Church of sebethule Robe (eMoscow ezibiyele): incazelo, umlando kanye ezithakazelisayo amaqiniso

Church of sebethule Robe eMoscow uvele ngaphambi inkathi yomlando isiRashiya, lapho ubuKristu Bobu-Orthodox inguqulelo kumina, ezimele ukuthuthukiswa waseByzantium. Sesisondele ekupheleni zikhathi ezinzima, futhi izwe waqala esiyindilinga entsha nomlando wayo.

legend

Church of sebethule Robe (eMoscow ezibiyele) lanikezelwa ngomyalo wokuqala Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia, Metropolitan kuJona 1451 kukhunjulwa kwenzeka isimangaliso. Lo nyaka we-Tartar izindimbane Mazowsze yema eduze nedlelo eMoscow isivele ngomlilo, futhi izindonga ezibiyele ukugqashuka nge amabutho esitha. Izakhamuzi wasiphakamisa izikhundla ukuzivikela, walwa empini abaseduze, ewela ngaphansi kuka-imicibisholo yomnsalo. Nakuba kwaba khona impi, Metropolitan uJona udwendwe emhlabeni izindonga zomuzi, ngobuqotho kokuthandazela insindiso eMoscow kubahlaseli.

Ngokusho yetinsita ngesikhathi Umthandazo kaJona wahlangana atehlukanisa Chudov Monastery Anthony emcela ukuba bathandazele lona kanye ithuluzi edolobheni, nabakhileyo yini umuntu omdala waphendula ngokuthi wakusindisa ngokuyisimangaliso eMoscow futhi izoba kule impi kuphela eyodwa wabulala - Antony yena. Ukuba wathi, leli xhegu ngokushesha bawa abagwazwe umcibisholo. Kusihlwa, abahlaseli sebefulathele izindonga, futhi abahlali kanye Metropolitan wathandaza ubusuku bonke, ulungiselela impi ewumnqamula-juqu. Entathakusa, kwathi amabutho Tatar ngeminako wabaleka emphini, siphuma kuzo zonke ngempango.

Sasiyini isizathu indiza - ayaziwa, ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi Mazovia wathola yiluphi ulwazi ngalo isinqumo sokuthi ukulwa akusizi lutho, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokwesaba engenangqondo iye ushayile yonke impi, futhi, walahla yimpango yabo, ahoxa isikhala lokulwa. Leli qiniso kakade okwenzekile ngaphansi izindonga ezibiyele nge ibutho Batu Khan. Metropolitan uJona wayecabanga ukuthi isimangaliso uNkulunkulu wakusindisa edolobheni kanye nezwe ekonakalisweni nokubulala.

Iphupho esontweni itshe

Ngokusho kweminye imibhalo, Metropolitan egcekeni phezu ezibiyele sika Cathedral Square yakhiwa isikhathi eside. Ngonyaka ayehlasela isonto Mazovia ezase zibhaliwe kakade wakha, kodwa hhayi busisa. Ngemva ngokuyisimangaliso kaJona isinqumo ukwahlukaniselwa ithempeli yokudumisa iholidi, okuyinto wasinda. Lena yindlela iSonto sebethule Robe (eMoscow ezibiyele). Isakhiwo sokuqala senziwa ngokhuni wema engaphansi okusezingeni eliphezulu, lapho, ngokwenqubo lasendulo, igcinwe endaweni yomcebo Metropolitan nezinye izinto eziyigugu.

Ithempeli wema kuze 1479 futhi wafa ngo-umlilo omkhulu. Sanquma ukuba avuselele shrine isivele incarnation itshe, okuyinto abamenyiwe okuyinhloko kusukela Pskov, uye wanda futhi isiko ukwakhiwa itshe. Gang eholwa Ivan Krivtsov futhi Myshkin. Yayisekelwe Kuyinkolelo-ze yokwakha izindlu itshe ngaleso sikhathi e-Russia aye sawohloka nangemva kwamakhulu eminyaka okungazi ukubusa amaMongol - kuphela ezitholakala Pskov okuyinhloko.

Eyaliwe ukwakha hhayi kuphela lapho kukhona khona ithempeli sebethule Robe ku Cathedral Square YaseMoscow ezibiyele, kodwa futhi ukwakha amasonto ababhishobhi ambalwa ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu. Omunye wabo, kweNyuka, babanika, kodwa watshaya ophahleni. Encwadini yezindaba zemihla ngemihla ke utshelwa ukuthi "kwakukhona igwala omkhulu," okwaholela ekubhujisweni, manje, akucacile. Ibangelwa ochwepheshe libike ukuthi isizathu kwaba isixazululo yekhwalithi ephansi lisetshenziswa ukwakhiwa, nekuhlolwa wayeqinisile, umlando bathulile.

