Crustacean usayizi giant. Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke ezinamagobolondo zasolwandle

Shrimp futhi emathinini, ama-lobster nezinkalankala. Izwe ezimangalisayo ezihlala yaba yiminyaka abangaphezu kwezigidi ezinhlanu eyikhulu edlule. On kubo kuzoxoxwa ngakho esihlokweni. Uyobona esitfombeni crustacean usayizi giant, ubukhulu izitho zazo sifinyelela amamitha amane.

Lapho izifundo basafunda ekilasini ezinamagobolondo, ithebula izici eziyinhloko lezi zidalwa ngokuvamile isethwe endlini. Ngemva kokufunda i-athikili yethu, iyiphi wesikole kalula uwufinyelele.

Kuyini ezinamagobolondo

Elinye lamaqembu ngobukhulu phylum eyisinambuzane - ezinamagobolondo. Lihlanganisa izinto ezingaphezu kuka abayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa ezintathu zilwane. Futhi ilungu elidala kunawo wonke leli qembu abacwaningi ngokuthi le Szczytno. isakhiwo ayo esimanje ezifanayo ngokuphelele bemivubukulo okuyizinto iminyaka kwezigidi ezingu-200.

Isici yalesi subtype ukuthi sihlanganisa esiteji inguquko kulesi simila emhlabeni isilwane. Lawa barnacles futhi barnacles. Abazange ukuhambisa. Phakathi kwezinye ezinamagobolondo uzinake ezinye izinkalankala woodlice, abangahlali emanzini futhi liqhube imisebenzi yezolimo. Amphipods bahlala inhlabathi olumanzi tropical kule planethi yethu. Kukhona ngisho uhlobo amagciwane - taxa.

Ngakho, lokhu subtype begazi yingcweti cishe zonke amachibi embodiments emhlabeni, kusukela olwandle kuze kube amandla ngamanzi osebeni lwemifula.

Okulandelayo sizobe sesibheka abameleli main. Uzobona crustacean usayizi giant futhi ufunde mayelana ezinamagobolondo, usayizi isidumbu kuyinto milimitha 0.1 kuphela.

Zonke izinhlobo zezidalwa eziphilayo eplanethini yethu uyafundelwa biology. Ezinamagobolondo iphathwa eyala ezifana carcinology.

Phakathi izici ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuhlukanisa lokhu subtype kufanele ngokuthi igobolondo noma exoskeleton chitin. Lokhu izingxenye okuqinile komzimba ezinamagobolondo, okuyinto bazivikele zangaphandle isinyathelo lokukhanda. Ngoba exoskeleton is ukhulise ngobukhulu, izilwane kufanele kabusha izikhathi eziningana ekuphileni ukuqhubeka ekukhuleni kwayo.

Baphinde babe amabili namabhuzu izimpondo, futhi ukuphefumula usebenzisa gills ukuthi zitholakala on the imilenze.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe mayelana Sakhiwo sangaphandle futhi sangaphakathi ezinamagobolondo Kamuva sizoxoxa ngokuthi. Manje kubalulekile ukuze aveze into eyodwa ngaphezulu. Lokhu subtype ongizalayo isixhumanisi ezibaluleke kakhulu eziwukudla. Abantu, isibonelo, athatha nezimfanzi. Ngakho-ke, inani elikhulu bale ikilasi ezenziwa imvelo.

Krill, isibonelo, futhi copepods, okuyinto sixoxa kamuva esihlokweni, ube biomass enkulu kunazo zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ku izidalwa emhlabeni eziphilayo.
Ngakho, ake bajwayelane isakhiwo ezinamagobolondo.

sakhiwo sangaphandle

Njengoba subtype phylum Arthropoda, ezinamagobolondo une-chitin yangaphandle (noma lime) igobolondo, kanye surface ihlukene yomzimba ngezinombolo ezahlukene nemilenze abhanqiwe.

Iqembu kulencane kubhekwe tantulocarida. ubungako bawo kuhluka amamilimitha angu 0.1 kuya 0.3. Lokhu kubuye amagciwane - komncane kunabo isikhuphashe Stygotantulus stocki, okwakubekelwa eshiwo ngenhla. Ubukhulu bayo nxazonke 94 micrometer (esingaphansi kuka 0.1 milimitha).

