Dzheykob Shiff - Biography, umlando impumelelo, izimpumelelo amaqiniso athakazelisayo

. J. Schiff (igama eliphelele: UJakobe Genri Shiff) kuyinto American umnikazi yamaJuda, UMuphi kanye isishoshovu kwezenhlalo. ezicini eziningi zokuphila e-US, ezweni lesibili Schiff embozwe imisebenzi yakhe enkulu umphakathi. isihlobo sakhe ukuba Tsarist mlando Russian ukunikeza kwencazelo "impi siqu". Isimo amaJuda Russian Dzheykob Shiff eqhathaniswa izinhlekelele wawoyise ngekweliBhayibheli laseGibhithe phakathi ufuduko olukhulu.

biography

UJakobe uHenry Schiff wazalwa ngo-1847 e umndeni bodumo ezihambisana enegama Rothschild. UYise umnikazi kwaba urabi. Le nsizwa athola imfundo enhle kwezwe nokwenkolo. Ngo-1865 yena bethuthele e-United States, lapho ngaqala ukusebenza ebhange. Ngo-1875, Dzheykob Shiff waganwa indodakazi ka omunye abaphathi ebhange Kuhn, Loeb & Co, ingxenye icala-mthetho, futhi 1885 waba umphathi ebhange. Ngaphansi kobuholi lesikhungo Schiff ukuchuma inyuka, kuba nokwenzeka iqhaza imali yokwakha eziningi ezinkulu emikhakheni eyehlukene yomnotho. Shiff Dzheykob uHenry kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe imatasa nemisebenzi umphakathi.

Wayengumuntu oshadile ukuba Tereze eLebhi (indodakazi yomnikazi ebhange, lapho insizwa seyakhe umsebenzi). izingane Ushadile azalelwa: indodakazi UFrieda nendodana Mortimer. Dzheykob Shiff ushone eneminyaka engu-73 ngo-1920. Wembelwa e-New York.

Dzheykob Shiff - isibalo somphakathi

Akwaziwa umnikazi wayengomunye wabaholi komphakathi wamaJuda e-United States. Bona uxhaso eziningana amaphrojekthi: ukudalwa esigabeni samaJuda emtapweni wezincwadi womphakathi e-New York, "Hibri College Union", the Jewish Theological Seminary, futhi abanye.

UJakobe Genri Shiff kwabaswele yayo iqondiswe futhi eziningi amaphrojekthi ezingewona amaJuda kanye nezikhungo. Ngakho, wanikela ngengxenye tibalo abalulekile ezikhungweni zemfundo Melika, Boy Scouts of America, inhlangano iRed Cross nokunye. D.

Schiff uye wabambelela ezikhundleni ezehlukene zokuhlonipha, ngokukhethekile, wayengumuntu iphini likamongameli we Chamber of Commerce e-United States, kwaba-New York City Council on Education.

Dzheykob Shiff: iqhaza kwezombusazwe

Ngo-1904, Schiff waklonyeliswa ukubonana INkosi Enkulu YaseBrithani-Edward VII. ukwesekwa Japan okusebenzayo impi Russian-Japanese, le umnikazi wathola umklomelo kusukela uhulumeni waseJapane: Order of the Igugu Engcwele, futhi lapho ilanga liphuma. Phakathi wokhetho lobumengameli e-United States (1909 th) Schiff uWilliam Taft asekelwe ikhandidethi.

Ngo-1914, Dzheykob Shiff wenza njengoba omunye Abadali "Joint" (American Distribution Jewish iKomiti). Lo mholi wezombusazwe khona owayephikisana Zionism, ebiza lo mbono utopia.

"I Balfour Declaration '

Lokhu akuzange kuvimbele Schiff ngo-1917, bakhuphukele ngokusekelwa "Balfour Declaration '. Ngo-1917, uNobhala Foreign British Arthur Balfour eNkosini Rothschild wakhuluma ezimele umphakathi British yamaJuda, nencwadi evulekile kuya Zionist Federation. Le ncwadi kwathiwa uzwela kanye Jewish nezifiso Zionist uhulumeni. Phakathi kusolwa ukushicilelwa izinjongo mlando ukubona idokhumenti:

• Ukudala ingcindezi kahulumeni wase-ingxenye American emphakathini wamaJuda ngenhloso yokugqugquzela entry lwalo kweMpi Yezwe I njengoba ilungu Entente.
• Ukudala ingcindezi amaJuda Russian ngenjongo ekuvimbeleni ukusakazeka imicabango Bolshevism phakathi kwabo, ukuvimbela ophumela wezwe kusuka impi.
• Ukuqinisekisa negunya lokulawula indawo asePalestina kusukela UK.

