I-African Union (AU) - inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe phakathi kohulumeni. Injongo, aMalunga eMibuso

Ezweni lanamuhla umphakathi multipolar. Njengoba baziwa yinhlangano kwemibuso aseYurophu, njengoba European Union. Ngu Isifaniso nalo mphakathi we amazwe ase-Afrika sezisungule kumiswa yabo indawo - African Union.

Usuku yokusungulwa kwenhlangano

Usuku inhlangano namanje hhayi kusungulwa ngokucacile. Umphakathi jikelele ibona lokuzalwa Union 9 Julayi 2002. Abahlanganyeli inhlangano kubhekwa usuku owasungula Meyi 26, 2001. Kungani kukhona-ke leyo?

Isinqumo phezu kweqembu le-African Union kwavunyelwana ngo-September 1999 emhlanganweni engavamile amakhanda Afrika e Libya (e Sirte). Ngonyaka olandelayo, bona ivume isenzo ku ukusungulwa engqungqutheleni ye-AU e Lome (Togo) futhi wamemezela ukusungulwa inyunyana. Ngo-May 2001, amashumi amahlanu kwelinye izwe Afrika izibophezele isenzo kuzipikha imfundo. Ngakho kwaba khona usuku lokuqala.

37 OAU Assembly ngo-Julayi nonyaka e Lusaka (inhlokodolobha Zambia) ivumile imibhalo eziyisisekelo echaza kube nesisekelo esingokomthetho futhi idivayisi lenhlangano entsha. Ukusungula usomqulu indawo OAU Charter, kwaba kube nesisekelo esingokomthetho sokuthethelela lonke iyinkathi yezinguquko kusukela AU kuya AOE (eyathatha ngonyaka). 9 Julayi 2002 okokuqala esiqongweni AU livuliwe, okuyinto yaba seThekwini (South Africa). On ke wakhetha uThabo Mbeki, uMongameli waseNingizimu Afrika, umongameli wokuqala we-African Union. BaseYurophu cabangela lokhu ekuqaleni komlando we-African Union.

Izimbangela Union

I-African Union liwukuphela kwenhlangano elikhulu e-Afrika. nezimbangela zayo lenyuka lisuka kwabangaba izinguquko kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe emhlabeni emva ukwakheka kwemibuso inhlangano yokuqala amazwe ase-Afrika.

Ngemva ukuzimela, nesikhombisa amazwe ase-Afrika ngo-1960, obizwa ngokuthi "unyaka Afrika", amakhanda abo baye banquma ukusebenza ndawonye ukuxazulula izinkinga abasafufusa. Emuva ngo-1963 izwe wajoyina imizamo yabo ngaphakathi kohlaka Organisation of African Unity. Izinjongo ezinkulu yezombangazwe izinhlangano inter-state yilezi: ukuvikelwa inkululeko isithunzi sendawo States, ukuthuthukiswa nokubambisana phakathi kwalawa mazwe weNyunyana, ikhambi izingxabano indawo, nobambiswano yonke imikhakha yempilo, ukugxila sokubambisana kwamazwe omhlaba.

Ngu ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, iningi izinhloso sezifeziwe. Ngenxa izinguquko ezinqala kohlaka esingenakuqhathaniswa sokubambisana kwamazwe omhlaba izinselele ezintsha ezibhekene amazwe ase-Afrika. Ngesisekelo OAU, kwanqunywa ukuba adale umuntu owayezothatha isikhundla nge imigomo emisha. Isimo somnotho samanje e-Afrika idinga search izindlela zakamuva eliphumelelayo ekuxazululeni izinkinga.

Umehluko omkhulu

Ezakhiwe inyunyana amazwe ase-Afrika aye aba nobuhlobo futhi waqala ekuqaleni kokusebenza kohlelo, umnotho wezindawo NEPAD (izinhlamvu zokuqala zegama IsiZulu Ubumbano Olusha Lokuthuthukiswa kwe-Afrika s) - «Ubumbano Olusha Lokuthuthukiswa kwe-Afrika". Uhlelo kuhilela ukuthuthukiswa dalnesrochnoe uthi ngesisekelo ukuhlanganiswa nokubambisana nomunye futhi alinganayo nomphakathi jikelele.

Inguquko Union kunqubomgomo igunya nezinhloso eziyisisekelo kwezomnotho, njengoba umlando ubonisa, nomphumela ozuzisayo ikhambi izinkinga akhona amazwe ase-Afrika. Lokhu kusho umehluko oyinhloko OAU kanye AU. nokubambisana Kwezomnotho uthi kuhlelwe ngaphandle ekuzameni ukushintsha division zezombusazwe kanye nezokuphatha ezikhona.