Laba bameleli be-ngobukhulu ukufinyelela isisindo amakhilogremu amabili kanye kwenkululeko forelimb ka 3.5 - 3.8 amamitha. Ngokuphathelene nalolu hlobo crustacean uvele imfumbe: "ekhipha simanga imvubu?" Kuyinto Japanese spider crab, iphuzu esizoxoxa ngalo ngezansi.

Sakhiwo sangaphandle ezinamagobolondo bucishe bulingane zonke zilwane, kodwa inombolo ezahlukene izingxenye kanye ukubukeka imilenze emazingeni ahlukahlukeneko wendlela umjikelezo wokuphila.

Ngakho, ikhanda elibuhlungu, lesisu nasesifubeni izingxenye zikhona wonke amalungu lokhu subtype. Nokho, kwezinye ampofu ezinamagobolondo segmentation zokugcina izigaba ezimbili homonomous. Lokho, ebusweni umzimba uhlukaniswe izingcezu ubukhulu alinganayo.

Ngo umdlavuza ephakeme, okuyinto sizoxoxa kancane kamuva, izingxenye unomphela. It liqukethe izingxenye ezine: esiswini, ehlanganisa izingxenye eziyisithupha, cephalothorax, okuyinto has ikhanda ezine futhi izingxenye thoracic eziyisishiyagalombili, futhi Akron (endaweni ekhethekile ikhanda eduze komlomo, kukhona kuphela eyisinambuzane).

Emikhawulweni ezinamagobolondo zitholakala ngabanye umzimba izingxenye ngazimbili. Ukukhuluma ulimi isayensi, i- "umlenze" siqukethe protopodite (izifundo eziyisisekelo) okuhlanganisa koksopodit (nazi gills) kanye Basipodite (ingxenye yokuxhuma), kanye sequels ezimbili - exopodite futhi endopodite.

Umsebenzi e nemilenze ezahlukene, ikakhulukazi bona iyashiyana uhlobo crustacean. Abanye basanda kuhlanganyela ukuphefumula, kuyilapho abanye - umzabalazo, noma ukudla, ayanda ukusetshenziswa yonke imisebenzi ngaphandle kokukhetha.

sakhiwo sangekhatsi

I Sakhiwo sangekhatsi ezinamagobolondo siqukethe izinhlelo ezinhlanu, imisipha kanye nezinhlaka sezinzwa. Silitadishe, siqale nemisipha.

Ngakho, njengoba ne abameleli umlawuli wekhompyutha phylum, imisipha crustacean ethulwa striated kwemisipha izicubu. Sekukonke abanayo esikhwameni, futhi imisipha zitholakala, uma imishayo ngabanye. Ayevame ukukhonza njengephayona ukuhlobana izingxenye ezahlukene we ebusweni nomzimba.

Ihlelo lokukhambisa iingazi kule subtype evulekile. Okungukuthi, abangabantwana igazi lymph bumbana bese ukuhambisa miksotselya sine nempahla. Kuyini ephawulekayo ukuthi inhliziyo njalo etholakala eduze umgudu wokuphefumula. It kuvela ukuthi lihlukile abameleli ngazinye ezinamagobolondo. Abanye lo mgwamanda phezu amathumbu, kwabanye kube tube ubude egcwele emzimbeni. Ngamunye gumbi last kukhona izimbobo esikhethekile ukusatshalaliswa igazi ingxenye. Kukhona izinhliziyo ngesimo a ostiyami bochonochka. Ngakho, lokhu umzimba abamele subtypes ezahlukene yinde noma emifushane.

Isimiso sezinzwa lihlukile ezinamagobolondo zazingavumi kahle futhi bengenalo okuthuthukile. Waqale waba "isitebhisi", esesibili sifana-nxenye, okuyinto emikhakheni eminingi abangu. Uhlobo lokuqala libhekene inesikhala izinhlangothi ganglia, ezixhunywe ngu commissures. Ubuchopho siqukethe ezinamagobolondo deytotserebruma, okuyinto has uxhumano antennules futhi prototserebruma obhekene iso, Akron kanye antenna.

Isimiso sezinzwa kwezinye zinhlobo esihlobene ne endocrine. Ngenxa yalesi uhlobo oluthile ezinamagobolondo Ungashintsha umbala emzimbeni futhi kangcono avumelane nendawo ezikuyo.

