I-Internet njengoba uhlelo ulwazi global. Lapho-Inthanethi uvele Russia? Izinsiza Online

Inthanethi ijwayelekile Abakhe ejwayelekile yedolobha lanamuhla, kodwa eziyimbangela yalokhu kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe ngendlela kunalokho ziningi futhi zaba nzima kumiswa nokuthuthukisa ithekhnoloji, sibonga ngalo kwakunokwenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthunyelwa World Wide Web embulungeni yonke. Ziyini lezi izixazululo? has kanjani World Wide Web eRussia?

definition Inthanethi

I-Internet njengoba uhlelo ulwazi global inethiwekhi computer, lapho ISIZINDA yasakazwa kulo lonke izwe, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ngokunengqondo exhumene ngokusebenzisa isikhala esithile ikheli. Ukusebenza Inethiwekhi yomhlabajikelele kungenzeka ngokuyinhloko sibonga ubunye amazinga zokuxhumana: isibonelo, isetshenziswa njengoba primary TCP / IP, ukusebenza ngokufana ncamashí kuwo wonke amakhompyutha exhunywe kwi-World Wide Web.

Ngendlela wanamuhla Inthanethi njengoba uhlelo ulwazi komhlaba wonke, zikhona iminyaka engaba ngu-30 ubudala. Kodwa ngesikhathi kwengqalasizinda yayo nesenzakalo, ngesisekelo okuyinto ukwembuleka Umhlaba Network, u ngokwanele ithuthukiswe emazweni amaningi emhlabeni wonke.

Kuyoba kube usizo ukucabangela indlela lapho khona zikleliswe ahlukene. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi umlando kanjalo nokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda, ngesisekelo elaqala eyakhelwe-Inthanethi yesimanje, cishe kuvumelana inkathi udweshu phakathi izinhlelo zobuchwepheshe esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni ngakubili - eNtshonalanga Soviet. Yiqiniso, lena ngezigaba lula kakhulu, njengoba kohlaka uhlelo lokuqala kanti eyesibili ngenkuthalo ekuthuthukiseni zesifunda, ubuchwepheshe kazwelonke, ihluke kakhulu kwezinye izimo.

Ekugcineni, ngesisekelo sokuthuthukiswa-Inthanethi yesimanje isibe imodeli Western - kodwa ngesikhathi yethula e-USSR, ochwepheshe Soviet kakade kwadingeka isipiliyoni ukuthunyelwa amanethiwekhi computer, ngokwezinga elithile efana imodeli Western kwe-inthanethi. Cabanga ke, indlela yokuhlakulela Umhlaba Network engxenyeni esentshonalanga kohlelo zobuchwepheshe, bese, lapho kwakukhona-Inthanethi eRussia okusekelwe imininingwane yalolu lwetakhiwo tavelonkhe inethiwekhi yekhompyutha.

Umlando Inthanethi emazweni aseNtshonalanga

Ekupheleni 50s, omunye zinsuku ezinzima kakhulu esihlotsheni iMpi Yomshoshaphansi, uhulumeni wase-US uye wabeka ososayensi American umsebenzi: ukwakha ingqalasizinda idatha ezingase ukusebenza ngisho ebusweni zinqobe global. Ososayensi baye basikisela umqondo njalo kwesimiso esinjalo - iphrojekthi ebizwa ARPANET.

Ngo-1969, nama-computer emanyuvesi aseMelika eziningana ezinkulu ziye networked ngaphansi izikimu eziye athuthukiswe ososayensi kohlaka kwale phrojekthi. Ngemva kwalokho, okuhlangenwe nakho esizuzwe ngamanga abacwaningi, yathathwa ngu nabanye ababambe iqhaza abaningi: lokhu kuye kwaholela ekwandeni ikhompyutha kumanethiwekhi bahlinza namazinga ARPANET lonke.

Uvele nezinhlelo ezikhethekile kule ingqalasizinda: isibonelo, kakade 1971 ngenxa ARPANET ukuthi isofthiwe yakhelwe ukuthumela imiyalezo ebhaliwe. Eqinisweni, sikhuluma ukubukeka e-mail lokuqala - imisebenzi eyisisekelo internet namuhla namanje zihlanganisa inhlangano exchange of idatha ku ifomethi efanelekile. Ngo-70 imeyili kwaba, ngokuvumelana abacwaningi, futhi wonke umsebenzi ethandwa kakhulu amanethiwekhi computer, deployable ngaphakathi project American.