Pskov umzila

Kwenzeka kanjalo ukuba okubangelwa kweNyuka Cathedral lakhiwa Tsar Ivan III umakhi Italian Aristotle Fioravanti, futhi ngcono olwengeziwe Ensemble yezakhiwo namanje alinge ukuphathisa Myshkin futhi Krivtsov.

Imisebenzi yabo kwandise Annunciation Cathedral futhi iSonto sebethule Robe (eMoscow ezibiyele), elaba ibandla emzini Russian Lezinzalamizi. Kukholakala ukuthi Pskov amakhosi, ngokuvumelana nomthetho isikhathi sokungasebenzi kwayo, ababe ngabafundi wezakhiwo Italian futhi lathathwa yonke ulwazi, ukwandisa imithwalo yabo siqu. Njengoba kuke kwenzeka ngempela - ayaziwa, kukhona kuphela isiphakamiso, kungani izisebenzi uyekwe ungajeziswa, nokwakhiwa eminye waphathiswa, kodwa indaba isungule.

Nethempeli sebethule Robe ku Moscow ezibiyele lanikezelwa ngo-August 1486. House-yesonto indawo yokuthandaza yezinzalamizi phansi amakilasi wesihlalo sobukhosi kobufundisi by uMbhishobhi Omkhulu Nikon. Ngalezo zinsuku wabizwa ngokuthi "indlu Vladychnaya" ukuhwebelana kwangaphakathi kwakuhlangene enkantolo indoda iyikhanda lomndeni khona wathola "ukugcotshwa" Nkosi yesonto out kubantu ngokusebenzisa kombhede yesonto ezibiyele Rizopolozhensky.

Umdwebo ethempelini

Against ngemuva izakhiwo ezisele yesonto ezibiyele Cathedral Square namuhla ibheka amancane futhi engasindi, kodwa ekuqaleni zamukelwa kabanzi ezinkolweni eRussia, mhlawumbe esontweni eyinhloko lonke lelo zwe. I design ingaphakathi lunikezelwe mkhosi ukukhazinyuliswa UnguNina KaNkulunkulu.

I nemidwebo ezingeni eliphezulu ikhombisa impilo the Virgin, ephansi eziyizitezi ezimbili elalinikezelwe Virgin Akathist. Painting wenziwa bobukhosi isithonjana-abadwebi - Osipov futhi Borisov, futhi ithempeli main umfanekiso "Our Lady of the Ufaka we Robe" u ngesineke nge edumile isithonjana umdwebi Nazaire Istomin (XVII ekhulwini).

Ukuze Church of sebethule Robe (eMoscow ezibiyele) ekhulwini XVII ohlangothini eningizimu yesonto eduze abazinikezele Pechersk Isithonjana laseTheotokos, okuyinto egcina uhlu isithonjana ngokuyisimangaliso, wenza ku Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. Isithonjana ayebhekwa nomvikeli archdiocese Russian futhi kwakuhambisana izinzalamizi yebandla Kiev, kuqala uVladimir futhi kamuva eMoscow.

indlu Tsar sika esontweni

Ngo zikhathi ezigcwele izinkathazo egcekeni wezinzalamizi lashisa kakhulu ngesikhathi umlilo. Nikon weza ukwakhiwa emikhulu egcekeni Boris Godunov, okwethulwa kuye Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, okuyinto ibahlomisé entsha ekhaya yesonto. Ngakho sebethule ibandla labaseTheselonika Robe ku ezibiyele iyiswe asebukhosini. Nge emagumbini ayo eNgophezukonke exhunywe igalari, kanye nohlu Pechersk Isithonjana Umama emva ukwakhiwa kwalesi Terem Palace bavele phambi amafasitela Queen emakamelweni. Uhlu lalahleka emva kwempi, kuhlanganise yesonto, lapho kwenziwe umsebenzi omkhulu wokubuyisela.