Uhlelo zokuphefumula iyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi ezingeni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezinhlobo. Ngakho, ezinamagobolondo okungenani athuthukile ukuphefumula kuyo ebusweni umzimba by odlula amanzi ngokusebenzisa indlela ekhethekile. Landlubbers got a ekhethekile umzimba - psevdotraheyami - kodwa umoya onomswakama kuphela kuyadingeka ngenxa yokuphila kwabo. Zokuphefumula uhlelo njengoba ngobuningi crustacean siqukethe epipodite, okungenxa yezimo ezikhethekile gills, okuyizinto ngaphambili noma ventral nasemilenzeni.

I wokugaya ukudla uhlelo ngesimo tube futhi lakhiwe ngemalunga lamatsatfu amathumbu - phambi, maphakathi kanye labaqaphi elingemuva. Milling izinto senzeka anterior, ukumuncwa futhi Ukugaya - ngokwesilinganiso, kanye okukhipha - ngokusebenzisa labaqaphi elingemuva.

uhlelo Excretory siqukethe pair of nezinso. Ngokuvamile, lezi zindikimba yilezi ezimbili zama - maxillary futhi antennal. Ezinye ezinamagobolondo zizalwa Uhlobo lokuqala isifo sezinso, e inqubo esikhundleni sako ulethe ukuphila yesibili. Futhi okuphambene nalokho. Zonke izidumbu ezine kunendlela eyodwa kuphela zinhlobo zomdlavuza ephakeme - Nebalia.

Imiqondo ethulwa amehlo athuthukiswe kahle, statocysts (izitho ibhalansi) nezinwele okhethekileko izimpondo, anikeza lokuhogela bese uthinta.

Ukuguquguquka kwempilo

Okulandelayo, kuvetwa kwebalingisi kwethu ezinamagobolondo uyaqhubeka incazelo yabo yokuphila umjikelezo. Luqala ngokunikela kwesikhathi sombungu. Konke kuncike inani isikhuphasha in the amaqanda lihlehlisiwe.

Uma okungukuthi amancane, njengoba injalo sivamile le ampofu abameleli subtype, yilelo nalelo libe nesigaba okungukuthi nse ukuthi we annelids. Okungukuthi, zonke izingxenye kukhona amanani alinganayo ndaba futhi ekupheleni ukuthuthukiswa embryonic kukhona inhlalakahle efanayo.

Kungenjalo, ezinamagobolondo ephakeme, amaqanda isikhuphasha e eningi, ngakho ngokuhlukana ezingabalulekile. Bakha band lwegciwane, kamuva esiyingxenye isigijimi inqubo ukuthuthukiswa.

Ngemva kwalokho kukhona ukuchamisela kusukela iqanda. ezinamagobolondo isibungu esibizwa "nauplius". Anakho ambalwa Akron antennules ebhukuda dvusegmentnoe izitho zomzimba umzimba. Izinyathelo ezilandelayo ezitholakala kuphela ezinamagobolondo ephakeme.

Zoea - inkathi yentuthuko, lapho izibungu ziyaphuma amehlo, emzimbeni nasemilenzeni ekhanda ngaphambili kwesifuba.

Esigabeni esilandelayo ibizwa ngokuthi mizidnaya isibungu. Yena bakheké ngokuphelele izitho zezikhulu ezinamagobolondo futhi zonke izinzwa we zomzimba. Ngo inqubo okwandisa usayizi ke nokwebuza kuthiwa ama, ukushiya cuticle izikhathi eziningana. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngale baye bathi sebeshintshe ngokuphelele Kamuva sizoxoxa ngokuthi.

Molting ulawulwa ezingeni lama-hormone. Ngo inqubo wokuba lapho kufika esigabeni esithile sokukhula, lapho igobolondo ubudala kuvimbela ukuqhubeka. Ngoba isiginali kusuka umzimba hypodermis uqala supply lelitfutfukile izakhamzimba. Ngosizo entsha cuticle ungqimba Kumiswa. Ngemva amakhefu ubudala futhi luphela, abasebancane ezinamagobolondo ebusweni Uqinisa ngokushesha ngenxa nosawoti wamaminerali.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngokukhula komdlavuza Kwenzeka ngezigaba ezimbili. Ngaphambi molting ukukhulisa inani lamaseli, bese - isethi yamanzi nezicubu.