Kancane kancane, ARPANET ifinyelele isikali-United States: inethiwekhi waqala ukuxhuma izikhungo ahlukahlukene aseYurophu. Ukuxhumana ingqalasizinda American lahlelwa ngesikhathi esifanayo nge ikhebula ngocingo wabeka ulwandle i-Atlantic Ocean.

Eqinisweni, kusukela uxhumano ARPANET eYurophu, ikakhulukazi ngo-1973, exchange of idatha ngenethiwekhi laqala ukuhlela izinhlangano British kanye Norwegian, iphrojekthi isibe ngamazwe. Nokho, ukuxhumana phakathi amakhompyutha elise izingxenye ezahlukene zomhlaba, azikwazanga njalo esitebeleni ngenxa yokungabi bikho izindinganiso owamukelwa for ukushintshanisa kwe-data.

Udaba olufanele yaxazululwa emva kusungulwa jikelele olandelwayo TCP / IP. Kusenzima esetshenziswa cishe yizo zonke izinsiza Inthanethi.

Ngesikhathi ukwethulwa TCP-IP has inethiwekhi US-European kwaba, kunalokho, inter-zesifunda kuka global - naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngo-1983, ngemva kokuba ithole igama "Inthanethi." Kodwa ukuthunyelwa yayo eminye yashesha. Le nqubo nomthelela kokusungulwa ngo-1984, i-DNS ejwayelekile - kwezindlu kusekelwe kuyo yaqala ukusebenza igama lesizinda inkonzo. Kungaphawulwa ukuthi ngawo lowo nyaka ngesikhathi project ARPANET manje ine nesincintisana sína lapho sibhekene NSFNet inethiwekhi amakhompyutha emanyuvesi ahlukene.

NSFNet kokubili ingqalasizinda esekelwe Inthanethi

ingqalasizinda NSFNet ivumela ukunikeza kakhulu ephakeme Dynamics idatha. Yakhula yaba ne ijubane ezimatasa. Kancane kancane, "Internet" yaziwa ngokuthi isikhathi ikhula inethiwekhi NSFNet. Ngo-1988, kwaba nokwenzeka khona ukusebenzisa izinsiza inhlangano imiyalezo esheshayo ngefomethi wengxoxo - nge-IRC.

Ngo-1989, usosayensi waseBrithani Tim Berners-Lee athuthukile nomqondo inethiwekhi yekhompyutha global, World Wide Web. Phakathi 2 iminyaka eyalandela, kudala olandelwayo yokudlulisa ka uxhumano - HTTP, i-HTML ulimi, kanye nabahlonzi URL. Ngokwabacwaningi eziningi, kuba sibonga kokusungulwa Tim Berners-Lee Inthanethi njengoba uhlelo ulwazi global liqala ukuzungeza okusheshayo yonke indawo kule planethi.

Lezi zindinganiso, kanye kungenzeka jikelele olandelwayo TCP / IP amandla ukuze sikala World Wide Web embulungeni yonke ngesivinini kakhulu. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-90-yalolucwaningo kwakheka eziyisisekelo amakhono Inthanethi, kuyatholakala kubasebenzisi namuhla: ukuba afinyelele amakhasi ewebhu yonkana iziphequluli, ukubeka ulwazi kubo, ethola futhi uthumela amafayela. Yiqiniso, wahlala amasevisi ethandwa-e-mail, IRC.

ся язык гипертекста, технологии управления сайтами. Xia ngcono ulimi uxhumano ukuphathwa kokuqukethwe ubuchwepheshe. NSFNet, но в 1995 году данная функция была передана сетевым провайдерам. Njengoba njalo ingqalasizinda ye-Internet isikhathi eside asetshenziswa amaseva NSFNet, kodwa ngo-1995 lo msebenzi wayiswa inethiwekhi abahlinzeki. стандарт WWW, посредством которого было возможно передавать практически любые данные с использованием каналов интернета. Ngo-1996 waba elivela WWW olujwayelekile okuyinto kwaba ukudlulisela cishe noma iyiphi idatha usebenzisa iziteshi Inthanethi. FTP. Kodwa agcinwayo ngokuhlathulula ukusebenza kwawo futhi FTP ejwayelekile. интернет-ресурсы продолжают его использовать в целях организации эффективного обмена файлами. Namuhla, imithombo eminingi online ukuqhubeka ukuyisebenzisa ukuhlela lokwabelana kahle.