Ngokwenhlolo-vo umbono womphakathi olwenziwa ngo-2004 phakathi engaphezu kwengu-20 eziyinkulungwane. Abamele Arab ubuzwe nezihlakaniphi emazweni ahlukahlukene, "Balfour Declaration 'ubhekwa nenkulungwane esidlule," kusho amaphepha ahanjiswe esibi kunazo. "

Russia

Theme "Schiff neRussia" siye sanikela emishikashikeni yabo mlando eziningi. Iningi lazo Dzheykob Shiff kuchazwa ngokuthi isitha esinolaka autocracy Russian. Lokhu kwakubangelwa, ngokuyinhloko, nezinqubomgomo olubandlululayo bezingelwa uhulumeni tsarist maqondana amaJuda.

Schiff wawumatasa wasebenzisa igunya lakhe siqu futhi lithuthukise yasebhange futhi emkhakheni wezezimali US asicindezele neziphathimandla Russian. Ukuze ukuphoqa uhulumeni waseRussia ukumisa ukwephulwa kwamalungelo wobuntu civil lamaJuda Schiff ligamanxa ukufinyelela ezweni loans bezinye izizwe abavela emaqenjini-US, iJapan uxhaso empini ngasendle Russian-Japanese War, kwaba nombhali imizamo eminingana inqubomgomo angaphandle ukuthi kungaholela Oqala ukungezwa aze agcine enobudlelwane phakathi US neRussia. inqubomgomo wokuphila ngokuthi izenzo ayesebheka Russia "impi siqu" ukuguqula "ibe nogqozi uqeda amandla." Isikhundla umphakathi wamaJuda kuleli zwe Schiff wafanisa inhlekelele yokhokho ngekweliBhayibheli laseGibithe okungangako, selokhu ufuduko olukhulu. Ngokwakhe ngimbone njengoba uMose entsha. It ezamenyezelwa Schiff impi siqu, yalahla iRussia, izazi-mlando zikholelwa, nomthelela ekuphakameni kwakhe, engajwayelekile omunye owayengumholi wamaJuda.

Ngemva kokunqoba we Februwari Revolution Schiff zashintsha isimo sengqondo maqondana Russia. Wamukelwa izinqubomgomo zikahulumeni wesikhashana, okuye kukhanselwe izinkolo imikhawulo nomthombo wokusekela ngokwezimali ukubolekisa yayo impi.

I-Russian revolution

Imithombo eminingi yokwaziswa zomlando zibonisa ukubandakanywa cishe Schiff kuzo ukuze sikhokhele lolu revolution eRussia ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX. Lesi sihloko is ikakhulukazi kabanzi okuxoxwe ngesikhathi pravomonarhicheskimi emigre imibuthano. Nokho, imithombo ezingase lotawulungisa ukufakazela noma ukungawufakazeli kulezi zinsolo, njengombana sinikelwa futhi kwakungeyona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izazi-mlando amadokhumenti angelona iqiniso uzilungiselele smear Schiff atholakele, okufakazela ukungabuyeli ekukhokheleni izindleko Russian Revolution.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngo-1919 enye yezincwadi monarchist e Rostov-on-Don idokhumenti kokuzihlanganisa wakhishwa, esishoyo ukuthi amaBolshevik multi-abayizigidi ezingu-dollar isibonelelo yatholwa kusukela umnikazi Schiff, eyabasiza ukuba ukunqoba inguquko.

Ukulwela amalungelo amaJuda

ukunakwa Schiff sika kuya isimo samaJuda Russian babuyiselwa ngokuhamba kwemibhikisho 1881. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. ku arsenal of amathuluzi, ithuthukiswe emphakathini US Jewish emzabalazweni yayo lochubekako amalungelo amaJuda kwamanye amazwe, ephumelela kunazo Ukwakheka umbono weningi futhi uhulumeni ingcindezi United States. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-20 arsenal ekhulwini agcwaliswa. Schiff kuye into entsha ingezwe - ingcindezi ngamazwe sezimali inyumbazana nakwezombusazwe Russia.