Injongo inhlangano

Inhloso eyinhloko ukuhlanganiswa kwezomnotho ekhethiwe Afrika. nokubambisana kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe, kuhambisana ekuqiniseni ubumbano ezingeni lomhlaba wonke jikelele enqophe injongo ukuvikela ubukhosi futhi ukudalwa kwezimo ezifanele ukuphila kwabantu abanengi be-Afrika.

imisebenzi esemqoka

Ukuze afeze lezi zinhloso iziqondiso eziyisisekelo umsebenzi, zavela njengoba inkinga we-African Union. Endaweni yokuqala ukuthuthukiswa kanye kuciniswa kwenhlanganisela Afrika emikhakheni izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho kanye nezombusazwe. Ukuze nokuqaliswa kwalo kudinga ukuqaliswa kwe-Umgomo wesibili: ukuvikela izithakazelo labantu nezwekazi ngokukhuthaza ukuba ezingeni lomhlaba wonke jikelele. Kusukela kuqala ezimbili imisebenzi elandelayo, ngaphandle okuyinto akunakwenzeka ukufeza ukuqaliswa nasesikhathini esedlule: ekugcinweni kokuthula wonke amazwe ezwenikazi lase-Afrika kanye nokuphepha kwabo. Futhi inselele lokugcina: kwadaleka tikhungo tentsandvo yelinyenti nokuvikela amalungelo wobuntu.

States - amalungu Union

Kuze kube manje, i-African Union kuhlanganisa amahlanu nane uthi. Uma ubheka ukuthi yezwekazi lase-Afrika itholakala emazweni amahlanu nanhlanu kanye ezinhlanu engaziwa futhi self-wamemezela, kuba cishe kuwo wonke amazwe ase-Afrika. Ngomqondo onabile, inkulumo inyunyana ithi Afrika musa ukungena embusweni Morocco, echaza ukwenqaba kwakhe izinqumo emthethweni we-Union angangenisa Western Sahara. Morocco ibheka insimu yalo.

Amazwe e-African Union, kwakungafanele ngesikhathi esifanayo. Abaningi babo kwakungabantu abasunguli Organisation of African Unity ngo-1963. Ngemva ekuguquleni OAU, bonke bangena ku-African Union. Ngo-1963, amabili nanhlanu ngosuku Meyi inyunyana kuhlanganisiwe: Algeria, Benin (kuze 1975 waseDahomey), Burkina Faso (kuze 1984 Upper Volta), Burundi, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Cameroon, Congo, Côte Ivoire (kuze 1986 eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Ivory Coast), Madagascar, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Libya, Morocco (seceded kusukela Union ngo-1984), Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Uganda, Somalia, Sierra Leone, Togo, aseNigeria, Tunisia, Central African Republic, Chad, Sudan, Ethiopia. Ngo-December, i-nantathu lowo mnyaka OAU wafika eKenya.

Ukwandisa Usayizi nezwekazi Union

Ngo-1964, OAU baba Tanzania - Januwari 16, Malawi - 13 Julayi, Zambia - 16 Disemba. Gambia wajoyina ngo-Okthoba 1965, Botswana - Okthoba 31, 1966. 1968 zahlangana kwamanye amazwe inhlangano ezintathu: Mauritius, Swaziland - 24 Septhemba 1968, e-Equatorial Guinea - 12 Okthoba. Lokunandisa eBotswana, eLesotho, Guinea-Bissau wajoyina inyunyana 19 Okthoba 1973. Futhi ngo-1975 ejoyina Angola - Februwari 11, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe, Cape Verde, Comoros mhlaka 18 Kholwane. Juni 29, 1976 Union kulekelelwa eSeychelles. Djibouti bajoyine ezinye States Juni 27, 1977, Zimbabwe (izwe abayizinjinga abampofu njengoba ibizwa) - ngo-1980, Western Sahara - Februwari 22, 1982. Nineties futhi kwaholela ekwandeni kwesibalo samalungu Organisation of African Unity: Namibia wajoyina ngo-1990, May 24, 1993 waba ilungu Eritrea, Juni 6, 1994 - South Africa. Isimo zokugcina lithole ubulungu African Union Julayi 28, 2011, kuye kwaba South Sudan.

Ukuhlukahlukana lamazwe iqhaza

Izikhulumi kuhlanganisiwe izwe e yayo izinselele nentuthuko yezenhlalo nezomnotho at zokukhula ezihlukene. Thina bagcwele kwezinye zazo.

Izwe Nigeria akuyona kunabayeni lonke Afrika kwasekuqaleni ngokuya labantu. Nokho, kuyinto kuphela endaweni lweshumi nane ku endaweni insimu yalo. Kusukela 2014 isimo isibe phambili ekukhiqizeni uwoyela e-Afrika.

Guinea-Bissau - kwelinye lamazwe ampofu kunawo wonke emhlabeni, lifaka phakathi emihlanu phezulu. Imali uwoyela ocebile bauxite nama-phosphate kungukuthi athuthukile. Ngokusobala umsebenzi oyinhloko wabantu sabantu - ukudoba nelayisi kulinywe.

Izwe ampofu kakhulu siphathelene Senegal. Ukuthuthukiswa idiphozithi yanoma igolide, uwoyela, itshe-nsimbi nethusi wenziwa kahle. State ukusinda usizo izimali zezenhlalakahle zase phesheya.