Ngendlela evamile ye World Wide Web sisonke kwakhiwa ekuqaleni kowezi-2000. Njengoba ukwandisa ijubane ukufinyelela komsebenzisi ku-intanethi ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obufana DSL, fibre, 3G, 4G, ezidumile ikakhulukazi kukhona izinsiza ukuze ihlanganise zevidiyo, ezinjengo-YouTube, imidlalo inthanethi, amasevisi efu. It ihlelwe nge-Internet nje kuphela ukuba ukuxhumana kwabantu, kodwa futhi phakathi kumadivayisi ezahlukene - ukusuka izinto ezilula khaya ingqalasizinda enkulu yezimboni. Luningi imiqondo wezesayensi kanjani ukuthuthukisa zibe global ulwazi uhlelo esikhathini esizayo. Zihluke kakhulu, futhi ngezindlela eziningi Ukuqaphela kwabo kuncike Yiqiniso langempela yentuthuko computer nobuchwepheshe.

Umlando we-Inthanethi eRussia

manje sizofunda, lapho i-Inthanethi kwaba eRussia. On imodeli entshonalanga yentuthuko zokuxhumana nge-Internet, sifundile, manje kubalulekile ukuba baqonde indlela ukusebenzisa ingqalasizinda ezifanele ezweni lethu.

Njengoba siphawulile ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko, isikhathi eside, ulwazi nobuchwepheshe elaseSoviet Union lavula ngokulinganisa ne entshonalanga. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngokwezinga elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwabo lwenziwe Sibonga kungenzeka ukuba ukuvela eSoviet Union izinsiza zokukhiqiza base esentshonalanga microprocessor, okuyinto ubelokhu lwenteke emazingeni ahlukahlukeneko wokuthintana hulumeni 60-70s, kodwa ngaphambi ukuthi ososayensi Soviet waba intuthuko eqhubekayo kakhulu eyabo . Kodwa noma kunjalo, ngokuyisisekelo-Intanethi esikhathini incazelo Western zingafani ezibonakalayo kulabo imiqondo amanethiwekhi computer e-USSR.

Emuva ngo-1950, ososayensi Soviet engimbumbile inethiwekhi yekhompyutha njengengxenye amaphrojekthi engqalasizinda ukuzivikela missile. Lezi amanethiwekhi zazisekelwe Soviet amakhompyutha uhlobo "Diana-mina», «Diana-II» nezinye izinqumo. Exchange kolwazi phakathi amakhompyutha olufanele Kwenziwa ukubala trajectory of indiza missile.

Ngo-1970, amanethiwekhi computer futhi babehileleke emkhakheni civil - ikakhulukazi njengoba ingqalasizinda kohlaka uhlobo ACS Express izinhlelo futhi "Siren", ikuvumela agcinele, ngokulandelana, ujantshi kanye nomoya amathikithi. Ngo-1974, i-computer yasungulwa Koi-8.

Engxenyeni yokuqala ye-80th Institute VNIIPAS waqala ukuba kusebenze, ngama-computer, akude idatha exchange nge nezinhlangano zasemazweni angaphandle. UNIX (на принципах которой функционируют современные ОС Linux и, в свою очередь базирующиеся на ней ОС Android, которые можно отнести к самым распространенным в мире, если брать рынок мобильных устройств). Ngokuvamile, eminyakeni engu-80 ukuthunyelwa Soviet kwenethiwekhi tangcondvomshini waya okumatasa, kubangelwe ukuvela eSoviet Union izinguqulo ehunyushelwe kohlelo ezisebenza Unix (kumigomo esisebenza Linux yesimanje futhi, esikhundleni salokho, ngokusekelwe uhlelo lwayo lokusebenza Android, okungase chasiselwe okuvame kakhulu emhlabeni, uma uthatha emakethe mobile). Eqinisweni, ngo-1990 iSoviet Union zonke nengqalasizinda edingekayo sokuhlanganiswa okwengeziwe kweSoviet amanethiwekhi ikhompyutha ne-Inthanethi ukusebenza ngesisekelo NSFNet Resources kwamiswa.