Umlando sebethule Robe Church eMoscow ezibiyele ugcwele izenzakalo eziningi abhekana nazo hhayi omunye umlilo, lalibhekisela okwenzeka ngo-1737, lapho lilimele, ngisho Tsar Bell. Ngo-1917, i-Kremlin waxoshwa kusukela wezikhali, futhi ibandla kulimala. Ababuyiselwe Futhi walakha kaningi ngokuthanda lapho ashaywa noma ashiswa, kodwa iningi ukunakwa wagxilisa ukubukeka kwangaphandle, imidwebo yangaphakathi ngokuphindaphindiwe ukupenda, isicelo esisha.

izakhiwo

Namuhla, ethempelini isendaweni sebethule Robe Cathedral Square e-Kremlin akuyona evumayo kakhulu kuye ukubeka side by side nge Faceted Chamber, Terem Isigodlo kanye Cathedral of kweNyuka. Against ngemuva zalezi zakhiwo isonto cishe ezingabonakali, kodwa age yakhe ngaphezu kwezinye izakhiwo grand.

Isonto libhekisela izakhiwo bendabuko sika esiphambanweni. Wenziwe isitini, okuyinto ekhulwini xv waqala esikhundleni wangaphambili vogue itshe elimhlophe. Zonke izinhlangothi ezine ethempelini kukhona ukwahlukana waba izingxenye ezintathu, ngaphambi division ezifana wayebizwa ngokuthi kocingo. Isici esikhethekile wukuthi kocingo eyinhloko esontweni lungaphezu izinhlangothi engaphezu kwemibili. Ngenhla kocingo ngamunye odongeni njengoba ekupheleni imele keel bendabuko zakomars izakhiwo Russian (lwaleli). INgcwelengcwele I-Altare ziboya Ohlangothini olungaphandle nayo ahlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu ongaphambili omise.

Church of sebethule Robe ku Moscow ezibiyele - esontweni oluyingungu nge Dome nangesigqoko emise, lwaluba ukukhanya cupola sigubhu. Dome of the drum lihlotshiswe imihlobiso olukhethekile umbhali frieze, libhekisela enyakatho Pskov esikoleni bokwakha Russian. Izitini zibekwe imihlobiso - lomgwaqo, begunets.

Jewellery nemininingwane

Engxenyeni esempumalanga yaleli ethempelini iyatholakala ukuthi ihlolwe kusukela Cathedral Square. I Udonga lwangaphakathi lunesithombe sobumba emaphakathi odongeni altare lubonakale ezingaphezu kuka ohlangothini ezimbili, iyincane, ngenxa amathempeli umklamo isakhiwo sika esiphambanweni. Emhlabeni azungezwe sethempeli itholakala phezu frieze zokuhlobisa, esebenza njengesikhali uphawu Russian izakhiwo ibandla enkathini yokuqala.

Ukuphakama engxenyeni engezansi ehlotshisiwe semi amakholomu, obuhlanganisa ezingeni eliphezulu, ukuphinda iphethini keeled zakomaras. Three izindonga yesonto ebonakalayo niches engajulile lapho imifanekiso ayebekwe ngaphambili. Manje wahlala omunye kuphela Umfanekiso kwekhulu XVII phezu olungaphambili lwesonto enyakatho, kwatholakala phakathi nomsebenzi wokuvuselela umhlaba ngemva ngo-1996, kube okubonisa Patronal Idili - Isikhundla ibhatshi lonke le-Virgin.

Ekungeneleleni iSonto sebethule Robe (eMoscow ezibiyele) zitholakala kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Empumalanga naseningizimu, ungakwazi ngokushesha uthole endlini. Ukwambulwa eningizimu lihlotshiswe portal keel emise ezitebhisini okusezingeni eliphezulu nasempumalanga - ungaphakathi igalari we Terem Palace. Imibono zitholakala ezinhlangothini asentshonalanga nasenyakatho sethempeli, ukubonisa izivakashi e cloisters.

ingaphakathi

I ingaphakathi lethempeli yakha isikhala esisodwa ku egumbini ivolumu kanye nobungako ibalwa ibandla elincane njengoba kufanele House Church. Ikhodi kusekelwe izinsika ezine. Isikhala izindonga nezinsika embozwe imidwebo kokuqukethwe zenkolo.

Ingxenye esemqoka indaba enikelwe eNcasakazini uMariya, isitayela Umdwebo efana yokudweba nemidwebo ye kweNyuka Cathedral. Ukuqondana akuyona ngephutha: umsebenzi e 1644 kwenziwa amakhosi owaziwa Pospeev Sidor futhi abramov Amalotha. Okuthunyelwe bavezwa izikhulu Russian nababhishobhi basemasontweni.

