye nesono yena wajeziswa isifo.

4. Ayikho kancane umxhwele nokuhlinzwa Ancient Greece. Lapha sadlala wonke kokwethula imisebenzi, lapho udokotela kuvezwa unkulunkulu okucashile wezokwelapha Asclepius. Ngezinye izikhathi ngo inkambo, iziguli ziye zafa - kakhulu kusukela eside tirades abukise kunalokho okufunda ukuntula kwakhe ikhono ukukhweza udokotela.

5. Njengoba ligcwele ukusakaza "isithuthwane" isifo iphathwa Dope, ukuphupha nomhlonyane.

6. EGibhithe naseMesophothamiya ngokuvamile yamba izimbobo ugebhezi (ngezinye izikhathi nakakhulu) ukuze akhulule nesineke migraine kubangelwa umoya omubi.

7. Isifo sofuba ziphathwe izidakamizwa, wenza yokukhanya impungushe inyoka inyama, ofakwe opium.

8. panacea kubhekwe theriac (isiphuzo izingxenye 70) netshe zefilosofi.

Ephakathi: ekuncipheni imithi

Impahla enkulu kakhulu ekwelapheni Ephakathi kwaba ukwethulwa Ilayisense eyimpoqo imithi: umthetho ayeqale ayise yinkosi yeSisili, Roger II, futhi kamuva wacosha England, kwakheka 15 inhlangano ekhulwini odokotela abahlinzayo nababulala bezinwele (owayevame benza nomkhuba wokuchitha igazi ezigulini) neFrance ne College of St. Como. Thina baqala ukuvela ngokucacile futhi ifomu eningiliziwe emayelana nemfundiso kaZiqu zezifo ezithathelwanayo namakhambi ukunakekelwa kwezempilo imikhuba. Gi De Sholyak, udokotela ohlinzayo angadle ngabuhle obutheni kwekhulu le-14, kuye iqhutshelwe phambili ekuvimbeleni "bakhohlisi" ukwelapha abantu, wasikisela izindlela ezintsha ekubhekaneni waphuka (traction isisindo, ukusetshenziswa isihlilingi amabhandeshi, suturing emaphethelweni amanxeba evulekile).

NgeNkathi Ephakathi babe indlala ajwayelekile njalo, izitshalo abampofu, ephoqa abantu ukuba udle ukudla osekonakele, i- "ihlelo umzimba okumsulwa" kwaba ngo Doghouse. Lezi zici ezimbili nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni izifo ezithathelwanayo: imfiva, bhubhane ingxibongo, isifo sofuba nochoko. inkolelo Unbreakable e amandla okwelapha le "Halloween" futhi cantrip (lapho abelaphi ulwazi wesimanje inqatshelwe ngokuphelele) sokucasuka ukuthuthukiswa nakakhulu izifo ukuthi wazama aphathe emikhosini yenkolo Intshumayelo. Izinga lokufa izikhathi eziningana ephakeme ukwedlula lokuzalwa izinga yokuphila kanye neminyaka okulindeleke akuvamile kudlulwe engamashumi amathathu.

Ithonya lenkolo emithi

Ngo-China ne-India, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokukholwa onkulunkulu kungaphazamisi ukuthuthukiswa izindaba wezokwelapha: intuthuko esekelwe kugcinwa umuntu wemvelo, umthelela izitshalo ngesimo sempilo yakhe, kwakufanele izindlela ezidumile asebenzayo isipiliyoni zezibalo. EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani okunalokho-ze, ukwesaba ulaka lukaNkulunkulu usike ihlumela yonke imizamo ososayensi nodokotela ukuze asindise abantu kusukela ukungazi.

Ukushushiswa ngokwenkolo, inhlamba, nemikhankaso ngokumelene baqede kwadingeka ngesilinganiso omkhulu: noma imuphi usosayensi ababezama ukukhuluma esivuna isizathu futhi ngokumelene intando sokuphulukiswa, wahlushwa futhi izinhlobo ezahlukene nokubulawa (kwaba kabanzi ezizenzakalelayo ukusabalala) - ukuba asabise abantu abavamile. Ucwaningo komzimba womuntu kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso isono esibulalayo okuyiwona isijeziso ukuthi kucatshangwa.