"RELCOM" - inethiwekhi ikhompyutha kazwelonke

Kukhona inethiwekhi yekhompyutha zonke-Union "RELCOM" okuyinto zisetshenziswa Izivumelwano kanye Inthanethi ubuchwepheshe. Ukuxhumana phakathi amakhompyutha inikezwa yi iziteshi ngocingo. A indima ebalulekile ekwakheni i-infrastraktjha le kudlalwa Onjiniyela we "Awamademo" wokubambisana, wahlanganyela ukuthuthukiswa izixazululo ahlukahlukene software.

Ngo-August 1990, abacwaningi kusukela Kurchatov Institute sezisungule uxhumano ne-University of Helsinki ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza imilayeto ye-imeyili ngaphakathi iziteshi ukudluliswa, eqinisweni, kwi-Inthanethi. Ngo-September RELCOM ochwepheshe 1990 "futhi" Awamademo "inkampani ebhalisiwe domain .su eSoviet Union, okuyinto lisasebenza - futhi kukhona inguqulo ukuthandwa walo luyokhula.

Ngo-USSR, inethiwekhi umsebenzisi Fido athuthukiswe kanye "RELCOM". Ngo-1991, i-abasebenzisi Soviet ufinyelela "RELCOM" baba izinsiza ezikhona ekhuluma lesizinda - njengasezinsukwini Inthanethi yesimanje. Ngo-1992, kakade Russian Federation kukhona abahlinzeki kuqala.

Ukusebenzisa TCP kwamazinga amazwe ngamazwe / IP eRussia buya ikuyo yonke indawo. Ngo-April 1994, kwesizinda kazwelonke .ru yabhaliswa. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, i-Internet e-Russia athuthukile sisonke kanye emazweni aseNtshonalanga. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, Ochwepheshe Russian futhi negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni World Wide Web, ikakhulukazi ezingeni ukuthuthukiswa anti-virus, iseva izixazululo.

Ngakho, safunda indlela inethiwekhi-Inthanethi, ikakhulukazi ekuthuthukiseni ezifanele zokuxhumana ubuchwepheshe eRussia futhi West. Manje ukufunda ukuthi iyona namuhla-World Wide Web.

Inthanethi Zanamuhla: abahlinzeki besevisi

Ukutholakala kwe-Internet abasebenzisa i-ISP. Sifundela izinkinga ezithile ukuze ingaxazululwa ngokuthi nabo.

Ubani umhlinzeki we-Inthanethi? Eminyakeni yokuqala ka-World Wide Web kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso inkampani enjalo nokunikeza izinsizakalo ukushintsha kwezokuxhumana yomsebenzisi kanye ezungezile amaseva Inthanethi. Manje umhlinzeki - umhlinzeki we-premium zokuxhumana izinsiza for ukusebenza ingqalasizinda inethiwekhi esikalini kwesifunda futhi ngezinye izikhathi kazwelonke. Izinkampani ezihlinzeka amasevisi, kungaba njengoba esikhulu kakhulu, amazwe nezalapha, okuyinto ongasebenza ngayo esikalini esisuka ku-komunye umuzi.

Kukhona inani elikhulu amasu ngawo abahlinzeki ngamasevisi bangasebenzisa sihlinzeke izinhlelo zabo: iziteshi optical futhi ngocingo, satellite, internet neselula. Ngamunye wabo kunezinzuzo zako kanye nebubi. On yiziphi iziteshi zisetshenziselwa ngokwezinga elikhulu intengo Inthanethi eyenziwe ISP. Njengomthetho, izindleko ezingabizi kakhulu umsebenzisi olunezintambo iziteshi, kancane ezibizayo - cell, eqolo - satellite. Kulokhu, inkokhelo kungaba ngesikhathi wesevisi:

• kule mali ekhokhelwa format;
• traffic;
• kwezinye izimo - ngokuba ukufinyelela isikhathi Net.

Indima ye-Internet kuleli zwe lanamuhla ngokuyinhloko ukunikeza abasebenzisi benethuba uvakashela amasayithi ahlukene.

Inthanethi Zanamuhla: Amawebhusayithi

Posted on the Internet - iqoqo amafayela (umbhalo, izithombe, ividiyo nangezinto eziqoshiwe equkethe nezinye izingxenye multimedia), okuyinto atholakala nge yezifiso ezifana WWW, HTTP, FTP, nezinye ukuthi kukhona elilungile endabeni ethile. Yiqiniso, amafayela idatha ngendlela ethile ehlelekile ukuze lula bezibona Imininingwane ngumsebenzisi.