Esikhathini 1890s zokuqala, Schiff uqhuba ukwesekwa wezimali kushicilelwa senyanga "Khulula Russia", okuyinto inhlangano yezombangazwe okuyinto waziphatha ukusatshalaliswa imfihlo "izinzuzo ngokulinganisela" SRS. Ngalesi sikhathi isibalo baba abangane ngalo kanye noJohane. Kennan, i intatheli yaseMelika, eyaziwa ngokuseseka kwawo asebenzayo of Abavukeli eRussia. ukuchayeka Public Kennan izimo esindayo lapho ababoshwe laseSiberia ekudingisweni iziboshwa zezombusazwe, zazifakwa babe umfutho zokusabalalisa e-United States ukubukeka elalibaluleke umbuso ekhona eMbusweni Russian.

On ajenda inselele olukhulu ezingaphezu kuka ekuthuthukiseni isimo samaJuda Russian eyayibekwe. Lo msebenzi kwaba - yeningi Russian ngokusebenzisa kokugumbuqelwa Romanov lwamakhosi.

Russian-Japanese impi

Ngo-1890, ngesikhathi ehambele New York Port Russian umkhumbi wempi, Schiff lahlelwa umkhankaso yokuduba lomcimbi by emphakathini wamaJuda. Emzabalazweni Russia yinoma yimuphi unembeza asigcini yena kuJakobe Genri Shiff.

Cyrus Adler, isazi-mlando, wabhala lokhu encwadini yakhe ngalokhu isishoshovu: ngo-February 1904 i-Schiff lokuqala bahlangana endlini yakhe abamele izinhlangano Jewish ngiyabathanda, ngabatshela nokuthi akukho izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezimbili phakathi Japan neRussia ukuqala impi. I umnikazi waphinde wathi weza nge isicelo boleko uhulumeni waseJapane. Schiff ababefuna ukuzwa umbono ababekhona, njengoba lokhu kungase kuthinte isimo co-benkolo yabo Russian. Ngokusobala, izazi-mlando zithi, isinqumo esihle senziwa emhlanganweni. Ngakubona wake Schiff ukuzisola ngenxa umonakalo omkhulu kubangelwa yizenzo zakhe Russia? Lo mlando alwaziwa.

ukubolekisa

Ngesikhathi kuqala impi ephethwe Schiff American sigejana (yasebhange endlini "Kuhn, Loeb futhi K ° amabhange», kazwelonke kanye commercial) abangu esikhishwe loans wamaNgisi namaMelika uhulumeni isi-Japanese (lemali kwaba mayelana 110 million. Dollars. Kuye kwaba nendima ebaluleke kakhulu ekusekeleni ngezimali we Japan yizilwi nokuqinisekisa ukunqoba kwako. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Schiff ngenkuthalo futhi ngempumelelo wahlanganyela isimiso ukubeka ukubolekisa Russian emakethe US. Ayekholelwa nezinye US amabhange eziningi kusukela uboleka uhulumeni waseRussia.

Schiff ukuthi usekelwa iphrojekthi J. Kennan yokwanda a izincwadi ekhethekile wamavukelambuso ngesiRashiya POW emakamu eJapane. Iphrojekthi okucashile kahle. Entwasahlobo ka-1917, Kennan mathupha kutjelwa yona izintatheli. Ngokusho kwakhe, lapho sezingenile ekamu, ngokusekelwa Schiff sekungenzeka ukuletha amathani ezincwadi wamavukelambuso, ngaleyo ndlela abuyela ezweni lawo angaba yizinkulungwane 50. Abavukeli okuqina.

imizamo Russian ukufinyelela esivumelwaneni Schiff

imizamo uhulumeni waseRussia ababenziwe ukufinyelela esivumelwaneni Schiff, "donsa" yona eceleni kwakhe, noma okungenani neutralized. Ayikho zikhuthazo kuhlulekile ukukholisa Schiff ayeke ukusiza Russian ukunyakaza wamavukelambuso. Izwe Romanovs ayikwazi waphetha, wathi Schiff.

ezimpini

Izazi-mlando eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi isikhundla ezathathwa umnikazi phakathi neMpi Russian-Japanese, sihlobene ngokuqondile namaphuzu isimo eziwohlokayo yamaJuda eRussia. Schiff, izazi-mlando zikholelwa, wenza okungaphezu kwalokho okungenziwa yinoma ubani omunye ukuba athathe lesi izinkinga eziya ziba zimbi co-benkolo yakhe isiRashiya, ngoba abazi ukufihla iqiniso lokuthi empini Japan neRussia lwenziwe Sibonga kungenzeka ukuba imali yosomabhange abangamaJuda.