Futhi, ethile enkulu indlela esikoleni ukwelashwa nekufundzisa etikolweni ezingavamile wezokwelapha: Zonke izifushaniso kumele ngokungenamibandela wamukela okholweni, ngezinye izikhathi ngeke kokuba ngesikhathi esiqinile nokuphika engaguquki isipiliyoni abeyizuzile futhi ukungakwazi ukusebenzisa logic of the umphumela esisebenzayo mayelana "cha" abaningi ipumelelo genius yesimanjemanje.

Lapho odokotela abaqeqeshiwe endulo?

Izikole lokuqala wezokwelapha e China avele kuphela 6th AD leminyaka, ngaphambi kwalokhu art ephulukisa yakhipha kumfundisi ukuba umfundi ngomlomo. isimo sezinga esikoleni kuqala wavula ngo 1027, uthisha ayo aqavile kwaba uWang Wei futhi.

ENdiya, indlela okudluliswa kokwaziswa ngomlomo kumfundisi ukuba umfundi kwaze kwaba ngekhulu le-18, nenqubo yokukhetha babenesandla esiqinile kakhulu: udokotela kwadingeka ukuba ambonise umfuziselo ngendlela enempilo futhi babe sezingeni leliphakeme ukukhalipha, wazi kahle biology kanye ne-chemistry, kungakuhle kakhulu guided izitshalo zokwelapha futhi izindlela ukulungiselela potions kufanele ifaniswe. Inhlanzeko kanye Ukucoceka babesendaweni kuqala.

EGibhithe lasendulo, ukonakaliswa abapristi abaqeqeshiwe emathempelini, kuyilapho ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa kuhlawuliswa abafundi zokunganaki. In parallel umuthi wayehamba ukufunda calligraphy kanye mpendulo, udokotela oqeqeshwayo ngamunye ayengowesifazane lombhalo ethile futhi isonto, okuyinto wathola imali esikhathini esizayo ukwelapha isiguli.

IMisa ukuqeqeshwa imithi ngezinga elikhulu lwaluqala eGrisi lasendulo futhi ihlukaniswe yaba kwamagatsha amabili:

1. esikoleni sobudokotela Croton. umqondo wayo lomkhulu kwaba okulandelayo mqondo: Usizo - lokhu ukulinganisela eziphikisanako, futhi lesi sifo baphathwe ngokuyisisekelo okuphambene (okumunyu - amnandi, abandayo - efudumele). Omunye wabafundi kulesi sikole kwaba Akmeon, wathola izwe komsele indlebe kanye nezinzwa optic.

2. School of eKinidu. ulwazi zalo eziyisisekelo zazifana izimfundiso Ayurveda: umzimba wenyama yakhiwa izakhi eziningana, Ukungadli eholela isifo. Lesi sikole sathuthuka yokusebenza nesikhathi odokotela waseGibhithe, ngakho kwakhiwa siphethe ngokuthini ngemfundiso yokuthi izimpawu futhi uphethwe. Evrifon, umfundi kulesi sikole, sikhathi sinye sikaHippocrates.

Izifungo kadokotela

Ngokokuqala ngqá isifungo yabhalwa iphepha 3 ekhulwini BC UHippocrates, kanti ngaphambi kwalokho isikhathi eside adluliselwa ngomlomo isuka kwesinye isizukulwane iye. Kukholakala ukuthi lokuqala yayo wathi Asclepius.

Modern Hippocratic Izifungo kakade kude yokuqala: amazwi yakhe yashintsha kaningi kuye isikhathi ubuzwe, okokugcina ke uhlanekezelwe kakhulu e-1848, lapho Geneva kwamenyezelwa inguqulo entsha kwenkulumo. Cishe isigamu umbhalo abaye bafa:

- nesithembiso ungalokothi ukwenza izisu kanye nezinqubo castration;

- ngaphansi kwezimo do hhayi ukubulawa kwesiguli;

- isithembiso ukungalokothi azolala isiguli;

- Akufanele neze neze kufanele uphonsa isithunzi sabo, nokugwema izenzo ezingekho emthethweni;

- ingxenye yeholo labo ukuphila zokunika uthisha noma esikoleni, abaqeqeshiwe wezokwelapha udokotela icala.

Yalezi zinto kukhombisa indlela okunika ngayo imithi yesimanje kuye kwanciphisa ibha kuyisiphazamiso esimisweni sokuhle nokubi udokotela njengomuntu ongokomoya kakhulu, kusale kuphela imisebenzi eyisisekelo - ekusizeni abaswele.