Kukhona futhi izinhlobo ezithile ezinamagobolondo, okuyinto ushintshe usayizi, ubude izitho zomzimba izitho, kuncike zonyaka.

Ukuxhumana imvelo

Ngokulandelayo, crustacean yethu isici ithinta yokuphila nokusatshalaliswa.
Ososayensi uqhathanise bale subtype amadamu kanye izinambuzane ezweni. Futhi izinhlobo eziningi,, ezinobukhulu, futhi nenombolo yabo nje biomass omkhulu.

Ngokuhamba kwemvelo Kwaba khona ukwahlukana kule ezinamagobolondo aphansi nangaphezulu. Yaba ingxenye izimuncagazi, abanye baye bazivumelanisa ukuphila ezweni, futhi baye basungula uhlelo oluthile zokuphefumula.

Ngokuqondene izinhlobo yisinanakazana, ngabe zikhona ezihlukahlukene amaqembu lokhu subtype. Isici esiyinhloko le ngxenye crustacean kuyinto yokuncishiswa esiphezulu kwezitho ezahlukene kanye nezinhlelo. Ngoba bahlala ngezithukuthuku zabanye, ezingxenyeni eziningi emzimbeni ngeke yoma nje engenamsebenzi. Kukhona yilezo yisinanakazana ngezidalwa ezihlukahlukene ophilayo, kodwa kukhona nalabo enamathiselwe ngaphandle.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi bale subtype ingatholakala yonke indawo. ingqondo ezincane bahlala amaxhaphozi, encibilika iqhwa usawoti emaxhaphozini. Elikhulu ezinamagobolondo ziyefana ukujula kanye ogwini kolwandle, ichibi noma emfuleni.

amalungu Minor lokhu subtype, ikakhulukazi ezihlobene plankton, zidla ama-bacterium lenyama eziphilayo. Okunye ezinamagobolondo ezihlala phansi emadanyini, kukhona scavengers. Ezinza phansi izingcezu inyama yezilwane ezifile kusukela izingqimba ephakeme. Izidumbu, okuyizinto phezu noma ngesikhathi ukujula encane, ukondla bokoplavy.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimbaza kukhona khona isisulu eziphilayo ezibalulekile. Shrimp, lobster, isikhuphashe, izinkalankala, isikhuphashe - kumane nje kuyingxenye yomthwalo amagama zinhlobo, ezisetshenziswa ngabantu njengoba ukudla. Ngokwesibonelo, barnacle, noma iminwe kaDeveli, emi eNhlonhlweni Yase-Iberia futhi 150 euro ikhilogremu ngayinye.

Eyesibili isicelo ka ezinamagobolondo - ukudla izinhlanzi nezinyoni, etshalwa epulazini. Aquarists futhi uwasebenzise omisiwe izinhlanzi ukudla.

Futhi wasebenzisa ikhono shellfish ukuncela ingcuba. Basuke esetshenziselwa sokuhlanzwa engokwemvelo amanzi ukungcola.

malacostraca

Ekilasini biology ngokuvamile wafunda ikilasi ka ezinamagobolondo. Ithebula ukusatshalaliswa, isakhiwo umjikelezo wokuphila. Ngazo zonke lezi imibuzo, uke kalula nimphendule esekelwe ingxenye eyandulele kwalesi sihloko.

Manje ake udlulela ngaphezulu iqembu eziphambili yezidalwa. Okulandelayo sizobe uvakashele izwe zalezi zidalwa ezimangalisayo bese yenza umzamo wokwazi imidondoshiya yayo kanye dwarfs. Okwamanje, kufanele ugxile ulwazi olujwayelekile mayelana nalesi sigaba.

Malacostraca zihlanganisa izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-ngamashumi amathathu anamahlanu amawaka nezidalwa eziphilayo. Laba bameleli be-yokuqala yale ekilasini uvele le iCambrian. Futhi kwaba mayelana ezinhlanu namashumi amane kuphela ngemva kweminyaka eyisigidi eyedlule. Kuhlanganisa izinkalankala, amphipods, izinkalankala, imfanzi woodlice. Lezi zidalwa ezihlala olwandle futhi amanzi ahlanzekile, kanye emhlabathini.