Ngo-August no-September ka-1904, ngo-Okthoba 1905 e yasemadolobheni we-Ukraine, eBelarus, bese insimu yonke iRussia, kwakusondela igagasi lokushisekela ezimpini esesabisayo okubangelwa ngezinto amangalela inkanuko kwamaJuda empini nokulungiselelwa inguquko. Phakathi izibhelu wabulala amaJuda angaphezu kuka-800 (le nombolo akubandakanyi abafileyo ukulimala). Umonakalo impahla owenziwe umphakathi wamaJuda, ulinganiselwa ku-70 mln. Deda. Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, e nezibhelu zabulala abantu abangaphezu kuka-4 ayizinkulungwane. Futhi kwalimala abantu kungathi izinkulungwane 10. AmaJuda. Schiff bekulokhu ukwesekwa esebenzayo zezimali WamaJuda amayunithi ukuzivikela.

Ngenxa yalokho, Schiff kanye nabasizi bakhe ku uhulumeni waseRussia ukuba zamanxusa ingcindezi isikhundla lamaJuda Russian usufinyelele nakakhulu: esikhathini kusukela ngo-1912 kuze kube 1913th e imithetho yalelo lizwe nokhahlo uyingane yokutholwa, lapho amaJuda zaphucwa izinsalela amalungelo enhlalo nenkululeko.

Eyokuqala Umhlaba

Kusukela ekuqaleni kwempi, uhulumeni waseRussia futhi wafuna usizo kusukela US kwezimakethe. Schiff ayikashintshi isikhundla salo. Ukuhlinzekwa wesikweletu isiRashiya, wacabanga kungenzeka kuphela ngaphansi isimo ushintsho ngokumelene inqubomgomo esingumJuda iziphathimandla zaseRussia.

Februwari revolution

Ukunqoba kwe-Februwari Revolution Schiff yatuswa. Isinqumo 06.04.1917 amaJuda kuqala banikezwe amalungelo alinganayo nabanye izakhamuzi zezwe. Inguquko, wayekholelwa Schiff - isimangaliso sangempela, ngisho nangaphezu kokubhema ukukhululwa amadlozi eziseBhayibhelini zabantu abangamaJuda ebugqilini baseGibhithe. ukuxhasa ngezimali kukahulumeni wamavukelambuso ke kuye kwaba khona okukhulu kakhulu.

"Ungakuhlanganisi ngokwabo kusukela obomvu ..."

Ngo-1918, Schiff wamangalelwa eqinisweni lokuthi, sibonga imali yakhe eRussia, amaBolshevik iwine. Schiff wathumela incwadi US Department of State, lapho umnikazi sebekubeke abazehlukanisile ngokwakhe Reds.

Kodwa izazi-mlando, kusekelwa ulwazi mayelana asebenzayo ngezimali Schiff Lva Trotskogo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyaziwa ukuthi kwaphela iminyaka engaba ngu amathathu ngemva kokunqoba inguquko, US osomaqhinga kanye intelligence izikhulu bephethe imali Schiff ukukuhlanganis.

Incwadi Adler Cyrus

Yomnikeli oyinhloko zonke linemibhikisho Russian Dzheykob Shiff, biography kanye nomlando okuphumelela ngalo ethulwa encwadini mlando nentatheli uKoresi Adler, futhi namuhla iyathakazelisa. Incwadi yanyatheliswa ngo-2017 e Moscow ukushicilela indlu "Tsentrpoligraf". Amakhasi 575 aqukethe amanye amaqiniso athakazelisayo nokuphila we umnikazi waseMelika odumile, UMuphi futhi isibalo somphakathi, okwembula izici eziningi zobuntu bakhe. Le ncwadi iyatholakala njengendlela Schiff ukuxhumana nezinye izinto nihlola yizinhlobonhlobo izidingo zakhe.