I-Nagorno-Karabakh. Umlando kanye nenhloko yenkinga

I-Nagorno-Karabakh yisifunda saseTranscaucasia, okuyindawo esemthethweni ye-Azerbaijan. Ngesikhathi sokuwa kwe-USSR, kwakukhona ukuphikisana kwezempi, njengoba izimpande zase-Armenia zineziningi kakhulu ezakhamuzi zaseNagorno-Karabakh. Okuyinhloko yezingxabano ukuthi i-Azerbaijan yenza izidingo ezifanele kule ndawo, kodwa-ke, izakhamuzi zalesifunda zivame ukuhlasela i-Armenia. Ngo-Meyi 12, 1994, i-Azerbaijan, i-Armenia ne-Nagorno-Karabakh yavuma isimiso esasungula lesi sivumelwano, okwaholela ekuqothulweni okungahambisani nomthetho endaweni yokulwa.

Ukuvakasha kumlando

Imithombo yasendulo yase-Armenia ithi i-Artsakh (igama lesi-Armenia lasendulo) likhulunywe okokuqala ekhulwini le-8 BC. Ngokwalo mthombo, i-Nagorno-Karabakh yayiyingxenye ye-Armenia ngisho naseMpumalanga Ephakathi. Ngenxa yezimpi zokunqoba zaseTurkey nase-Iran kule nkathi, ingxenye ephawulekayo yase-Armenia yaba ngaphansi kwala mazwe. Amakhomishana ase-Armenia, noma i-melikstva, ngaleso sikhathi ayesensimini ye-Karabakh yanamuhla, agcina isimo esizimele.

I-Azerbaijan ithatha umbono wayo kule ndaba. Ngokomcwaningi wendawo, iKarabakh ingenye yezindawo zakudala kakhulu zomlando zezwe labo. Igama elithi "Karabakh" ngesi-Azerbaijani lihunyushwe kanje: "gara" lisho black, futhi "bug" kuyinto ingadi. Kakade ekhulwini leshumi le-16, kanye nezinye izifundazwe, iKarabakh yayiyingxenye yombuso waseSafavid, futhi kamuva waba yiKhanate elizimele.

I-Nagorno Karabakh ngezikhathi zoMbuso WaseRussia

Ngo-1805, iKarabakh khanate yayingaphansi kombuso waseRussia, futhi ngo-1813 i-Nagorno-Karabakh nayo yaba yingxenye yeRussia ngaphansi kweSivumelwano Sokuthula seGyulistan. Khona-ke, ngokuvumelana nesivumelwano seTurkmenchay, kanye nesivumelwano esiphethwe edolobheni lase-Edirne, ama-Armenia athunjelwa esuka eTurkey nase-Iran futhi afakwa ezindaweni zaseNorthern Azerbaijan, kuhlanganise naseKarabakh. Ngakho-ke, inani lala mazwe livela emvelaphi yase-Armenia.

E-USSR

Ngo-1918, iRiphabhlikhi yaseDemocratic Republic yase-Azerbaijan esanda kudala yalawula phezu kweKarabakh. Cishe kanyekanye, iRiphabhulikhi yase-Armenia idinga lesi sifundazwe, kodwa i-ADR ayiboni lezi zimangalo . Ngo-1921, insimu yaseNagorno-Karabakh enegunya lokuzimela ngokubanzi ifakwe ku-Azerbaijan SSR. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, uKarabakh wathola isimo sesifunda esizimele (NKAR).

Ngo-1988, uMkhandlu Wezidunankulu we-Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region ucela iziphathimandla ze-AzSSR kanye ne-Armenian Soviet Socialist Republics futhi iphakamisa ukudlulisela insimu ephikisanayo e-Armenia. Lesi sicelo asizange sinikezwe, ngenxa yalokho umvuthwandaba wokubhikisha owadabula emadolobheni aseNagorno-Karabakh. Izibonakaliso zokubambisana nazo zenziwa eYerevan.

Isimemezelo sokuzimela

Ngasekupheleni kwekwindla ka-1991, lapho iSoviet Union isiqalile ukuwa, isimemezelo samukelwa esifundeni sase-Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous, esamemezela iRiphabhlikhi yase-Nagorno-Karabakh. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphezu kwe-NKAR, ingxenye yensimu ye-AzSSR yangaphambili yayifakwe kwisakhiwo sayo. Ngokomphumela wokubuyiselwa okwenziwa ngoDisemba 10 wonyaka ofanayo eNagorno-Karabakh, abantu abangaphezu kuka-99% bendawo bavotele ukuzimela okuphelele ku-Azerbaijan.

Kusobala ukuthi lokhu kubhekwa akuzange kubonwe yiziphathimandla zase-Azerbaijan, futhi isenzo sokumemezela sasibizwa ngokuthi asikho emthethweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uBaku wanquma ukuqeda ukuzimela kweKarabakh, okwakuyizikhathi zaseSoviet. Noma kunjalo, inqubo yokubhubhisa isivele iqalile.

Ingxabano yaseKarabakh

Ngenxa yokuzimela kwe-republic, abantu base-Armenia bavuka, okuyinto i-Azerbaijan yazama ukuyiphikisa. I-Nagorno-Karabakh yathola ukusekelwa yi-Yerevan esemthethweni, nakwezinye izizwe ezivela kwamanye amazwe, ngakho-ke amabutho aphumelela ukuvikela lesi sifundazwe. Kodwa-ke, iziphathimandla zase-Azerbaijani zakwazi ukulawula izindawo eziningana, ezaqala ukumenyezelwa njengengxenye ye-NKR.

Inhlangothi ngayinye ephikisanayo iveza izibalo zayo zokulahleka emgumbini weKarabakh. Uma siqhathanisa le datha, singaphetha ngokuthi iminyaka emithathu yokucacisa ubuhlobo, abantu abayi-15-25 000 bafa. Abalimele babalwa okungenani ama-25 000, abahlali abangaphezu kuka-100 abayizinkulungwane baphoqeleka ukuba bashiye amakhaya abo.

Ukuhlala ngokuthula

Izingxoxo, lapho amaqembu azama ukuxazulula khona ukuthula ngokuthula, waqala ngokushesha ngemva kokumemezela i-NKR emele. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-September 23, 1991, kwaqhutshwa umhlangano, owabekwa oongameli base-Azerbaijan, i-Armenia, kanye neRussia naseKazakhstan. Ngentwasahlobo ka-1992, i-OSCE yasungula iqembu ukuxazulula impikiswano yaseKarabakh.

Naphezu kwemizamo yonke yomphakathi wamazwe omhlaba ukuyeka ukuchithwa kwegazi, kwakusekupheleni konyaka ka-1994 ukuthi umlilo waphela. Ngo-Meyi 5, inqubo ye-Bishkek yasayinwa enkampanini yaseKyrgyz , ngemuva kwalokho abahlanganyeli bayeka umlilo ngemva kwesonto.

Amaqembu e-mpikiswano awazange avume ukuvumelana ngesimo sokugcina sase-Nagorno-Karabakh. I-Azerbaijan idinga ukuhlonipha ubukhosi bayo futhi ifuna ukugcina ubuqotho bayo. Izithakazelo ze-republic eyaziwayo zivikelwe yi-Armenia. I-Nagorno Karabakh imele ukuxazulula ukuthula kwezinkinga eziphikisanayo, kanti iziphathimandla ze-republic zigcizelela ukuthi i-NKR iyakwazi ukumela ukuzimela kwayo.