Cameroon - iyizwe elinezinto. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lesi isimo nge izinqolobane abalulekile uwoyela, lifaka nanye phakathi kwamazwe oil-producing e-Afrika. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuba ushayele isimo ezweni oludonsa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwesigamu sabantu salo ngaphasi kwelizinga lebuphuya.

zimiso eziyisisekelo

Ukuhlobana zinqobe phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili kuye kwaholela ekwakhekeni isimiso esiyisisekelo-AU. ezixhaphaza kanye Israyeli wendawo unesithakazelo ukuthola amalungelo obunikazi futhi onesimo imali amaminerali ahlukahlukene endaweni yaleli zwekazi. Ukuvimbela kungenzeka ezimpini olwamukelwa ukuqashelwa imingcele isimo amalungu inyunyana ukuthi owabeke isikhathi impumelelo yabo ukuzimela.

Union wathatha ilungelo lokuqondisa kokungenela ezindabeni States namalungu enhlangano, uma isinqumo ngezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu yabo bonke amalungu Omhlangano baMazwe kaHulumeni. Lesi sinqumo kanye ukuthunyelwa okwalandela amabutho AU kungenzeka kohlanga ngokumelene nezizwe ethile, obugebengu aphambene nobuntu, nezimpi zobugebengu.

Yayisekelwe Kuyinkolelo-ze nemibono emisha

Isimiso esisha ukuthi iziNhloko Uhulumeni, owafika mandla emthethweni, ukuze isetshenziswe isikhulumi akuvunyelwe. Ukuze ukucasula amazwe enikeziwe uhla unswinyo ezisukela ukumiswa zokuvota eMkhandlwini futhi liphetha ngamazwi ukumisa nokubambisana kwezomnotho. Izinyathelo ezihlose okwandisa umthwalo yezinhloko zemibuso.

E sikhathini esithuthuka ngamazwe AU ithobela isimiso wokubambisana Non-Aligned wamemezela kulesi siVumelwano eNhlangano yeziZwe.

iziphathimandla Sakhiwo

Assembly of baMazwe Uhulumeni ngasekhanda iziphathimandla ophakeme we-African Union ziyakuhlushwa obize kanye ngonyaka. Ngqongqotshe obusa eKhomishana ye-AU. Uma kukhethwa uSihlalo eKhomishana ye-AU kanye AU usihlalo kubanjwe lukhetfo lolukhululekile kanye ngonyaka. OAU isungule uhlobo isiko: ungusihlalo we-African Union kuthatha inhloko yabangamashumi State lapho ngqungquthela yenzelwa. Isakhiwo uhulumeni kuhilela ngokukhetha ePhalamende lePan African (VAP).

Betebulungiswa iholwa eNkantolo Union, okuyiwona ukubekwa kwaba ezweni Nigeria. Ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga yabo bonke-Union wadala Afrika Central Bank, African Monetary Fund, i-African Investment Bank. Njengoba kudingeka, uMkhandlu unelungelo ukuhlela ezikhethekile amakomiti lobuchwepheshe neendaba esiphuthumayo. yavuka Union Ngakho emnothweni, inqubomgomo kanye nomphakathi isiko. Ngo-2010, kwakumiswa amabutho, ekuqaleni sithathelwe indawo yesifunda amabutho sezizwe ezihlukahlukene.

I-African Union Commission unamalungu eziyisishiyagalombili. akhawunti Abesifazane ngokuba iningi lazo (ezinhlanu eyisishiyagalombili). Regulations phezu Gsa incoma ukuthi ufaka abesifazane ababili phakathi kwamaphini ezinhlanu saziso kusuka Ilungu ngalinye esimweni sobunye.

Kumphambukisa Centre ne-African Union Administration ku Ethiopia e-Addis Ababa edolobheni.

Amathemba ukuthuthukiswa we-African Union

kwekhulu lamashumi amabili nanye ivame ukuba sigweme izimo ezingalindelekile, benaka kakhudlwana nokuningi ukubunjwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlangano izakhiwo supranational. Namuhla, izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe leyahlukahlukene ujike maqondana maphakathi imizamo ukubhekana nezinkinga zomhlaba namuhla. Ukudidiyelwa amazwe ase-Afrika, okuyinto isikhathi esiningi basonta isigaba abampofu, yakhelwe hlanganani imizamo eyenziwayo ukuze kuqedwe izimbangela isizukulwane isimo mendicant.

NJENGOBA ubuyisela amabili ekhona phambi kwakhe izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe leyahlukahlukene: OAU futhi NPP (i-Afrika Economic Community). Imisebenzi izitshalo amandla enuzi, eyenzelwe iminyaka engamashumi amathathu nane (kusukela 1976) wayengakwazi ukubhekana nemiphumela engemihle kwembulunga yonke. isikhundla elungile izipikha yakhelwe.