Kusho ubuciko ekhulwini XVII, kwaba sobala ngo-1956, lapho, ngaphansi accretions kamuva avuleka futhi bahlanza izifundo zomlando. sokubuyiselwa egcwele iconostasis ubudala, okuyinto akuwenzanga iSonto sebethule Robe YaseMoscow ezibiyele owawuse esikhathini esifanayo. Incazelo sokuqanjwa ingqikithi Umdwebo futhi iconostasis kubonisa ukuthi ngesisekelo umbala izixazululo imidwebo.

iconostasis

Iconostasis sasenziwe ngesiliva, eziwubukhazikhazi futhi eyinkimbinkimbi ehlotshisiwe ngu ngemihlobiso. imifanekiso Kufakwe zipendwe bejabule, ezinemibala egqamile ubuswa okwesibhakabhaka, cherry, umbala omhlophe. I iconostasis yaqale wadala emva Isikhathi Nezinkinga nokubhubhisa okwehlele lizwe. Ikhasimende wasezala inkosi yokuqala Romanov lwamakhosi - UMbhishobhi Omkhulu Filaret.

I top ezintathu eziningi imifanekiso ababethi abasebenzi studio iconographer Nazaire Istomin Savin e 1627. Ngezansi irowu, wabhala master yedwa, izandla zakhe zingezalowo imifanekiso emibili central - "iTestamente Elidala-zintathu," "The Virgin Hodegetria".

Ukubuyiselwa umsebenzi maphakathi no-50s zisikisela ukuthi eqoshiwe ezindongeni asekelwe inhlanganisela yemibala. Umklamo ebabazekayo kakhulu ukuthonya nezikhathi ngaphambili of Christianity, lapho eRussia lezwakala muzi waseByzantium.

Isibalo ngokubabazekayo endaweni uqimba phezulu ezinsikeni esibonisa Abaphostoli Namadoda Grand Dukes, side by side nge ngendlela lapho inkosi, ukunamathela canons esiqinile, wazwakalisa inhlonipho yakhe amaqhawe akudala futhi emkhathini elibazungezile usinikezaukuthokoza ukukhanya.

yesimanjemanje

Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-90-yalolucwaningo ka sebethule Robe iSonto kwaba livulekele izivakashi, kanye ngomkhosi isonto patronal labetibambile lapha yokukhulekela ezinkonzweni. Kusukela izinto ngasinda izinto ezimbalwa kuphela. zezibani elikhulu Antique efakwe ngaphambi iconostasis, ezinsukwini ubudala babizwa ngokuthi "ikhandlela ukuzaca nakanjani" - eziyize ngaphakathi. Zezibani zanikwa ethempelini njengesipho Joseph inzalamizi 1649. Basuke ehlotshiswe ngemihlobiso emihle ebaziwe, emathileyi esiliva-kuhlinzwa futhi zisekelwe eliqoshiwe izingonyama izibalo. Esinye isiqeshana eyingqayizivele 1624 kuyinto Iqhwa esiliva, eyayibhalwe ubuqambi kubhayela begolide D. Sverchkov.

Ithempeli kufanele ukuzobuka nemidwebo kwekhulu XVI futhi uvakashele embukisweni ebaziwe lokhuni Russian lasendulo, ise cloister. Omunye imifanekiso kakhulu yakudala ebonisa indlela St George XIV ekhulwini ihlangabezana isivakashi ngqo emnyango mbukiso. Ezinsukwini ubudala imisebenzi enjalo ifakwe futhi wakhonza iconostasis imifanekiso. Sinesithakazelo esikhulu yiwona Novgorod isithonjana "yehla kusuka Cross" futhi "The Virgin Zesibonakaliso" (Rostov).

Ngo Rizopolozhensky Church, embukisweni lilondolozwe futhi into ebaziwe sokhuni Metropolitan lokuqala Rus - Jona, wabeka isonto ezikhathini zasendulo. Embukisweni esichasiselweni imifanekiso lokhuni we Solovetsky sezindela isithombe Nikolaya Mozhayskogo ngenkemba, ngendlela lapho wabonakala avikele umuzi kubahlaseli Mozhaisk. curiosities ezingengaphansi ezithakazelisayo nezinye - kwesiphambano kusukela Chudov Monastery, alo, isithonjana inkathi xv-XIX eminyaka.