Isici esiyinhloko isayithi uhlelo - ikhasi lewebhu. Ezimweni eziningi, kuye kwashiwo ngolimi HTML, ngokuvamile kokusebenzisa amaskriphthi ezahlukene. Isayithi angase abe ehlukile indaba ephathwayo. Lokhu kungaba iphephandaba online, ibhulogi, isiqophi ukusingathwa, ezemidlalo, ezokuzijabulisa portal - ziningi izinhlobo izinsiza kungenziwa esisogwini World Wide Web.

Inthanethi Zanamuhla: Radio ne-TV

Ngenhla sibonile ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa nobuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana kanye ukwandisa izinga idatha, kuyanda ezahlukene Izinsiza zevidiyo ku-intanethi. Ngenxa yalokho angabhekwa, isibonelo, i-TV-Inthanethi nomsakazo inthanethi. Lezi ubuchwepheshe enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba baphathe yokusakaza TV nezinhlelo zomsakazo kumasayithi ekhethekile nokusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe ekhethekile.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izinkonzo eziningi eziphambili zikuvumela ukuhlela simemezelo akho kunoma umsebenzisi nesithakazelo. TV-Inthanethi ikhumbula nokudlanga ngesivinini imigqa - lokhu akukona ilungelo, kodwa umthombo ezivamile. Yikuphi ngesikhathi esisodwa kungadinga utshalomali okukhulu kusukela umsebenzisi (womuntu, zezimali) e ukukhuthazwa nokwakheka kwalo. I Kungashiwo okufanayo kumawebhusayithi. Online iphephandaba noma ukuzijabulisa portal ibhaliswe ngu ubani ofisa, kodwa futhi zizenza brand liyabonakala - akuwona neze umsebenzi olula.

Inthanethi Zanamuhla: zokusebenza zeselula

Omunye Amathrendi buphawuleka kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwe-inthanethi yesimanje angabhekwa ikuyo yonke indawo zokusebenza zeselula - isofthiwe ekhethekile ukuze umkhankaso Smartphones noma amaphilisi. Ezisebenza, idatha yohlelo lokusebenza ezimweni eziningi kungase kube khona ukufana eWeb. Kodwa kukhona izixazululo eqondile inhlobo efanele, isibonelo, ingashintshwa ukunikeza ukufinyelela evikelekile ku-akhawunti yakho siqu, efana ebhange. namuhla inthanethi - zokuxhumana imvelo lapho ungadlulisa cishe noma yiluphi ulwazi digital, futhi ezimweni eziningi kudinga ukusetshenziswa yezifiso ethize kanye ubuchwepheshe, kufaka phakathi lezo kwezicelo mobile.

isifinyezo

Ngakho, siye safunda ukuthi yini umcabango we-World Wide Web, kanye nobuchwepheshe ukhiye zisetshenziswa ukuze siqinisekise ukusebenza yayo. Ingqikithi yalo Inthanethi - ukunikeza abasebenzisi emhlabeni wonke esitebeleni zamanani aphansi ukufinyelela ezahlukene zolwazi ewusizo, amafayela, Soxhumanoningi, kanye izinsiza lapho abantu bangakwazi ukuxhumana nabanye kanye ukushintshanisa ezihlukahlukene idatha. Okunjalo kungenzeka namuhla ajwayelekile ezakhamuzini, cishe emhlabeni wonke, nakuba ayekade atholakale abantu abambalwa kakhulu, ezimweni eziningi, babekwazi ingasetshenziswa kuphela ebukhoneni ziqu okusezingeni eliphezulu emkhakheni kolwazi nobuchwepheshe.

Ubani umhlinzeki we-intanethi, yimuphi kubo Ungaxhuma futhi ngaleyo ntengo - imibuzo cishe kuzobangela ukwazi umhlali ejwayelekile ye nedolobha elikhulu lesimanje. I-World Wide Web aqhubeka aguquka: kukhona amasevisi amasha, ubuchwepheshe, imiqondo yenhlangano abasebenzisi zokuxhumana, kudivayisi ngcono ukudluliswa kwedatha. Indlela ukuya inqubekela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe ke, kuyoba yini umnotho womhlaba, Sichaza vector for the ukuqhubeka kwi-Inthanethi.