Isakhiwo zomdlavuza ephakeme Kuthi ezahlukene kusukela nozakwabo kancane athuthukile. Ekhanda base sintsefalon kwakhiwa ngenxa accretion zingxenye ezintathu zokuqala. I forelimbs siguqulelwa maxilliped, ngcono ukuze uthole ukudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhiqizwa esiswini ezimbili chambered.

Manje ake sibhekisise amalungu ngamanye ale lesi sigaba. Ngokulandelayo, uzofunda amagama ezivame kakhulu kwendawo crustacean, isakhiwo nezindlela ukusetshenziswa kwabo ngumuntu.

Futhi, wena izokwethulwa usayizi crustacean giant, ubukhulu bale forelimbs esikwaziyo ngamamitha amathathu nesigamu.

Ngakho, yini lo crab giant?

Laba bameleli be-elikhulu

"Crab Giant" is Emiphakathini eminingi emhlabeni eyaziwa. Namuhla sikhuluma kwangempela, hhayi abameleli edume alesi sigaba.

Ngakho, i-crustacean ngezabelo wokuqala omkhulu ohlwini lwethu - kuba crab Tasmanian. Abantu kwalesi silwane nesisindo nantathu amakhilogramu. Carapace banayo kuze kube yingxenye imitha ububanzi. Uhlala ku eshalofini yuzhnoavstraliyskom ku amamitha komunye lamatsatfu ukujula. Idla nanoma yini enyakazayo kancane kuka kuye. Starfish futhi iminenke ezakha ngobuningi yokudla.

I-giant elilandelayo - yinkosi ibaleka. Lokhu crab yinkosi kusukela izinkalankala unkom 'idlayodwa. atholakala kuphela eliseMpumalanga Ekude Ngaphambili. Kodwa kule yoma zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili ke wakwazi yawoyise Sea uBarents. Manje, la izinkalankala atholakala eduze nogu yeNorway futhi Spitsbergen.

Ngemva bahlala phansi endaweni entsha, eKamchatka izinkalankala aqala ukwanda ngokushesha futhi abhubhise nezilwane zendawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zingabantu mikhulu. Ubude besandla ezilinganiselwe elilodwa amamitha nengxenye, nesisindo besilisa - kuze kufinyelele khilogremu eziyisishiyagalombili. Lezi zici ezimbili nomthelela yokuthi lezi izinkalankala babé target zilwane. Ngonyaka abazibambile amathani angaphezu kwayishumi nambili ayizinkulungwane kuphela eRussia.

Kodwa kwenyuka iqhawe elikhulu, abangakwazi Ngokungangabazeki ngiziqhayise ekilasini ezinamagobolondo, lokhu Japanese spider ibaleka. yezikhali zakhe, kanye labo langaphambilini, nguhhafu imitha ububanzi. Kodwa i-scope wemikhawulo bebathathu - emithathu nengxenye amamitha. Isisindo zezinhlobo ngobukhulu lingafika amakhilogremu amabili. Presumable sesikhathi sokuphila - sekudlule cishe ikhulu leminyaka.

Ejwayelekile lokhu coast giant of Japan ngesikhathi amamitha angu-angamakhulu amathathu ukujula. Nakuba abanye abantu babone futhi amamitha emakhulu asibhozo ngaphansi kwamanzi.

Isebenzisa lolu hlobo crustacean, hhayi kuphela e ukudla kodwa futhi ngoba zokuhlobisa nesayensi.

angenasawoti isikhuphashe

Ngaphezu abameleli zasolwandle ekilasini laba bafundi, ezifana crab, lobster futhi lobster, isidalwa crustacean bangaphila amanzi ahlanzekile. Phakathi lwezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu Kuyaphawuleka lokhu okulandelayo: umfula shirokopaly kanye isignali isikhuphashe.

Esokuqala sasifana, kuze kube muva nje, ezivame kakhulu cishe wonke amanzi European. Kepha masinyane baqala ukuncipha abantu abakhuluma yalokho yalolu bhubhane ukulethwa rachey American uhlobo zezinhlobo.

Usayizi zomdlavuza shirokopalyh lubhakuza emhlabeni ngamasentimitha amabili. Umbala oluhlaza ukuze ensundu nsundu nge Tint oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ezinza kuphela emanzini ahlanzekile. Uma zingekho emfuleni noma echibini eliseduze ke amakhemikhali okunobuthi endaweni.

Ezinamagobolondo ekilasini inokubukeka owufanelekela ngaphezulu. Esiginali isikhuphashe kancane ezincane kuno sabafowabo European, kodwa kuyahluka nobungqabavu kanye lithathelwe kangcono.

Yidla detritus isikhuphashe. It kuxazululwe phezu phansi izinsalela kwesigubhu sabafileyo izidalwa eziphilayo, kanye ukudedelwa kwabo.

Esiginali isikhuphashe kutholakala namuhla emazweni angaphezu kuka-amabili nanhlanu aseYurophu. ERussia, it is kuphela Kaliningrad esifundeni ezaziwayo.

kwavumela ukuba khona kwemiphakathi kulezi zinhlobo ezimbili inkinga ukuthi isikhuphashe American engabathinti ukhunta okubangela Hrachya ubhubhane, kodwa abathwali ezinye izifo. Ngakho-ke, isimo sazo ivame ukugxila ichibi ematfuba sokusinda kuwo shirokopalogo umdlavuza.

Izinkalankala, ama-lobster, izimfanzi

ezinamagobolondo Marine, ngokungafani emfuleni, wehlukile. Ethandwa kakhulu kule mboni kubhekwe izinkalankala, ama-lobster, ama-lobster, izimfanzi, kanye nezinye izinhlobo.
Thina manje ukhulume kancane okwengeziwe.

Omar - crustacean, omndeni ka decapod. He is ngaphakathi ukubukeka okufana kakhulu isikhuphashe. Kodwa forelimbs yakhe kukhona elikhulu kakhulu njengoba ubude esifubeni. I-lobster ngobukhulu wabanjwa ngasogwini Scotland. isisindo sawo sasiyitalenta 150 amagremu 20 amakhilogramu.

Lobster like lobster izimpiko kodwa mancane kakhulu. Ubude umzimba ifinyelela amasentimitha ayisithupha. Inyama yalezi zilwane iyisibiliboco.

Ngo izinkalankala igama lesibili - iDemo-tailed izinkalankala. Bahlala cishe zonke izindawo zezulu. Isici esiyinhloko kubo wukuthi esiswini cishe kuhlangene chelyustegrudyu. A nemilenze okhalo asetshenziselwa ukuthwala ithole.

Izinkalankala hlala eyodwa nanhlanu catch labadobi, abanentshisekelo ezinamagobolondo. Izibonelo zalokhu kungatholakala cishe kuwo wonke amazwe. Bebanjwa uhlangothi, amanethiwekhi, izicupho ezikhethekile. Ubukhulu kuleli zinga ekilasini kusukela izingane ngamasentimitha ambalwa eside ngaphambi Japanese crab giant.

Shrimp futhi kukhona decapod. Ubukhulu babo umzimba amabanga ezimbili kuya amathathu ngamasentimitha. Thanda izinkalankala, bephatha ingxenye enkulu emakethe kwasolwandle.

krill

Krill - igama lathathwa ulimi Dutch. Kusho "trifle". Ngakho, lokhu kuhlanganisa zonke ezinamagobolondo futhi shellfish. Izibonelo zibandakanya: Arctic, ePacific, Afrika krill. Kusukela kwezinhlobo eziningi ngokwanele, nenjongo yayo main - ukondla izilwane ezinkudlwana, wambiza ngokudoba geography.

Okuvame kakhulu zihlanganisa i-Norwegian, yePacific eNyakatho ye-Atlantic krill.

Le catch siqhutshwa izikebhe ezinezinjini zika, lapho ngokushesha kusetshenzwe ku kafulawa noma simisiwe.

Ngakho-ke, bathandekayo, namuhla sisazi nge izici zalesi subtype njengoba ezinamagobolondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, safunda ukuthi owesincane ngabameleli bayo, ukuze esingaphansi okweshumi kwakho noma ingaba isentimitha nje. Futhi bahlangana giant ngubani ukala ngamakhilogremu amabili, futhi izitho zomzimba wakhe zivuleka kuze kube ngamamitha amane. Futhi esiyifundile ngezinto okufanele eqolo kwasolwandle izibiliboco, a kilogram of okubize 150 euro.

Inhlanhla kuwe, abafundi abathandekayo!